Submitted by Letícia Fernanda Lavezzo (leticialavezzo.unesp@hotmail.com) on 2016-03-23T20:23:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Letícia_Fernanda_Lavezzo.pdf: 1419993 bytes, checksum: 8e337d69094b988dba50c9a0bee85085 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-03-24T18:21:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lavezzo_lf_me_jabo.pdf: 1419993 bytes, checksum: 8e337d69094b988dba50c9a0bee85085 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-24T18:21:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lavezzo_lf_me_jabo.pdf: 1419993 bytes, checksum: 8e337d69094b988dba50c9a0bee85085 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O lodo de esgoto é uma alternativa como fertilizante orgânico na agricultura, porém em sua composição pode apresentar patógenos que oferecem risco ao homem e ao ambiente. Objetivou-se, com o presente estudo, avaliar a fertilidade do solo, e a presença de ovos viáveis de helmintos, coliformes termotolerantes, Escherichia coli para os patótipos EHEC, EPEC e STEC e a atividade enzimática das enzimas protease, redutase do nitrato e urease no solo após dezoito anos de aplicações anuais de lodo de esgoto em um Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico (LVef) e Latossolo Vermelho distrófico (LVd). O lodo utilizado foi obtido na SABESP de Franca, São Paulo e o experimento foi instalado em delineamento de blocos cazualiados, sendo 4 tratamentos e 5 repetições. Os tratamentos foram T1: controle, apenas com aplicação de adubação mineral, T2: 5, T3: 10 e T4: 20 Mg ha-1 de LE. Antes de ser incorporado ao solo, realizou-se análise do lodo para ovos viáveis de helmintos e coliformes termotolerantes. Aos 40 dias, coletou-se amostras de solo na profundidade de 0-10 cm para avalição de ovos viáveis de helmintos no solo. Aos 70 dias, coletou-se amostras de solo na profundidade de 0-20cm para a análise da fertilidade. Para a análise de coliformes termotolerantes, seguindo a técnica de tubos múltiplos, as amostras foram coletadas no dia 0, 26, 40 e aos 78 dias. Para a realização da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) para identificar a presença de Escherichia coli, coletou-se amostras de solo antes do início do experimento, no dia 0, aos 26 dias, 40, 58, 78, 110 e 146 dias. Para a avaliação da atividade enzimática, as amostras foram coletadas em profundidade de 0-10cm, nos dias 0, 40, 78 e aos 146 dias. Os atributos químicos do solo apresentaram efeito significativo entre os tratamentos utilizados. A análise do solo incorporado com o resíduo apresentou ausência total de ovos viáveis de helmintos no solo após 40 dias da aplicação do LE. Os valores de termotolerantes nos solos variaram entre zero a 1,1x106 Número Mais Provável de Sólidos Totais durante o período de 0 a 26 dias. Para análise de Escherichia coli do lodo e do solo, mostrou ausência dos patótipos de EHEC, EPEC e STEC por meio dos primers para os genes stx1, stx2 e aea. A atividade enzimática das enzimas proteases, redutase do nitrato e urease, ao londo do experimento, não apresentaram diferença estatística entre tratamentos. A aplicação do lodo de esgoto por 18 anos consecutivos influenciou nos atributos químicos do solo, não apresentou risco potencial de contaminação do solo por ovos de helmintos e Escherichia coli e não diferiu na atividade enzimática do solo. / The sewage sludge is an alternative as organic fertilizer to use in agriculture, but in its composition may have pathogens that offer to humans and the environment risks. The present study objective was to evaluate soil fertility, and the presence of viable helminth eggs, fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli for pathotypes EHEC, EPEC and STEC and the enzymatic activity of protease enzymes, nitrate reductase and urease in the soil after eighteen years of annual applications of sewage sludge in an Oxisol (LVef) and Oxisol (LVd). The sludge used was obtained in SABESP Franca, São Paulo and the experiment was installed in designing cazualiados blocks, 4 treatments and 5 repetitions. Treatments were T1: control, only with application of mineral fertilizer, T2: 5, T3: T4 10 and 20 Mg ha-1 LE. Before being incorporated into the soil, there was sludge analysis for viable helminth eggs and fecal coliforms. At 40 days, it is collected soil samples at a depth of 0-10 cm for viable helminth eggs evaluation in the soil. After 70 days it is collected soil samples at a depth of 0-20cm for fertility analysis. For fecal coliforms analysis, following the technique of multiple pipes, the samples were collected at day 0, 26, 40 and 78 days. To carry out the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of Escherichia coli was collected from soil samples before the beginning of the experiment at day 0, after 26 days 40, 58, 78, 110 and 146 days . For the evaluation of enzyme activity, samples were collected at a depth of 0-10cm, on days 0, 40, 78 and 146 days. The soil chemical properties showed significant effects between treatments. Soil testing embedded with the residue showed complete absence of viable helminth eggs in the soil 40 days after the application of the LE. The values in thermotolerant soil ranged from zero to 1,1x106 Most Probable Number of total solids during the period from 0 to 26 days. For Escherichia coli analysis sludge and soil, showed absence of pathotypes EHEC, EPEC and STEC through primers for stx1, stx2 and aea. The enzymatic activity of protease enzymes, nitrate reductase and urease to the experiment, showed no statistical difference between treatments. The application for 18 consecutive years sewage sludge influenced the soil chemical properties, showed no potential risk of soil contamination by helminth eggs and Escherichia coli and did not differ in the enzymatic activity of the soil.

Contamination of meat with microorganisms during slaughter is inevitable. Hygiene management systems (HMSs) such as the Hygiene Assessment System (HAS) and Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) are used to prevent the contamination of beef with both spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms during slaughter. This study compared the effect of the HAS alone and a combination of HAS + HACCP on the microbiological quality of beef and investigated the survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 co-cultured with different levels of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Lactobacillus plantarum on fresh beef. HAS alone and HAS combined with HACCP systems were each represented by two abattoirs. Sponge swab samples were collected from chilled beef carcasses for indicator organisms: Aerobic Plate Counts (APC), Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas spp., and lactic acid bacteria. Swabs were also collected for pathogenic bacteria: E. coli O157:H7, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella spp. There was no significant difference between the microbiological quality of beef carcasses processed in the abattoirs with the HAS and that of beef carcasses processed in abattoirs with combined HAS + HACCP. E. coli O157:H7 was isolated from carcasses processed in an abattoir with the combined HAS + HACCP system. Moreover, although overall S. aureus counts at all abattoirs were comparable, a higher incidence (47% of carcasses) was obtained from an abattoir with combined HAS + HACCP. Salmonella spp. was not detected during the study. The microbiological quality of beef at HAS abattoirs is not significantly different to that of beef processed at HAS + HACCP abattoirs. The combined HAS + HACCP did not prevent contamination of beef carcasses with E. coli O157:H7 and S. aureus. Effective implementation of HAS can reduce contamination of beef with spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. The effect of different levels of P. fluorescens (102 and 106 log10 cfu/ml) and L. plantarum (102 and 104 log10 cfu/ml) on the survival of E. coli O157:H7 on beef loins was investigated. Sterile beef loins inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 and P. fluorescens were aerobically stored for 7 days at 4°C, while those inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 and L. plantarum were vacuum-packaged and stored for 8 weeks at 4°C. APC, E. coli O157:H7 and either P. fluorescens or L. plantarum counts were determined at different storage intervals. For the aerobically packaged beef loins, E. coli O157:H7 was detected throughout the 7-day storage period regardless of the P. fluorescens level in the inoculum. For the vacuum packaged beef loins, similar inoculum levels of E. coli O157:H7 and L. plantarum allowed E. coli O157:H7 to survive until week 5 of storage, while a higher inoculum level of L. plantarum inhibited E. coli O157:H7 from week 3. Once fresh beef has been contaminated with E. coli O157:H7 the level of P. fluorescens in the background flora does not inhibit its survival and growth. However, under vacuum storage, the application of L. plantarum as a biopreservative inhibits the survival of E. coli O157:H7 on beef. Comprehensive strengthening of preventive strategies is required to eliminate contamination of beef carcasses with E. coli O157:H7. Bacterial contamination of carcasses during slaughter is inevitable. Effective implementation of HAS at abattoirs produces beef carcasses of microbiological quality comparable to that produced through the use of combined HAS and HACCP. While the level of P. fluorescens on beef does not inhibit the survival of E. coli O157:H7 on aerobically stored beef, the combination of L. plantarum, and low storage temperature inhibits the survival of this pathogen on beef under vacuum storage. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Food Science / unrestricted

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The wildlife industry in Namibia continues to grow as the production and consumption of game meat increases. However, the health risks posed by the trade in wildlife and related by-products to livestock and humans have not been fully assessed. The main objective of this study was to investigate the potential health risks related to the increased consumption of game meat and relevant by-products by assessing the quality of game meat, as well as determine the role of game meat species in the transmission of zoonoses. The microbiological quality and safety of export game meat was assessed. No differences in the aerobic plate count (APC) were observed between the years (2009 and 2010), but the mean Enterobacteriaceae count was 1.33±0.69log10 cfu/cm2 compared to 2.93±1.50log10 cfu/cm2 between the years. Insignificant heterotrophic plate count (HPC) levels were detected in 9/23 field water samples, while faecal bacteria (coliforms, Clostridium perfringens and enterococci) were not isolated in all samples. Seven serogroups, with the exception of O26, were detected in exotic species. A white tailed deer sample had a serotype belonging to O45 which confirmed positive for stx1 gene. In springbok, 5/15 pools of faecal samples tested positive for the intimin gene. No Salmonella spp were isolated, and all E. coli isolates from the meat samples were negative for STEC virulence genes (i.e. stx1, stx2, eae and hlyA). A linear regression analysis was conducted on selected variables to identify the main predictors and their interactions affecting pH of meat 4 hours post-slaughter. In an increasing order of magnitude during winter time, the pH reached at 16-36hr post slaughter in springbok heart, liver, spleen, kidney and lungs was significantly higher than pH 6.0, while no significant differences were observed from the regulatory reference (pH 6.0) in the heart. There was a positive association between the pH of game meat 4hr post-slaughter, and liver congestion. The pH of game meat 4hr post slaughter, increased by 0.11 units per mL increase in liver congestion, and decreased by 0.04 units per minute increase in the shooting to bleeding interval, irrespective of the species. Worm eggs of strongylids, Strongyloides papillosus, Toxocara spp, Trichuris spp and coccidia were found in variable numbers in both springbok and gemsbok faeces, indicating a potential risk of transmission to other species in the ecosystem. On examination of carcasses, a novel parasite, Skjabinodera kuelzii, was identified and noted to be associated with inguinal fascia and renal fat, but the public health significance remains unclear. Nevertheless, S. kuelzii should be considered as of potential significance during routine game meat inspection. A total of 12 310 springbok were harvested from 26 commercial farms over a period of two years. Tissue samples (i.e. 60 livers, 41 kidneys and 52 hindquarter muscles) were collected from randomly selected healthy animals. The mean values (i.e. above the detection limit) of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) were 0.10±0.05mg/kg and 1.04±0.21mg/kg in the liver, respectively; and 0.33±0.22mg/kg and 0.905±0.51mg/kg in the kidney of springbok, respectively. The levels of cadmium and lead in the hindquarter muscles were below the detection limit. Serum samples (n=1692) collected from sheep, goats and cattle from four presumably at-risk farms, and 900 springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis) serum samples collected from 29 mixed farming units, were screened for Brucella antibodies by using the Rose-Bengal test (RBT). Positive cases were confirmed by complement fixation test (CFT). To assess the prevalence of human brucellosis, 137 abattoir employees were tested for Brucella antibodies using the standard tube agglutination test (STAT), and the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cattle and sheep from all four farms were negative by RBT and CFT, but two of the four farms carried 26/42 and 12/285 seropositive goats, respectively. Post mortem examination of seropositive goats revealed no gross pathological lesions. Culture for brucellae from organs of seropositive animals was negative. None of the wildlife sera tested positive by either RBT or CFT. Occurrence of confirmed brucellosis in humans was linked to the consumption of unpasteurized goat milk, home-made goat cheese and coffee with raw milk and prior contact with goats. All abattoir employees (n=137) tested negative by STAT, but 3 were positive by ELISA. The three abattoir workers were clinically normal, and lacked historical connections with clinical cases. This study illustrates the importance of microbiological, parasitic and residue monitoring as critical components of a hazard analysis and critical control point based system for game meat. The study also provides the basis for increased integrated health research, surveillance and meat safety risk analysis. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Namibiese wildbedryf raak toenemend groter soos die produksie en verbruik van wildsvleis toeneem. Die verwante gesondheidsrisiko’s wat die gebruik van wildsvleis en verwante produkte vir mens en dier inhou, is nog nie volledig geassesseer nie. Die doelwit van die studie was om ondersoek in te stel na die potensiële gesondheidsrisiko's wat wildsvleis en verwante neweprodukte vir mens en dier inhou deur middel van die assessering van vleisgehalte en die bepaling van die rol van die wildsvleis spesies in die oordrag van soönoses. Die mikrobiologiese gehalte en veiligheid van uitvoer wildsvleis was geassesseer. Geen verskille in die aerobiese plaat telling (APC) vir monsters versamel tydens 2009 en 2010 is aangeteken nie. Die gemiddelde Enterobacteriaceae telling was 1.33± 0.69log10 cfu/cm2 in vergelyking met 2.93±1.50log10 cfu/cm2 tussen die jare. Onbeduidende heterotrofe plaattelling (HPC) vlakke is waargeneem in 9/23 water monsters, terwyl fekale bakterieë (d.i. kolivorme, Clostridium perfringens en enterokokke) nie in enige van die monsters geïsoleerd is nie. Sewe serogroepe, met die uitsondering van O26, is aangeteken vir die eksotiese spesies. Monsters verky van ʼn white tailed deer is as positief vir 'n serotipe van O45 getoets, en die teenwoordigheid van die stx1 geen is bevestig. In springbok het 5/15 poele van fekale monsters positief getoets vir die intimien geen. Geen Salmonella spp is geïsoleer nie en alle E. coli geïsoleer in die vleismonsters was negatief vir die Stec virulensie geen (d.i. stx1, stx2, EAE en hlyA). ʼn Liniêre regressie-analise is op geselekteerde veranderlikes wat as die belangrikste indikators kan dien, en enige moontlike interaksie wat die pH van wildsvleis 4 uur na-slag kan beïnvloed, uitgevoer. In 'n toenemende orde van grootte gedurende die winter tyd, die pH teen 16-36hr na slagting in springbok hart, lewer, milt, niere en longe was aansienlik hoër as die pH 6.0, terwyl geen beduidende verskille waargeneem is wanneer dit met die regulasie verwysingswaarde van die hart (pH 6.0) vergelyk is nie. Daar was 'n positiewe assosiasie tussen die pH van wildsvleis 4 uur na-slag en mate van aansameling in die lewer. Die pH van wildsvleis 4 uur na-slag, het toegeneem met 0.11 eenhede per mL toename in lewer aansameling en afgeneem met 0.04 eenhede per minuut toename in die skiet tot uitbloei interval, ongeag die spesie. Wurmeiers van rondewurms, Strongyloides papillosus, Toxocara spp, Trichuris spp en koksidia het in verskillende ladings in die mis van beide springbok en gemsbok ontlasting, voorgekom. Dit dui op 'n potensiële risiko van oordrag na ander spesies in die ekosisteem. Die voorkoms van ʼn nuwe parasiet, Skjabinodera kuelzii, in wildskarkasse is aangeteken en was geassosieer met inguinale fascia en renale vet, maar die openbare gesondheidsrisiko bly onduidelik. Daar word aanbeveel dat dié parasiet as ʼn potensiële risiko faktor tydens roetine vleisinspeksies beskou moet word. ʼn Totaal van 12 310 springbokke is oor 'n tydperk van twee jaar van 26 kommersiële plase geoes. Weefselmonsters (d.i. 60 lewers, 41 niere en 52 agterkwart spiere) is ewekansig versamel van gesonde diere. Die gemiddelde waardes (d.i. hoër as die opsporingslimiet) van kadmium (Cd) en lood (Pb) was 0.10 ± 0.05mg/kg en 1.04 ± 0.21mg/kg in die lewer onderskeidelik en 0.33 ± 0.22mg/kg en 0.905 ± 0.51mg/kg in die niere van springbok, onderskeidelik. Die vlakke van kadmium en lood in die agterkwart spiere was laer as die opsporingslimiet. Serum monsters (n=1692) is van skape, bokke en beeste van vier vermoedelik hoë risiko plase en springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis, n=900) van 29 gemengde boerdery sisteme versamel en getoets vir die teenwoordigheid van Brucella teenliggaampies deur middel van die Rose-Bengal-toets (RBT). Positiewe gevalle is bevestig deur die komplement binding toets (CFT). Die voorkoms van menslike brusellose is bepaal deur 137 abattoir werknemers te toets vir Brucella teenliggaampies deur gebruik te maak van die standaard buis agglutinasie toets (STAT) en die ensiembinding immunosorberende toets (ELISA). Beeste en skape van die vier hoë risiko plase het negatief getoets met die RBT en CFT metodes, maar bokke van twee van die vier plase het seropositief getoets (26/42 en 12/285 onderskeidelik). Nadoodse ondersoek van seropositief bokke het geen patologiese letsels aangedui nie. Die kultuur van orgaanmonsters van seropositief diere vir Brucellae was negatief. Die monsters versamel van wild het negatief getoets deur middel van die RBT en CFT toets metodes. Die voorkoms van brusellose in mense in die studie was geassosieer met die gebruik van ongepasteuriseerde melk, tuisgemaakte bokmelkkaas en koffie met ongepasteuriseerde melk, asook direkte kontak met bokke. Alle abattoir werknemers (n=137) het negatief getoets met die STAT metode, maar drie werknemers het positief getoets met die ELISA metode. Die drie abattoir werkers was klinies normaal en het nie vorige kontak met bevestigde kliniese gevalle gehad nie. Hierdie studie bevestig die belang van mikrobiologiese, parasitiese en residu monitering as kritieke komponente van 'n gevaar-analise en kritiese kontrolepunt gebaseerde stelsel vir die produksie en verbruik van wildsvleis. Die studie verskaf ʼn basis vir toekomstige navorsing gefokus op ʼn geïntegreerde benadering van mens- en diergesondheid, monitering en vleis veiligheid risiko-analises.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2014-10-10T20:23:16Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Eveline Gomes Rosa de Moura -.pdf: 2502457 bytes, checksum: 54f962c3a70b460634119d8b43d2dc0b (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-10-10T20:31:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Eveline Gomes Rosa de Moura -.pdf: 2502457 bytes, checksum: 54f962c3a70b460634119d8b43d2dc0b (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-10T20:31:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Eveline Gomes Rosa de Moura -.pdf: 2502457 bytes, checksum: 54f962c3a70b460634119d8b43d2dc0b (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-28 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / Why be manipulated during the entire production chain, the product derived from acai may contain a high microbial load, which favors contamination of food. This study aimed to analyze the chemical composition and microbiological quality of acai in the bowl sold in the city of Goiânia and the impact of training on Good Manufacturing Practices. Study conducted in three stages was conducted in 23 stores. In the first and third step two samples with 300 mL of acai in the bowl were collected, prepared with acai pulp, guarana syrup and banana and another with acai pulp, guarana syrup and strawberry. Were also collected swabs from surfaces of hands and nasal cavities of 34 handlers involved in the preparation of acai and applied the checklist based on RDC 216/2004, to assess the physical and functional conditions of the establishments. In the second stage, training in Good Manufacturing Practices with applicable pre and post test was performed. The microbiological protocol was based on the RDC 12/2001 and the American Public Health Association. The chemical composition was determined by the method established by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Of the 46 samples collected in the first stage, 15.2 % had more than the maximum limit for coliform count at 45 ºC, 26% for coliforms at 35 ºC, 78.2 % for coagulase positive staphylococcus and 100% aerobic mesophilic. In the third stage, 21.7% had greater than allowed for coliform count at 45 °C, 8.6% for coliforms at 35 ºC, 6.5% for coagulase positive staphylococcus and 73.9% for mesophilic aerobic. As the handlers before intervention contamination was detected by E. coli on the surfaces of the hands of a handler and this result was the same after training. As to the nasal cavities, the presence of this bacterium reduced from five to no handler contaminated. For S.,aureus, a handler was with surfaces contaminated in the first stage hands, and the number increased to three in the second. By analyzing the nostrils five handlers harboring S. aureus prior to training seven after the intervention. In the checklist, among the 12 items checked, only three showed improvement with respect to the percentage of compliance from one stage to another: raw materials, ingredients and packaging, documentation and registration and accountability. Regarding training, the average accuracy in the pretest was 86.8%, and 97% post-test. As to composition, there was no difference in nutritional attributes in relation to the type of fruit added in the preparation of acai in the bowl. It is concluded that most of the samples collected showed inadequate sanitary higienic conditions, highlighting the need to implement an effective system of quality control in the areas of food handling, to ensure the safety of the final product. / Por ser manipulado durante toda a cadeia produtiva, o produto derivado do açaí pode conter elevada carga microbiana, o que favorece a contaminação do alimento. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a composição centesimal e a qualidade microbiológica de açaí na tigela comercializado na cidade de Goiânia, bem como o impacto da capacitação em Boas Práticas de Fabricação. Estudo conduzido em três etapas foi realizado em 23 estabelecimentos. Na primeira e terceira etapa foram coletadas duas amostras com 300 mL de açaí na tigela, preparado com polpa de açaí, xarope de guaraná e banana e a outra com polpa de açaí, xarope de guaraná e morango. Foram coletados, também, swabs de superfícies de mãos e fossas nasais de 34 manipuladores envolvidos no preparo do açaí e aplicou-se o checklist baseado na RDC nº 216/2004, para avaliar as condições físico-funcionais dos estabelecimentos. Na segunda etapa foi realizada a capacitação em Boas Práticas de Fabricação com aplicação de pré e pós-teste. O protocolo microbiológico baseou-se na RDC nº 12/2001 e na American Public Health Association. A composição centesimal foi determinada segundo o método estabelecido pela Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Das 46 amostras coletadas na primeira etapa, 15,2% apresentaram contagem superior ao limite máximo para coliformes a 45 ºC; 26% para coliformes a 35 ºC; 78,2% para estafilococos coagulase positiva e 100% para aeróbios mesófilos. Na terceira etapa, 21,7% apresentaram contagem superior ao permitido para coliformes a 45 ºC; 8,6% para coliformes a 35 ºC; 6,5% para estafilococos coagulase positiva e 73,9% para aeróbios mesófilos. Quanto aos manipuladores, antes da intervenção foi detectada a contaminação por E. coli nas superfícies das mãos de um manipulador, sendo esse resultado o mesmo após a capacitação. Quanto às fossas nasais, a presença desta bactéria reduziu de cinco para nenhum manipulador contaminado. Para S. aureus, um manipulador estava com as superfícies das mãos contaminadas na primeira etapa, sendo este número aumentado para três na segunda. Ao analisar as fossas nasais, cinco manipuladores albergavam S. aureus antes da capacitação e sete após a intervenção. No checklist, dentre os 12 itens verificados, somente três apresentaram melhorias com relação à porcentagem de conformidade de uma etapa para a outra: matérias-primas, ingredientes e embalagens, documentação e registro e responsabilidade. Em relação à capacitação, a média de acerto no pré-teste foi de 86,8%, e no pós-teste 97%. Quanto à composição centesimal, não houve diferença de atributos nutricionais em relação ao tipo de fruta adicionada na preparação do açaí na tigela. Conclui-se que a maioria das amostras coletadas apresentou condições higiênicossanitárias inadequadas, evidenciando a necessidade de implantação de um eficiente sistema de controle de qualidade nas áreas de manipulação de alimentos, a fim de garantir a segurança higiênicossanitária do produto final.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the quality of raw cow's milk during the year depending on the breed. In two agricultural companies, respectively in three farms there were monitored total bacteria count (TBC), somatic cell count (SCC), residues of inhibitory substances (RIS), freezing point, protein content and fat content in 2015. Limits of TBC given by European Union (100,000/ml) were kept in all farms. Limits set for SCC (400,000/ml) were exceeded in 25% samples in breeding I and the average value was significantly increased (p <0.001) in comparison to breeding II and III. These results suggest a possible occurrence of subclinical mastitis. For the company it means a significant economic loss. RIS has not been found in any sample. Average protein content of monitored breeding was not too different (3.69; 3.70; 3.67%). Fat content in breeding I (3.84%) was statistically significantly decreased (p <0.001) in comparison to breeding II and III (4.18 4.12%).

Orientador: Ruben Pablo Schocken-Iturrino / Banca: Helio José Montassier / Banca: Maria Luiza Poiatti / Resumo: Carcaças e miúdos de frangos podem ser veiculadores de bactérias patogênicas para o homem, provocando intoxicações alimentares. A contaminação da carne de frango pode ocorrer desde a sua criação até a manipulação das peças durante e após a comercialização. Considerando isto, o objetivo do trabalho foi o de avaliar a qualidade microbiológica de peito, coxa e coração de frangos comercializados em seis diferentes estabelecimentos na cidade de Jaboticabal, através da pesquisa dos patógenos reconhecidos como principais indicativos de manipulação inadequada e consequente contaminação desse alimento. De 57 amostras analisadas verificou-se que 3 (5,5%) delas apresentava o número de mesófilos totais acima do limite permitido, e que todas as amostras foram positivas para enterobactérias, sendo 10 (18,5%) dessas foram identificadas como Escherichia coli. Ainda em 35 amostras (65%) foram detectadas para o gênero Staphylococcus dos quais 10 (29%) foram identificados como Estafilococos coagulase positiva, pelos quais o teste de sensibilidade a antimicrobianos mostrou uma cepa resistente a eritromicina. Uma amostra foi positiva para Clostridium perfringens cuja a presença não é permitida nas normativas vigentes. O Número Mais Provável de coliformes totais foi confirmado em 89% das amostras e 56% foram positivas para NMP de coliformes termotolerantes; duas amostras de coliformes totais e uma de coliforme termotolerante estavam fora dos padrões. Conclui-se que a conservação, a manipulação e o armazenamento de frango são de grande importância, uma vez que a presença dos microrganismos encontrados pode ser responsável pela deterioração dos alimentos e intoxicações alimentares. A resistência a eritromicina é preocupante, pois ainda é considerado um antibiótico seguro para medidas terapêuticas. / Abstract: Carcasses and offal of chickens may carry pathogenic bacteria to humans, causing food poisoning. Contamination of chicken meat may occur from its creation to the manipulation of parts during and after the sale. Considering this, the objective was to evaluate the microbiological quality of breast, thigh and heart of chicken sold in six different establishments in the town of Jaboticabal, through the detection of the pathogens recognized as the key indicators of mishandling and resulting contamination of food. In 57 samples it was found that 3 (5.5%) of them had the total number of bacteria above the limit, and that all samples were positive for Enterobacteriaceae, 10 (18.5%) of these were identified as E. coli. Also in 35 samples (65%) were detected for the genus Staphylococcus of which 10 (29%) were identified as coagulase-positive staphylococci, for which the test disk diffusion showed a strain resistant to erythromycin. A sample was positive for Clostridium perfringens whose presence is not allowed under current regulations. The most probable number of coliforms was confirmed in 89% of the samples and 56% were positive for MPN of coliforms, two samples of total coliform and thermotolerant coliform were out of the box. We conclude that the conservation, handling and storage of chicken are of great importance, since the presence of microorganisms may be found responsible for food spoilage and food poisoning. Resistance to erythromycin is worrisome because it is still considered a safe antibiotic for therapeutic measures. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-08-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:56:03Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 maximo_acnf_me_jabo.pdf: 434278 bytes, checksum: c50398cf816f21d982ccdedf7da5818f (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O município de Jaboticabal está localizado em região onde prevalece a atividade agrícola e há uma elevada utilização da água de poços tanto para consumo humano, como animal, pertencentes a Microbacia Hidrográfica do Córrego Rico. O mesmo se observa em propriedades situadas na área urbana, com água advinda de poços particulares, que abastece uma grande parcela da população. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a situação deste tipo de abastecimento alternativo no município. A avaliação foi conduzida em duas amostragens, período de seca e chuva, em 30 poços na área urbana e 30 poços da área rural. Foi pesquisada a qualidade microbiológica (Coliformes Totais, Escherichia coli, Clostrídios Sulfito Redutores e microorganismos mesófilos), bem como características físico-químicas (concentrações de cloreto, nitrato e amônia, cor aparente e pH). O método estatístico utilizado foi o teste do Qui quadrado a 1% e 5% de significância, e cálculo do Risco Relativo para padrões fora e dentro de potabilidade. Um grande número de propriedades do meio rural encontrava-se em desacordo com os padrões de potabilidade para água, durante os períodos de estiagem e chuvas, quando comparadas ao ambiente urbano. A ausência dos fatores de proteção, e tratamento da água evidenciou o alto risco que esta água oferece para consumo, bem como a má qualidade higiênico-sanitária da mesma, e a provável fonte de ocorrência e perpetuação de doenças de veiculação hídrica. Pretendeu-se com isso, obter subsídios para futuras ações corretivas e preventivas para preservação da saúde humana, e dos recursos hídricos locais. / The city of Jaboticabal is located in region where it takes advantage the agricultural activity and it has one in such a way raised use of the water of wells for human consumption, as animal, pertaining at Córrego Rico watershed. The same it is observed in situated properties in the urban area, with water of particular wells, that supplies a great parcel of the population. The present study will have as objective to evaluate the situation of this type of alternative supplying in the city. The evaluation was lead in two samplings, period of drought and rain, in 30 wells in the urban area and 30 wells of the agricultural area. The microbiological quality was searched (mesophylic microrganism, Total Coliforms, Escherichia coli, Clostridium sulfite reducing), as well as characteristics physicist-chemistries (concentrations of chloride, nitrate and ammonia, apparent color and pH). The used statistical method was the test of the squared Qui 1% and 5% of significance, and calculation of the Relative Risk for standards and inside of potability. A great number of properties of the agricultural way met in disagreement with the standards of potability for water, during the periods of drought and rains, when compared with the urban environment. The absence of the protection factors, and treatment of the water evidenced the high risk that this water offers for consumption, harm sanitary hygienical quality of the same one, and probable source of occurrence and perpetuation of wet illnesses propagation. It was intended with this, to get subsidies for future corrective and preventive actions for preservation of the health human being, and the local wet resources.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:31:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 massoli_mcb_me_jabo.pdf: 488238 bytes, checksum: 695803220e7404c7dbd9a93afa12ac49 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Carcaças e miúdos de frangos podem ser veiculadores de bactérias patogênicas para o homem, provocando intoxicações alimentares. A contaminação da carne de frango pode ocorrer desde a sua criação até a manipulação das peças durante e após a comercialização. Considerando isto, o objetivo do trabalho foi o de avaliar a qualidade microbiológica de peito, coxa e coração de frangos comercializados em seis diferentes estabelecimentos na cidade de Jaboticabal, através da pesquisa dos patógenos reconhecidos como principais indicativos de manipulação inadequada e consequente contaminação desse alimento. De 57 amostras analisadas verificou-se que 3 (5,5%) delas apresentava o número de mesófilos totais acima do limite permitido, e que todas as amostras foram positivas para enterobactérias, sendo 10 (18,5%) dessas foram identificadas como Escherichia coli. Ainda em 35 amostras (65%) foram detectadas para o gênero Staphylococcus dos quais 10 (29%) foram identificados como Estafilococos coagulase positiva, pelos quais o teste de sensibilidade a antimicrobianos mostrou uma cepa resistente a eritromicina. Uma amostra foi positiva para Clostridium perfringens cuja a presença não é permitida nas normativas vigentes. O Número Mais Provável de coliformes totais foi confirmado em 89% das amostras e 56% foram positivas para NMP de coliformes termotolerantes; duas amostras de coliformes totais e uma de coliforme termotolerante estavam fora dos padrões. Conclui-se que a conservação, a manipulação e o armazenamento de frango são de grande importância, uma vez que a presença dos microrganismos encontrados pode ser responsável pela deterioração dos alimentos e intoxicações alimentares. A resistência a eritromicina é preocupante, pois ainda é considerado um antibiótico seguro para medidas terapêuticas. / Carcasses and offal of chickens may carry pathogenic bacteria to humans, causing food poisoning. Contamination of chicken meat may occur from its creation to the manipulation of parts during and after the sale. Considering this, the objective was to evaluate the microbiological quality of breast, thigh and heart of chicken sold in six different establishments in the town of Jaboticabal, through the detection of the pathogens recognized as the key indicators of mishandling and resulting contamination of food. In 57 samples it was found that 3 (5.5%) of them had the total number of bacteria above the limit, and that all samples were positive for Enterobacteriaceae, 10 (18.5%) of these were identified as E. coli. Also in 35 samples (65%) were detected for the genus Staphylococcus of which 10 (29%) were identified as coagulase-positive staphylococci, for which the test disk diffusion showed a strain resistant to erythromycin. A sample was positive for Clostridium perfringens whose presence is not allowed under current regulations. The most probable number of coliforms was confirmed in 89% of the samples and 56% were positive for MPN of coliforms, two samples of total coliform and thermotolerant coliform were out of the box. We conclude that the conservation, handling and storage of chicken are of great importance, since the presence of microorganisms may be found responsible for food spoilage and food poisoning. Resistance to erythromycin is worrisome because it is still considered a safe antibiotic for therapeutic measures.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-01T14:12:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1355037 bytes, checksum: 5300cc9106ecebb14c07562a11acf185 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The physical structure of slaughterhouses, sanitary-hygienic practices and microbiological parameters related to pork quality were assessed. Five slaughterhouses in the state of Paraíba were inspected, using a checklist and were classified into group I (low risk), II (intermediate risk) and III (high risk). The microorganisms investigated were: in water: total and faecal coliforms; in carcasses, handlers hands and knives: total and faecal coliforms, mesophilic aerobic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, and presence of Salmonella sp. in carcasses. In total and faecal coliform, mesophilic aerobic bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus counts, a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and five replications was used. The slaughterhouses were classified in Group III (high risk). Although there are differences between slaughterhouses and collection points contamination levels above permitted levels for all analyses were observed, Salmonella was present in 12% of carcasses. Contamination of water and knives suggested cross-contamination. / Avaliou-se a estrutura física dos abatedouros, as práticas higiênico-sanitárias e os parâmetros microbiológicos relacionados com a qualidade da carne suína. Cinco abatedouros paraibanos foram inspecionados, utilizando-se check list, sendo classificados em grupo I (baixo risco), II (médio risco) e III (alto risco). Os microrganismos pesquisados foram: na água: coliformes totais e termotolerantes; nas carcaças, mãos e facas dos manipuladores: coliformes totais e termotolerantes, bactérias aeróbias mesófilas, Staphylococcus aureus, e presença de Salmonela spp. nas carcaças. Nas contagens de coliformes totais e termotolerantes, bactérias aeróbias mesófilas e Staphylococcus aureus utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualisado (DIC) com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os abatedouros foram classificados no grupo III (alto risco). Apesar de haver diferenças entre os abatedouros e pontos de coleta, observaram-se níveis de contaminação acima do permitido para todas as analises, com presença de Salmonella spp. em 12% das carcaças. A contaminação da água e das facas pode sugerir contaminação cruzada.

Orientador: Fernando Leite Hoffmann / Banca: Miyoko Jakabi / Banca: Crispin Humberto Garcia Cruz / Resumo: As frutas são constituintes importantes da dieta humana devido aos seus valores nutritivos e por satisfazerem os hábitos alimentares de grande parte dos consumidores. A polpa é o produto obtido por esmagamento das partes comestíveis de frutas carnosas por meio de processos tecnológicos adequados. As frutas com atividade de água (Aa) maior que 0,98 são muito susceptíveis à deterioração por bactérias, bolores ou leveduras. O desenvolvimento e o metabolismo microbiano exigem a presença de água numa forma disponível e a Aa é um índice desta disponibilidade. As polpas de frutas apresentam como características gerais: elevada Aa, potencial de óxido-redução positivo e baixo pH. Destes fatores a elevada acidez restringe a microbiota deterioradora, que se limita principalmente a bactérias lácticas e acéticas, bolores e leveduras; sendo que os dois últimos constituem os mais importantes agentes de deterioração de polpas e sucos de frutas. Neste trabalho objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade microbiológica de 62 amostras de polpas congeladas de frutas comercializadas na região de São José do Rio Preto - SP. Os resultados obtidos para coliformes termotolerantes e Salmonella spp revelaram que todas as amostras (100%) encontravam-se em conformidade com o padrão federal em vigor, sendo consideradas, portanto, "produtos em condições sanitárias satisfatórias". Foram ainda isoladas 136 leveduras, as quais foram submetidas, para identificação, aos testes taxonômicos (morfológicos, fisiológicos e de assimilação de fontes de carbono). Os resultados destes testes mostraram a ocorrência de 57 (41,90%) culturas classificadas como Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 24 (17,65%) Debaryomyces hansenii var. fabryi, 13 (9,55%) Dekkera bruxellensis, 13 (9,55%) Torulaspora delbrueckii, 6 (4,40%) Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, 4 (2,94%) Rhodotorula glutinis, 4 (2,94%) Trichosporon beigelii... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The fruits are important constituents of the human diet due to their nutritional values and because they satisfy the food habits of large number of the consumers. The fruit pulp is obtained by crushing the edible parts of fruits by right technological process. Fruits that have water activity (aw) over 0.98 are susceptible to deterioration by bacteria, molds and yeasts. The development and the microbial metabolism require the presence of water in an available way and aw is an indicator of this availability. Fruit pulps have the general characteristics: high aw, positive oxide - reduction potential and low pH. Of these factors the high acidity limits the decay agents, mainly to acetic and lactic bacteria, molds and yeasts; but molds and yeasts are the most important deterioration agents in fruit pulps and juices. In this study was evaluated the microbiological quality of 62 samples of fruit frozen pulps commercialized in the region of São José do Rio Preto - SP. The results obtained for fecal coliforms and Salmonella spp revealed that all samples (100%) were in accordance with the current federal standard, being considered therefore "products in satisfactory sanitary conditions". One hundred and thirty six yeasts were isolated from the samples, which were submitted, for identification, to taxonomic tests (morphological, physiological and to carbon sources assimilation). The results of the taxonomic tests showed the occurrence of 57 (41.90%) cultures classified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 24 (17.65%) Debaryomyces hansenii var. fabryi, 13 (9.55%) Dekkera bruxellensis, 13 (9.55%) Torulaspora delbrueckii, 6 (4.40%) Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, 4 (2.94%) Rhodotorula glutinis, 4 (2.94%) Trichosporon beigelii, 2 (1.47%) Hanseniaspora vineae, 2 (1.47%) Sporidiobolus johnsonii, 2 (1.47%) Candida apis, 1 (0.74%) Cryptococcus albidus, 1 (0.74%) Debaryomyces hansenii... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre