Land application of large, volume-based rates of municipal biosolids (MB) enhances soil physical properties and provides an alternative to disposal in landfills. Yet, topdressing or incorporation of the volume-based rates can increase non-point source losses of sediment and nutrients from excavated soils to surface waters. Research objectives were developed to evaluate the options for cycling of MB through turfgrass sod during production and after transplanting. The first objective was to compare the production of Tifway bermudagrass sod between fields grown with and without MB under increasing rates of supplemental fertilizer N. The second objective was to compare runoff losses between soils constructed with and without MB before planting to sprigs or sod transplanted from turfgrass grown in soil with and without incorporation of MB. Incorporation of 25% by volume of MB in soil enhanced (p < 0.001) turfgrass coverage of the soil surface compared to soil without MB. In addition, amending soil with MB reduced wet and dry sod weights (p < 0.001) and increased soil water content (p < 0.001) at harvest compared to sod without MB. Runoff concentrations and mass loss of total dissolved P (TDP) were significantly greater (P=0.001) for MB-amended compared to un-amended sod. In addition, a linear relationship (R2 = 0.94) was observed between water extractable soil P within the 0- to 2-cm depth and concentrations and mass loss of TDP in runoff. Similarly, runoff loss of NO3-N was greater (P = 0.05) for soil mixed with 25% by volume of MB than soil alone and variation of NO3-N loss among treatments was directly related to soil NO3-N concentration within the 0- to 5-cm depth. In contrast, runoff concentrations of NH4-N were directly related to inputs of N from turf clippings returned to soil rather than soil NH4-N concentrations. Total Kjeldahl N (TKN) concentration in runoff was unrelated to soil N concentrations, but was linearly related to mass loss of sediment in runoff. Transplanted sod reduced sediment loss compared to sprigged soil during turfgrass establishment and MB-amended soil reduced sediment loss compared to soil without MB. In addition, the MB imported in sod or incorporated in soil before sprigging increased soil organic carbon and mean soil water content compared to sod or soil without MB over a 92 day period. Incorporation of MB within soil prior to planting fertilizer grown turfgrass sod enhanced water conservation and reduced nutrient loss compared to planting MB-grown sod on un-amended soils.

Soils with inherently low soil fertility, and nutrient depletion of fertile soils, are the root causes of declining per capita food production in Africa. On the other hand, demand for better water quality and strict environmental laws have led to an increase in biosolid production. Accumulation of this waste poses an increasing environmental pollution risk. Disposal methods like incineration, ocean dumping and land filling are causing enormous environmental and economic problems. Therefore, municipal authorities have been challenged with the environmental management of biosolids, whilst many farmers are facing a problem of soil fertility decline. Biosolids of “Exceptional quality class A” contain high organic matter, plant nutrients and have few restrictions on use for land application. Therefore, it is a valuable resource. Beneficiation of sewage sludge through land application is an optional solution to address both soil fertility and environmental problems. Scientific management of sewage sludge utilization must be observed to minimize environmental problems. The study of N release and the rate of nitrification from biosolids is essential to improve nutrient use efficiency, as well as to prevent environmental pollution. Mineralization and nitrification processes are influenced by several factors, for instance, the origin and quality of organic material, and soil environmental conditions, of which moisture and temperature are the most important factors. The study aims to: (i) evaluate biosolid stability, temperature and soil water effects on net N release from municipal and industrial sludge amended soil, and (ii) generate important parameters for modeling N dynamics (rate constants and half life). This dissertation consists of two major experiments: The first experiment was a fifty six day laboratory incubation study to assess N release and nitrification rate constants in a biosolid amended soil, as well as the biosolid’s half life time. The experiment was conducted using three types of biosolids originated from three different wastewater treatment processes, subjected to three levels of temperature and three of soil water potentials. The second experiment was an investigation on sample handling strategy for accurate nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+) determinations. Different handling procedures: Direct field extraction, Field drying extraction and Laboratory drying extraction were tested on biosolid amended soils. In conclusion, biosolid stability, temperature and soil water interaction significantly influence mineralization and nitrification processes. Unstable sludges had higher N mineralization rate constant and shorter half life times compared to stable sludge, and the Direct field extraction procedure proved to be the most representative sample handling strategy for determination of N speciation in soils and biosolid amended soils to get representative time specific data. / Dissertation (MSc(Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Plant Production and Soil Science / unrestricted

The application of municipal sewage biosolids to agricultural land is a common practice worldwide. Increasing attention is being directed at the presence of organic contaminants bound to the organic phase during wastewater treatment, which end up in the biosolids. The goal of this study was to investigate the decomposition of an alkaline-stabilized biosolid being used as an agricultural soil amendment containing unknown organic contaminants. A two year field trial and a 120 day laboratory soil incubation using increasing rates (0, 7, 14, 28, and 42 Mg ha-1) of an alkaline-stabilized biosolid (ASB) were set up to monitor biosolid decomposition and concentrations of selected contaminants over time. The seven contaminants selected for monitoring (p-cresol, indole, 4-t-octylphenol, phenanthrene, triclosan, carbamazepine, and benzo[a]pyrene) represent a wide range of physico-chemical properties and fall under several different chemical classes. The decomposition of ASB in soil was examined in the incubation study. Almost half of the CO2-C evolved from ASB amended soils occurred within the first 6 days, indicating that a relatively labile pool of carbon remains in ASB following the sewage treatment process. By day 121, between 71 to 78% of the total carbon added to soil had been evolved as CO2-C. A new model developed during this study to describe carbon mineralization, a first order plus logistic function (FLOG), performed better than other commonly used models. The method chosen to analyze organic contaminants in soil was only able to determine four out of seven compounds reliably, with recoveries greater than 50% for 4-t-octylphenol, phenanthrene, triclosan, and benzo[a]pyrene. In treated soils, only triclosan was able to be detected and quantified. Average triclosan concentration in the incubation study ranged from a high of 143 ng g-1 on day 3 to a low of 26 ng g-1 by day 121, representing an 81% decrease over a roughly 4 month period under idealized conditions. In the field, triclosan concentrations following a Fall biosolids application in Oct. 2008 increased to detectable levels (29 to 47 ng g-1) in all three plots measured in Nov. 2008, which remained elevated (29 to 66 ng g-1) over the winter period in two out of three plots when sampled in May 2009. Following the Spring application in June 2009, measured triclosan concentrations in July 2009 samples from these same two plots were lower than predicted (33 to 48 ng g-1) and eventually decreased to levels below the detection limit by the Oct. 2009 sampling.

The pulp and paper industry in New Zealand annually produces over one hundred thousand dry tonnes of solid waste due to the treatment of pulp and paper mill effluents, the majority of which is currently landfilled. The New Zealand Waste Management Strategy (2002) has set a target for the diversion of commercial organic wastes from landfill to beneficial use to exceed 95% by 2010 . Effluents produced by softwood pulp mills, such as in New Zealand, contain high concentrations of naturally derived resin extractive compounds that are toxic to fish and other aquatic organisms. Improvements in waste water treatment technology has enabled the industry to meet rigorous discharge standards, however, this has resulted in an increase in the production of pulp mill effluent solids which require disposal. This has become an issue for the pulp and paper industry, especially as current landfill space is limited. Land application has been used for many years as a means of disposal of pulp mill wastes. While most studies investigating land application of pulp mill effluent solids have concluded that the risk posed to the environment is low, few have investigated the potential toxicity of these wastes to soil organisms, and these studies did not directly address the effects of resin extractive compounds. Resin extractives have been shown to be recalcitrant and to accumulate in anaerobic sediments. It is not known to what extent resin extractives are bioavailable or degradable in land applied Pulp mill effluent solids (PMES), or their potential to bioaccumulate in soil organisms. This PhD thesis research sought to extend the knowledge on the environmental fate and effects of pulp mill effluent wastes. It focused on terrestrial systems, which have not been well studied in this respect. Four chemically distinct softwood pulp mill effluent solids, a primary treatment solid and three secondary treatment biosolids, were used to investigate their effects on soil organisms and soil functions. An interdisciplinary approach was adopted, which incorporated three main areas of study, as follows: 1. A comprehensive resin extractives analysis of the pulp mill effluent solids undertaken so that effects on soil organisms and soil functions could be related to the resin extractives chemistry of the individual pulp mill effluent solids tested. 2. A battery of bioassays used to investigate the toxicity of the selected pulp mill effluent solids. 3. A field trial set-up to investigate how pulp mill effluent solids affected soil functions and also to investigate the decomposition of pulp mill effluent solids and of resin extractives in these solids. Three hypotheses tested were: I. Pulp mill effluent solids are toxic to soil organisms. II. Resin extractives in pulp mill effluent solids are recalcitrant in the terrestrial environment. III. Pulp mill effluent solids will cause significant measurable negative impacts on soil functional capacity. A wide range of resin extractives compounds were identified in pulp mill effluent solids, and concentrations of individual compounds varied widely between the different pulp mill effluent solids tested. During the two years after field application of the pulp mill effluent solids, resin extractives declined, however, decay rates of individual compounds were variable. The decay rate of compounds was influenced by the type of pulp mill effluent solids containing these compounds and not by the initial concentration of compounds. All compounds, including resin acids, degraded rapidly in the applied primary solid and in one of the applied biosolids, with average half-lives calculated ranging from three to twelve months. In the other biosolids, resin acids were recalcitrant with average half-lives calculated to be nearly ten years. Laboratory bioassays conducted on oats, earthworms and enchytraeid worms indicated that pulp mill effluent solids had low toxicity to these organisms. An aquatic bioassay organism, however, was acutely affected by aqueous extracts from pulp mill effluent solids. Earthworms were shown to bioaccumulate some resin extractive compounds to a limited extent, indicating that resin extractives were bioavailable in pulp mill effluent solids. Enchytraeid reproduction was reduced by exposure to some pulp mill effluent solids but this was not correlated to resin extractives concentration of the solids tested. Field applied pulp mill effluent solids significantly enhanced the fluxes of CO2 from the soil surface. When mass losses of pulp mill effluent solids carbon were taken into account, it was shown that these solids had little effect on soil respiration. Needle litterbags were placed above and below pulp mill effluent solids and in the litter horizon of a control treatment for 12 months. Needle litter decomposition was not significantly different between treatments, however, changes in enzyme activities were detected in litter beneath pulp mill effluent solids compared to control needle litter that had not been exposed to pulp mill effluent solids. The decomposition rate of field applied pulp mill effluent solids was slow, with half-lives extrapolated to be between five and twenty five years. The decomposition rate appeared to be influenced by the pools of carbon available for decomposition, with primary solids decaying significantly faster than biosolids due to a higher cellulose component. The conclusions of the PhD thesis research are, therefore, that generally, pulp mill effluent solids used in the study were demonstrated to be relatively benign and appear to pose a low risk to the terrestrial ecosystem when applied to soil. However, a cautious approach is still recommended to land application, based on the extensive evidence of disruption to aquatic ecosystems, and because pulp mill effluent solids will take many years to decompose and resin acids are recalcitrant in some pulp mill effluent solids. Further research is recommended to elucidate mechanisms of action by resin extractives in soil organisms and the ultimate fate of these compounds in the soil compartment.

Submitted by Letícia Fernanda Lavezzo (leticialavezzo.unesp@hotmail.com) on 2016-03-23T20:23:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Letícia_Fernanda_Lavezzo.pdf: 1419993 bytes, checksum: 8e337d69094b988dba50c9a0bee85085 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-03-24T18:21:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lavezzo_lf_me_jabo.pdf: 1419993 bytes, checksum: 8e337d69094b988dba50c9a0bee85085 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-24T18:21:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lavezzo_lf_me_jabo.pdf: 1419993 bytes, checksum: 8e337d69094b988dba50c9a0bee85085 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O lodo de esgoto é uma alternativa como fertilizante orgânico na agricultura, porém em sua composição pode apresentar patógenos que oferecem risco ao homem e ao ambiente. Objetivou-se, com o presente estudo, avaliar a fertilidade do solo, e a presença de ovos viáveis de helmintos, coliformes termotolerantes, Escherichia coli para os patótipos EHEC, EPEC e STEC e a atividade enzimática das enzimas protease, redutase do nitrato e urease no solo após dezoito anos de aplicações anuais de lodo de esgoto em um Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico (LVef) e Latossolo Vermelho distrófico (LVd). O lodo utilizado foi obtido na SABESP de Franca, São Paulo e o experimento foi instalado em delineamento de blocos cazualiados, sendo 4 tratamentos e 5 repetições. Os tratamentos foram T1: controle, apenas com aplicação de adubação mineral, T2: 5, T3: 10 e T4: 20 Mg ha-1 de LE. Antes de ser incorporado ao solo, realizou-se análise do lodo para ovos viáveis de helmintos e coliformes termotolerantes. Aos 40 dias, coletou-se amostras de solo na profundidade de 0-10 cm para avalição de ovos viáveis de helmintos no solo. Aos 70 dias, coletou-se amostras de solo na profundidade de 0-20cm para a análise da fertilidade. Para a análise de coliformes termotolerantes, seguindo a técnica de tubos múltiplos, as amostras foram coletadas no dia 0, 26, 40 e aos 78 dias. Para a realização da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) para identificar a presença de Escherichia coli, coletou-se amostras de solo antes do início do experimento, no dia 0, aos 26 dias, 40, 58, 78, 110 e 146 dias. Para a avaliação da atividade enzimática, as amostras foram coletadas em profundidade de 0-10cm, nos dias 0, 40, 78 e aos 146 dias. Os atributos químicos do solo apresentaram efeito significativo entre os tratamentos utilizados. A análise do solo incorporado com o resíduo apresentou ausência total de ovos viáveis de helmintos no solo após 40 dias da aplicação do LE. Os valores de termotolerantes nos solos variaram entre zero a 1,1x106 Número Mais Provável de Sólidos Totais durante o período de 0 a 26 dias. Para análise de Escherichia coli do lodo e do solo, mostrou ausência dos patótipos de EHEC, EPEC e STEC por meio dos primers para os genes stx1, stx2 e aea. A atividade enzimática das enzimas proteases, redutase do nitrato e urease, ao londo do experimento, não apresentaram diferença estatística entre tratamentos. A aplicação do lodo de esgoto por 18 anos consecutivos influenciou nos atributos químicos do solo, não apresentou risco potencial de contaminação do solo por ovos de helmintos e Escherichia coli e não diferiu na atividade enzimática do solo. / The sewage sludge is an alternative as organic fertilizer to use in agriculture, but in its composition may have pathogens that offer to humans and the environment risks. The present study objective was to evaluate soil fertility, and the presence of viable helminth eggs, fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli for pathotypes EHEC, EPEC and STEC and the enzymatic activity of protease enzymes, nitrate reductase and urease in the soil after eighteen years of annual applications of sewage sludge in an Oxisol (LVef) and Oxisol (LVd). The sludge used was obtained in SABESP Franca, São Paulo and the experiment was installed in designing cazualiados blocks, 4 treatments and 5 repetitions. Treatments were T1: control, only with application of mineral fertilizer, T2: 5, T3: T4 10 and 20 Mg ha-1 LE. Before being incorporated into the soil, there was sludge analysis for viable helminth eggs and fecal coliforms. At 40 days, it is collected soil samples at a depth of 0-10 cm for viable helminth eggs evaluation in the soil. After 70 days it is collected soil samples at a depth of 0-20cm for fertility analysis. For fecal coliforms analysis, following the technique of multiple pipes, the samples were collected at day 0, 26, 40 and 78 days. To carry out the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of Escherichia coli was collected from soil samples before the beginning of the experiment at day 0, after 26 days 40, 58, 78, 110 and 146 days . For the evaluation of enzyme activity, samples were collected at a depth of 0-10cm, on days 0, 40, 78 and 146 days. The soil chemical properties showed significant effects between treatments. Soil testing embedded with the residue showed complete absence of viable helminth eggs in the soil 40 days after the application of the LE. The values in thermotolerant soil ranged from zero to 1,1x106 Most Probable Number of total solids during the period from 0 to 26 days. For Escherichia coli analysis sludge and soil, showed absence of pathotypes EHEC, EPEC and STEC through primers for stx1, stx2 and aea. The enzymatic activity of protease enzymes, nitrate reductase and urease to the experiment, showed no statistical difference between treatments. The application for 18 consecutive years sewage sludge influenced the soil chemical properties, showed no potential risk of soil contamination by helminth eggs and Escherichia coli and did not differ in the enzymatic activity of the soil.

Orientador: Regina Maura Bueno Franco / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T06:40:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bonatti_TaisRondello_M.pdf: 4637532 bytes, checksum: 36d95c3a6f82800797960173c01f67b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: A presença dos protozoários patogênicos Giardia e Cryptosporidium tem sido comumente relatada em amostras de águas superficiais e esgoto que incluem os afluentes, efluentes e resíduos gerados do tratamento, como o lodo de esgoto. Tais parasitos são reconhecidos mundialmente como importantes agentes causadores de diarréia em humanos e animais e destacam-se pelo grande potencial de veiculação hídrica. Ascaris lumbricoides é um dos helmintos entéricos mais resistentes e geralmente usado como indicador parasitológico devido à sua grande capacidade de resistência ambiental. O lodo de esgoto (LE), resíduo originado do tratamento de esgoto pelo sistema de lodos ativados , tem gerado muitas discussões em relação à sua disposição final. No Brasil, atualmente, a quase totalidade do lodo produzido em estações de tratamento de esgoto (E.T.E.s) é destinada a aterros sanitários competindo por espaço com o lixo urbano. Outras alternativas são propostas, como o despejo em oceanos, rios e lagos e a incineração. A aplicação do LE em solos com a finalidade de fertilização representa a melhor alternativa de uso, pois tal resíduo apresenta elevado teor de matéria orgânica, vários nutrientes de interesse agrícola e age como corretivo da acidez do solo. O presente trabalho teve por objetivos: (1) vermcar a ocorrência de cistos de Giardia, oocistos de Cryptosporidium e ovos de Ascaris sp. em amostras de LE, provenientes da ETE. Samambaia, (2) investigar a aplicabilidade de duas metodologias de concentração de cistos e oocistos a este tipo de amostra, (3) , verificar os danos morfológicos de cistos mediante o emprego de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (M.EV) e (4) efetuar a investigação da viabilidade dos ovos de Ascads sp. eventualmente presentes nas amostras, mediante o uso do corante vital Azul Trypan. Cistos estiveram presentes em 50,0% das amostras e oocistos, em 8,3%, considerando-se os dois procedimentos empregados. A concentração de cistos variou de O a 4800 cistos/g e de oocistos, de O a 600 oocistos/g, o que representa risco potencial à contaminação do solo onde o LE será aplicado e, possivelmente, para lençóis freáticos ou outros corpos d'água. Para as amostras brutas, a melhor técnica para cistos foi a Homogeneização em Solução de Eluição e para as amostras artificialmente contaminadas, Centrífugo-concentração seguida de clarificação em éter. Os resultados discrepantes mostram a dificuldade de trabalhar oom esse tipo de amostra e a grande variabilidade de resultados. Fatores como temperatura, forças iônicas e, principalmente, o pH influenciaram na recuperação de cistos, oocistas e ovos. Foram verificadas alterações morfológícas mínimas nas paredes dos cistos mediante emprego da M.EV após 45 dias de exposição à luz sotar. Em relação aos helmintos, foram encontrados ovos de Toxocara sp, Ascaris sp e similares a Trichuris sp mediante emprego da técnica padronizada pela Norma Oficial Mexicana. O lodo de esgoto pode, portanto, conter grande quantidade e variedade de patógenos, o que ressalta a importância de um tratamento adequado, assim como a necessidade do desenvolvimento de técnicas apropriadas para a pesquisa de Giardia, Cryptosporidium e Ascaris neste tipo de amostra e a revisão da legislação em vigência que não contempla os protozoários em questão / Abstract: The presence of the pathogenic protozoan Giardia and Cryptosporidium has been commonly reported in superficial water and sewage samples, including affluent, effluent and residues generated trom the treatment, as the sewage sludge. Such parasites are recognized worldwide as important agents of diarrhea in humans and animais and have great potential of water transmission. Ascaris lumbricoides is one of the most resistant enteric pathogens and generally is used as a parasitological indicator due to its great environmental resistance. The sewage sludge (SS), residue originated from the activated sludge treatment system, has generated many discussions regarding its final disposat. In Brazil, nowadays, almost the total amount of sewage sludge produced in sewage treatment plants (S.T.P.s) is destined to sanitary landfitts competing forspace with the urban trash. Other alternatives are proposed, as the oceanic disposal as in rivers or lakes and incineration. The SS applicatron in soils with the purpose of fertilization presents the best altemative, therefore such residue contains elevated tenor of several organic matter nutrients of agricultural interest and acts like acidity corrective of the soil. The present work had for objectives: (1) verify the occurrence of Giardia cysts, Cryptosponalum oocysts and Ascarls sp. eggs in SS samples from Samambaia S.T.P., (2) investigate the applicability of two methodologies of cysts and oocysts concentration to this kind of sample, (3) verify the morphological injuries of cysts by means of the electronic scanning microcopy (ESM) and (4) verify the viability of the Ascarls sp. eggs occasionalty present in samples by means of Trypan Blue vital dye. Cysts were detected in 50,0% of the samples and oocysts, in 8,3%, considering both the procedures employed. The cysts concentration varied from O to 4800 cysts/g and of oocysts, from O to 600 oocysts/g, what represent the potential risk of contamination of the soil where the CSS will be applied and, possibly, for subterranean water supplies or others water bodies. For the raw samples, the best method for cysts detection was Homogenization in Elution Solution and for the artificially contaminated samples, Centrifuge-concentration foltowed by ether clarification. The discrepant results show the difficulty to work with this kind of sample and the great variability of results. Factors as temperature, ionic forces and, mainly, the pH, influenced on the cysts, oocysts and eggs recovery. Lower morphological alterations were verified on the cyst wall by means of ESM after 45 days of expositíon to the solar light. Regarding the helminths, Toxocara sp, Ascaris sp and similar to Trichuris sp eggs were found by means of the technique standardized by the Mexican Official Norm. The sewage sludge contains a great amount and variability of pathogens, what stands out the importance of an adequate treatment, as well as the need of development of suitable methods for the research of Giardia, Cryptosporidium and Ascaris ín this kind of sample and the law revísion that does not contemplates such protozoan / Mestrado / Mestre em Parasitologia

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Em solos tratados com lodo de esgoto, a concentração de metais pesados em solução é baixa e a cinética de dissolução é lenta. Com isso, as reações de complexação que ocorrem na rizosfera passam a ser importantes para a fitodisponibilidade destes metais. Estudos recentes demonstraram que ácidos orgânicos liberados por raízes, como acético, cítrico, láctico, oxálico e tartárico, são importantes agentes complexantes e, conseqüentemente, fitodisponibilizadores de metais pesados. Soluções de ácidos acético, cítrico, lático, oxálico e tartárico, nas concentrações: 0,4; 0,6; 0,8 e 1,00 mol L-1 foram utilizadas para extrair Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn e Pb de amostras de um LATOSSOLO VERMELHO AMARELO Distrófico (LVAd) e de um LATOSSOLO VERMELHO Eutroférrico (LVef) tratados com doses de 0, 40 e 80 Mg ha-1 de lodo de esgoto. Nas mesmas amostras foram cultivadas plantas de arroz, pelo método de Neubauer. Os teores de metais pesados nas plantas, colhidas 18 dias após a germinação, foram correlacionados com os teores extraídos pelas diferentes soluções dos ácidos orgânicos. Os resultados mostraram que a fitodisponibilidade de Cu e Zn pode ser estimada por todos os ácidos estudados e em todas as concentrações. Os ácidos lático e tartárico, em concentrações de 0,4 até 1 mol L-1, apresentaram potencial para estimar a disponibilidade Ni, e o ácido oxálico, em todas as concentrações, para Cr. Com aplicação de doses de lodo de esgoto de até 80 Mg ha-1 (base seca) não é prevista a disponibilidade de Cd e Pb, por isso não foi possível avaliar a eficiência dos ácidos orgânicos na previsão da fitodisponibilidade desses elementos. / In soils treated with sewage sludge, heavy metals concentration in solution is low and solubilization kinetics is slow. So, soluble complex formation that occurs in the rhizosphere became to be important in plant availability of these metals. Recent studies showed that organic acids released by roots, like acetic, citric, lactic, oxalic and tartaric acids, are important agents of solubilization and consequently can change heavy metals availability. Solution of acetic, citric, lactic, oxalic and tartaric acids in concentrations: 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 mol L-1 were used to extract Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn of soil samples treated with sewage sludge, in levels of 0, 40 and 80 Mg ha-1. Soils samples were also used in a Neubauer essay with rice as test plant. Heavy metals concentrations in the plants harvested 18 days after the germination were correlated with metals quantities removed from the different organic acid solutions. The results showed that Cu and Zn plant availability can be evaluated with all tested acids in all tested concentrations. Lactic and tartaric acids, 0.4 to 1.0 mol L-1, can be used to evaluate availability of Ni and oxalic acid, in all concentrations, can be a Cr extractant. . In the treatment receiving 80 Mg ha-1 of sewage sludge the Cd and Pb were not available as a result it was not possible to determine the organic acids efficiency to evaluate the bioavailability of these elements.

Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o fluxo de energia no tratamento de esgoto e de lodo de esgoto na ETE de Franca. Para tanto, levantaram-se os dados de todo maquinário utilizado na Estação, tais como: quantidade, potência, vida útil, peso das máquinas, consumo de graxa e/ou lubrificantes e mão de obra empregada. O consumo de energia elétrica na Estação foi calculado para cada máquina separadamente. Com isso, calculou-se a participação energética, por fonte, forma e total, de todos os setores de tratamento. Por meio dos resultados, observou-se que tanto o tratamento de esgoto como o tratamento de lodo utilizam expressivamente energia industrial na forma de eletricidade, o que parece vantajoso, visto que essa é uma fonte renovável de energia. Para o cálculo do fluxo de energia no carregamento e transporte do lodo, obtiveram-se os dados de vida útil, peso, consumo de graxa e/ou lubrificantes da retroescavadeira e do caminhão, e mão de obra empregada nessas atividades. Ao contrário do observado nos tratamentos de esgoto e lodo, essas atividades usam principalmente energia fóssil na forma de óleo diesel. Além disso, com a quantidade de N, P e K contidas no lodo de esgoto foi possível calcular a energia e o preço dos fertilizantes contidos em uma tonelada do material. De acordo com os resultados, uma tonelada de lodo de esgoto produzida em Franca contém 5.081,53 MJ de energia e R$102,47 de fertilizantes químicos. Portanto, um caminhão com capacidade de carga de 16 toneladas transporta 81.304,62 MJ de energia e R$1.639,55 de fertilizante, o que justifica a distribuição desse material no raio de 25 km, que é a distância média entre a ETE e os potenciais locais de aplicação do material. Por fim, calculou-se o balanço e a eficiência energética de todas as atividades estudadas, de forma que os resultados apontaram serem todas, energeticamente sustentáveis / Abstract: This study assessed the energy flux on the processing of sewage and sewage sludge in the Sludge Treatment Station of Franca City, São Paulo State, Brazil. For this, data concerning ETE machinery was quantified, such as: quantity, potency, life spam and weight, as well as, mineral greases and/or lubricants consumption and the used workforce. Based on this, energy expenditure was calculated, regarding energy source and type and the total expenditure of all parties involved in sewage processing. These results allowed to conclude that either sewage or sewage sludge processing have a high demand of industrial energy in the form of electricity, what is advantageous, since it is a renewable energy source. For the energy flux calculations during loading and transportation, data of life spam, weight, the consumption of lorries and backhoes mineral greases and lubricants and the used workforce was considered. On the contrary, during sewage sludge processing activities, fossil energy in the form of diesel oil was the main utilized. Moreover, considering the amount of N, P and K in the sludge, the energy and price of fertilizers could be calculated in 1 ton of sewage sludge. Accordingly to calculations, a ton of sewage sludge produced on Franca's ETE has 5,081.53 MJ of energy and R$102.47 of chemical fertilizers. Thus, a lorry of 16-ton storage capacity transports 81,304.62 MJ of energy and R$1,639.55 of fertilizers, justifying the distribution of the sewage sludge on 25-km ray distance, what is a viable distance, because it is the mean distance between Franca's ETE and the farms that potentially could use this material. Finally, the balance and energetic efficiency of all activities approached in this study could be calculated, indicating energetic sustainability of those / Orientador: Osmar de Carvalho Bueno / Coorientador: Wanderley José de Melo / Banca: Elias José Simon / Banca: Maura Seiko T. Esperancini / Banca: Gerson Henrique da Silva / Banca: Andrea Eloisa Bueno Pimentel / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T15:14:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_MonicaMarcon.pdf: 1463348 bytes, checksum: e080fb4d4175d724fa7e4b8f23c2f701 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-17 / Due to the growing global demand for food production and energy crops that are directly related to increased use of fertilizers, the use of viable alternatives for economic and environmental way, go against the concept of sustainability in order to avoid the risk shortages and rising prices of the product. The residue from the treatment of sewage, known as sludge, can be used as provided met the requirements laid down by Resolution CONAMA 375/2006. Agricultural recycling of sewage sludge as a fertilizer, is permitted for crops whose edible portion does not contact with the soil, being forbidden to vegetable crops, tubers, roots and flooded crops. From data Sanitation Company of Paraná (SANEPAR), where found reports of analyzes of agronomic parameters of ten (10) batches of biosolids processed in Sludge Management Unit (SMU) Green Gold, the city of Foz do Iguaçu . For each batch were related concentrations of N, P, K, Ca and Mg entered into biosolids. Assuming that the sludge is donated to registered farmers in the sanitation company, which, however, are responsible for transportation costs and that this expenditure is only advantageous if it is equivalent to the cost of fertilizers available in the market, the price was determined fertilizer per batch of biosolids in order to establish the maximum distance that justifies the search and replacement of chemical fertilizer by biosolids. The main findings conclude that in a ton of biosolids SMU Green Gold are inserted from R$ 30.83 to R$ 167.32 fertilizers, considering the worst and the best scenario, respectively. Thus, the compensatory distance search of biosolids to farmers ranged from 280.24 km to 1521.12 km. Reducing the damp content of the biosolids allows more nutrients to be transported. Agricultural recycling of sewage sludge from SMU Gold Green allows the reduction of dependence on fossil fuels for the production of chemical fertilizer NPK at 362.81 MJ.kg-1, considering the sludge on a dry basis. / Devido ao crescimento da demanda mundial na produção de alimentos e culturas energéticas, que estão relacionados diretamente com aumento da utilização de fertilizantes, o emprego de alternativas viáveis de forma econômica e ambiental, vão de encontro ao conceito de sustentabilidade, de modo a evitar o risco de escassez e elevação de preços do produto. O resíduo resultante do tratamento de esgoto sanitário, conhecido como lodo, pode ser utilizado como biossólido, desde que atendidas às exigências previstas na Resolução CONAMA no. 375/2006. A reciclagem agrícola do biossólido, como fertilizante, é permitida para culturas cuja parte comestível não entre em contato com o solo, sendo vedada para olerícolas, tubérculos, raízes e culturas inundadas. A partir de dados da Companhia de Saneamento do Paraná (SANEPAR), foram verificados os relatórios de análises de parâmetros agronômicos de 10 (dez) lotes de biossólido, processados na Unidade de Gerenciamento de Lodo (UGL) Ouro Verde, no município de Foz do Iguaçu. Para cada lote, foram relacionadas as concentrações dos nutrientes N, P, K, Ca e Mg inseridos no biossólido. Partindo do princípio que o biossólido é doado a agricultores cadastrados na companhia de saneamento, que, no entanto, se responsabilizam pelos custos de transporte e de que esta despesa apenas é vantajosa se for equivalente ao custo de fertilizantes disponíveis no mercado, foi determinado o preço de fertilizantes por lote de biossólido, de modo a estabelecer a distância máxima que justifica a busca e substituição do fertilizante químico pelo biossólido. Os principais resultados encontrados permitem concluir que em uma tonelada de biossólido da UGL Ouro Verde estão inseridos de R$ 30,83 a R$ 167,32 de fertilizantes, considerando-se o pior e o melhor cenário, respectivamente. Assim, a distância compensatória de busca do biossólido para o agricultor variou de 280,24 km a 1521,12 km. A redução do teor de umidade do biossólido permite que mais nutrientes sejam transportados. A reciclagem agrícola do lodo de esgoto da ETE Ouro Verde permite a redução da dependência de energia fóssil para a produção de fertilizantes químicos NPK em 362,81 MJ.kg-1, considerando o biossólido em base seca.