Land application of biosolid or industrial compost raises concerns regarding heavy metal accumulation in soils, plants and free-ranging livestock. A strip-split plot design evaluated two levels of sewage sludge (22/44 t ha-1) and municipal solid waste (21/42 t ha-1) compared to nitrogen fertilizer and an unfertilized control. Treatments were evaluated with three levels of limestone (CaCO3 at 0, 3 and 6 t ha-1) over two years corn seeded no-till. Swiss Chard cultivated in field soil samples within a greenhouse monitored heavy metal bioavailability. Compost amended soil was incorporated into chicken feed to simulate soil ingestion in a free-range production system. Compost application increased total soil Pb over time yet decreased both available soil and corn plant Cu levels over time. No heavy metal accumulation was observed in Swiss Chard or poultry tissue. Biosolid composts containing elevated Cu or Pb levels can be safely used for crop or free-range broiler production.

Despite indications that they are potential contaminant transport systems and threats to groundwater quality, very little effort has been invested in comparing contaminant transport behavior of natural environmental nanocolloids and their corresponding macrocolloid fractions in the presence of As, Se, Pb, and Cu contaminants. This study involved physico-chemical, mineralogical, stability and contaminant-transport characterizations of nano- (< 100 nm) and macro-colloids (100-2000 nm) fractionated from three Kentucky soils and one biosolid waste. Particle size was investigated with SEM/TEM and dynamic light scattering. Surface reactivity was estimated using CEC and zeta potential. Mineralogical composition was determined by XRD, FTIR, and thermogravimetric analyses. Sorption isotherms assessed affinities for Cu2+, Pb2+, AsO3-, and SeO4-2 contaminants, while settling kinetics experiments of suspensions at 0, 2 and 10 mg/L contaminants determined stability and transportability potential. Undisturbed 18x30 cm KY Ashton Loam soil monoliths were also used for transport experiments, involving infusion of 50 mg L-1 colloid suspensions spiked with 2 mg L-1 mixed contaminant loads in unsaturated, steady state, unit gradient downward percolation experiments. Overall, nanocolloids exhibited greater stability over corresponding macrocolloids in the presence and absence of contaminants following specific mineralogy trends. Physicochemical characterizations indicated that extensive organic carbon surface coatings and higher Al/Fe:Si ratios may have induced higher stability in the nanocolloid fractions, in spite of some hindrance by nano-aggregation phenomena. In the transport experiments, nanocolloids eluted significantly higher concentrations of colloids, total, and colloid-bound metals than corresponding macrocolloids. Contaminant elutions varied by colloid type, mineralogy and contaminant, with the following sequences: soil-colloids>bio-colloids, smectitic>mixed≥kaolinitic>biosolid, and Se>Pb/Cu≥As. Our findings demonstrate that even though they behave more like nano-aggregates rather than individual nano-particles, nanocolloids may exhibit significantly higher mobility and contaminant transport potential over great distances in subsoil environments than their corresponding macrocolloid fractions.

Steroidal estrogens and antibiotics used in veterinary and human medicine are detected in livestock manure or sewage sludge and biosolids. Biodegradation is an important process by which estrogenic compounds are removed from organic amendments, but antibiotics have been shown to impede microbial communities. Although both compounds are often present in these media, the fate of estrogens in association with antibiotics has not been previously studied. In this study, both rates of tetracycline (40 and 200 mg kg-1) in liquid swine manure induced a lag phase of 40 to 50 days prior to the onset of a log phase of estrone and 17 β-estradiol mineralization, and tetracycline at 200 mg kg-1 significantly reduced maximum mineralization of estrone and 17 β-estradiol in manure. In soils amended with a high rate of manure, penicillin at 200 mg kg1 also significantly decreased maximum mineralization of estrone and 17 β-estradiol relative to soils free of antibiotics. Estrogen mineralization almost always significantly decreased in the order of: manure > soil amended with a low rate of manure = soil > soil amended with a high rate of manure. In order to examine the relationship between physical and chemical parameters of media and estrogen mineralization, sewage sludge and biosolid samples with vastly different characteristics were selected for a study of 17 β-estradiol and 17 α-ethinylestradiol mineralization in the presence of ciprofloxacin, an antibiotic commonly used to treat urinary and intestinal infections in humans. Ciprofloxacin was persistent in all media, as less than 0.05% mineralization was observed over 133 d. Despite this persistence, no significant effect of ciprofloxacin addition on 17 β-estradiol or 17 α-ethinylestradiol mineralization was observed at 133 days. Consistent with its chemical structure, maximum mineralization of 17 α-ethinylestradiol was always less than that of 17 β-estradiol, indicating resistance to microbial degradation. PCA analysis indicated that total nitrogen, ammonium-nitrogen and total carbon demonstrated a positive association with respiration and maximum mineralization of 17 β-estradiol, but a negative association with 17 α-ethinylestradiol maximum mineralization. Sorption of 17 α-ethinylestradiol was greater than 17 β-estradiol in all media, limiting maximum mineralization of 17 α-ethinylestradiol.

Submitted by GREISCYLÉIA TOGO CÔRTE RIBAS null (greiscyleia@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-23T13:30:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Greiscyléia Ribas.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) / Submitted by GREISCYLÉIA TOGO CÔRTE RIBAS null (greiscyleia@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-23T13:34:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Greiscyléia Ribas.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) / Submitted by GREISCYLÉIA TOGO CÔRTE RIBAS null (greiscyleia@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-23T17:24:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Greiscyléia Ribas.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) / Submitted by GREISCYLÉIA TOGO CÔRTE RIBAS null (greiscyleia@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-23T17:29:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Greiscyléia Ribas.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) / Submitted by GREISCYLÉIA TOGO CÔRTE RIBAS null (greiscyleia@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-24T12:05:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Greiscyléia Ribas.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) / Submitted by GREISCYLÉIA TOGO CÔRTE RIBAS null (greiscyleia@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-24T12:39:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Greiscyléia Ribas.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) / Submitted by GREISCYLÉIA TOGO CÔRTE RIBAS null (greiscyleia@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-24T16:47:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Greiscyléia Ribas.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) / Submitted by GREISCYLÉIA TOGO CÔRTE RIBAS null (greiscyleia@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-24T17:31:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Greiscyléia Ribas.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) / Submitted by GREISCYLÉIA TOGO CÔRTE RIBAS null (greiscyleia@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-27T11:40:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Greiscyléia Ribas.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) / Submitted by GREISCYLÉIA TOGO CÔRTE RIBAS null (greiscyleia@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-27T12:31:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Greiscyléia Ribas.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) / Submitted by GREISCYLÉIA TOGO CÔRTE RIBAS null (greiscyleia@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-27T13:03:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Greiscyléia Ribas.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) / Submitted by GREISCYLÉIA TOGO CÔRTE RIBAS null (greiscyleia@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-27T18:08:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Greiscyléia Ribas.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) / Submitted by GREISCYLÉIA TOGO CÔRTE RIBAS null (greiscyleia@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-28T12:13:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Greiscyléia Ribas.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) / Submitted by GREISCYLÉIA TOGO CÔRTE RIBAS null (greiscyleia@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-28T14:22:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Greiscyléia Ribas.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) / Submitted by GREISCYLÉIA TOGO CÔRTE RIBAS null (greiscyleia@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-28T14:31:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Greiscyléia Ribas.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) / Submitted by GREISCYLÉIA TOGO CÔRTE RIBAS null (greiscyleia@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-28T14:37:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Greiscyléia Ribas.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) / Submitted by GREISCYLÉIA TOGO CÔRTE RIBAS null (greiscyleia@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-28T19:04:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Greiscyléia Ribas.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) / Submitted by GREISCYLÉIA TOGO CÔRTE RIBAS null (greiscyleia@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-30T18:58:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Greiscyléia Ribas.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) / Submitted by GREISCYLÉIA TOGO CÔRTE RIBAS null (greiscyleia@hotmail.com) on 2017-12-04T14:43:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Greiscyléia Ribas.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) / Submitted by GREISCYLÉIA TOGO CÔRTE RIBAS null (greiscyleia@hotmail.com) on 2017-12-05T14:11:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Greiscyléia Ribas.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) / Submitted by GREISCYLÉIA TOGO CÔRTE RIBAS null (greiscyleia@hotmail.com) on 2017-12-11T18:47:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Greiscyléia Ribas.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alexandra Maria Donadon Lusser Segali null (alexmar@fcav.unesp.br) on 2017-12-13T10:24:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ribas_gtc_me_jabo.pdf.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-13T10:24:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ribas_gtc_me_jabo.pdf.pdf: 1328753 bytes, checksum: 88e76d2f9125f2ab6869808dd9ab49ed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O esperado aumento na produção do lodo de esgoto e o volume diário de lodo descartado em aterros sanitários reforçam a necessidade do reaproveitamento deste resíduo que pode fornecer nutrientes às plantas ao ser aplicado no solo, tornando-se importante alternativa de disposição, porém a presença de metais pesados limita seu uso. Assim, em duas áreas que receberam lodo de esgoto por 18 anos consecutivos, o objetivo foi avaliar a concentração de Pb, Ni e Zn no solo e plantas de milho após a 18ª aplicação do resíduo. Este experimento ocorreu no ano agrícola 2014/2015 em área de LATOSSOLO VERMELHO Eutroférrico e LATOSSOLO VERMELHO Distrófico, no município de Jaboticabal, SP; com 4 tratamentos (0, 5, 10 e 20 t ha-1 de lodo de esgoto, respectivamente T0, T5, T10 e T20) organizados no delineamento em blocos casualizados com 5 repetições. Foram avaliadas as concentrações pseudototal através do método 3050 B da USEPA e teor disponível através do método Mehlich 1 de Pb, Ni e Zn no solo, acúmulo desses metais na parte aérea das plantas, teor nos grãos e na folha diagnose; estado nutricional, produtividade e massa seca da parte aérea da planta. As concentrações de Pb, Ni e Zn no solo das duas áreas que receberam lodo de esgoto foram superiores aquelas que receberam apenas fertilização mineral convencional, porém no 18º ano de aplicação de lodo, os teores desses metais no solo ainda permanecem abaixo dos níveis estabelecidos para intervenção agrícola, de acordo com a legislação brasileira. Não foram observados na parte aérea das plantas, folhas e grãos de milho teores de Pb, Ni e Zn acima dos limites estabelecidos nas legislações vigentes. Maiores teores de Ni e Zn foram observados nos grãos das plantas cultivadas com a maior dose de lodo de esgoto. Para o estado nutricional, apenas P e B ficaram abaixo do nível crítico estabelecido, os teores de Mg e Mn tiveram efeito dos tratamentos na área do LATOSSOLO VERMELHO Distrófico. O lodo de esgoto com as características discutidas nesse estudo, não interfere na produção de massa seca de parte aérea as plantas, mas provoca aumento da produtividade de grãos com doses de 10 e 20 t ha-1 na área de LATOSSOLO VERMELHO Distrófico. Embora o Pb seja um elemento muito tóxico, não foi detectado nos grãos, Ni e Zn são micronutrientes que podem limitar a aplicação de lodo de esgoto ao solo. O LATOSSOLO VERMELHO Eutroférrico possui maior capacidade de acúmulo dos metais pesados estudados Pb, Ni e Zn, porém as quantidades fitodisponíveis são menores, devidos suas características, em relação ao LATOSSOLO VERMELHO Distrófico. / The expected increase in the production of sewage sludge and the daily volume of sludge discarded in landfills reinforce the need to reuse this residue, which can provide nutrients to the plants when applied to the soil, making it important disposal alternative of heavy metals limits its use. Thus, in two areas that received sewage sludge for 18 consecutive years, the objective was to evaluate the concentration of Pb, Ni and Zn in the soil and corn plants after the 18th application of the residue. This experiment occurred in the agricultural year 2014/2015 in the area of Red Oxisol eutroferric and Red Oxisol distrophic, in the municipality of Jaboticabal, SP; with 4 treatments (0, 5, 10 and 20 t ha-1 of sewage sludge, respectively T0, T5, T10 and T20) organized in a randomized block design with 5 replicates. The pseudototal concentrations were evaluated using the USEPA method 3050 B and content available by the Mehlich 1 method of Pb, Ni and Zn in the soil, accumulation of these metals in the aerial part of the plants, grain content and diagnosis leaf; nutritional status, productivity and dry mass of the aerial part of the maize plant. The concentrations of Pb, Ni and Zn in the soil of the two areas that received sewage sludge were higher than those that only received conventional mineral fertilization, but after the 18th year of sludge application, the levels of these metals in the soil still remain below the established levels for agricultural intervention, in Brazilian legislation. No Pb, Ni and Zn levels were observed in the aerial part of the plants, leaves and corn above the limits established in the current legislation. Higher levels of Ni and Zn were observed in the grains of the plants grown with the highest dose of sewage sludge. For the nutritional status, only P and B were below the established critical level, the Mg and Mn contents had effect of the treatments in the area of the Red Oxisol distrophic. The sewage sludge with the characteristics discussed in this study does not interfere in the production of dry mass of shoot plants, but causes increase of grain yield with doses of 10 and 20 t ha-1 in the area of Red Oxisol distrophic. Although Pb is a very toxic element, was not detected in the grains, Ni and Zn are micronutrients that can limit the application of sewage sludge to soil. The Red Oxisol eutroferric has a greater capacity of accumulation of the studied heavy metals Pb, Ni and Zn, but the phytodisposable amounts are smaller, due to their characteristics, in relation to the Red Oxisol distrophic.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-06-07Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:22:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 quintana_nrg_dr_botfca.pdf: 551444 bytes, checksum: e543328233e80220d0e632e00c93cddc (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o fluxo de energia no tratamento de esgoto e de lodo de esgoto na ETE de Franca. Para tanto, levantaram-se os dados de todo maquinário utilizado na Estação, tais como: quantidade, potência, vida útil, peso das máquinas, consumo de graxa e/ou lubrificantes e mão de obra empregada. O consumo de energia elétrica na Estação foi calculado para cada máquina separadamente. Com isso, calculou-se a participação energética, por fonte, forma e total, de todos os setores de tratamento. Por meio dos resultados, observou-se que tanto o tratamento de esgoto como o tratamento de lodo utilizam expressivamente energia industrial na forma de eletricidade, o que parece vantajoso, visto que essa é uma fonte renovável de energia. Para o cálculo do fluxo de energia no carregamento e transporte do lodo, obtiveram-se os dados de vida útil, peso, consumo de graxa e/ou lubrificantes da retroescavadeira e do caminhão, e mão de obra empregada nessas atividades. Ao contrário do observado nos tratamentos de esgoto e lodo, essas atividades usam principalmente energia fóssil na forma de óleo diesel. Além disso, com a quantidade de N, P e K contidas no lodo de esgoto foi possível calcular a energia e o preço dos fertilizantes contidos em uma tonelada do material. De acordo com os resultados, uma tonelada de lodo de esgoto produzida em Franca contém 5.081,53 MJ de energia e R$102,47 de fertilizantes químicos. Portanto, um caminhão com capacidade de carga de 16 toneladas transporta 81.304,62 MJ de energia e R$1.639,55 de fertilizante, o que justifica a distribuição desse material no raio de 25 km, que é a distância média entre a ETE e os potenciais locais de aplicação do material. Por fim, calculou-se o balanço e a eficiência energética de todas as atividades estudadas, de forma que os resultados apontaram serem todas, energeticamente sustentáveis / This study assessed the energy flux on the processing of sewage and sewage sludge in the Sludge Treatment Station of Franca City, São Paulo State, Brazil. For this, data concerning ETE machinery was quantified, such as: quantity, potency, life spam and weight, as well as, mineral greases and/or lubricants consumption and the used workforce. Based on this, energy expenditure was calculated, regarding energy source and type and the total expenditure of all parties involved in sewage processing. These results allowed to conclude that either sewage or sewage sludge processing have a high demand of industrial energy in the form of electricity, what is advantageous, since it is a renewable energy source. For the energy flux calculations during loading and transportation, data of life spam, weight, the consumption of lorries and backhoes mineral greases and lubricants and the used workforce was considered. On the contrary, during sewage sludge processing activities, fossil energy in the form of diesel oil was the main utilized. Moreover, considering the amount of N, P and K in the sludge, the energy and price of fertilizers could be calculated in 1 ton of sewage sludge. Accordingly to calculations, a ton of sewage sludge produced on Franca’s ETE has 5,081.53 MJ of energy and R$102.47 of chemical fertilizers. Thus, a lorry of 16-ton storage capacity transports 81,304.62 MJ of energy and R$1,639.55 of fertilizers, justifying the distribution of the sewage sludge on 25-km ray distance, what is a viable distance, because it is the mean distance between Franca’s ETE and the farms that potentially could use this material. Finally, the balance and energetic efficiency of all activities approached in this study could be calculated, indicating energetic sustainability of those

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:58:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 merlino_lcs_me_jabo.pdf: 954027 bytes, checksum: 7cffcf8160e7b786bb37f3d11262e76b (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Rico em matéria orgânica e nutrientes, o lodo de esgoto tem despertado interesse na utilização agrícola com o intuito de substituir total ou parcialmente o uso de adubos minerais. Embora a utilização agrícola seja uma alternativa para sua disposição final, o lodo de esgoto pode conter elevadas concentrações de metais pesados, que são elementos potencialmente tóxicos às plantas, aos animais e aos homens, exigindo assim, uma avaliação cuidadosa da sua aplicação continuada ao solo. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar os efeitos da aplicação do lodo de esgoto complementado com K por onze anos consecutivos em Latossolo Vermelho distrófico na produtividade do milho, no fornecimento de nutrientes à cultura, na concentração de Ba, Cd, Cr e Pb na folha para diagnose foliar, planta inteira (parte aérea + raiz) e nos grãos de milho, na distribuição de Ba, Cd, Cr e Pb no perfil do solo e na distribuição dos mesmos metais nas frações do solo (solúvel+trocável, adsorvida à superfície, matéria orgânica, óxidos de manganês, óxidos de ferro amorfo, óxidos de ferro cristalino e residual). O experimento foi desenvolvido em condições de campo, utilizando-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados com 4 tratamentos e 5 repetições. Os tratamentos foram: T1= testemunha (sem lodo de esgoto e com fertilização mineral), T2= 5, T3= 10 e T4= 20 t ha-1 de lodo de esgoto, base seca, complementado com K. As amostras de folha para fins de diagnose foliar, solo, planta inteira e grãos foram obtidas, respectivamente, aos 60, 68, 80 e 123 dias após a emergência das plantas. A utilização do lodo de esgoto complementado com K, por onze anos consecutivos, em Latossolo Vermelho distrófico como fertilizante para a cultura do milho proporcionou produtividade superior a obtida com a fertilização mineral e também, ótima condição nutricional para as... / Rich in organic matter and nutrients, sewage sludge has attracted attention for agricultural use in order to fully or partially replace the use of mineral fertilizers. Although agricultural use is an alternative to its final disposal, sewage sludge may contain high concentrations of heavy metals that are potentially toxic to plants, animals and men, and thus requiring a careful assessment for continuous application to the soil. In this sense, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of eleven annual applications of sewage sludge supplemented with K to a Typic Hapludox to maize productivity, nutrient supply to the plants, Ba, Cd , Cr and Pb concentration in maize diagnosis leaf, plant (aerial part + root) and grains, Ba, Cd, Cr and Pb distribution in the soil profile and the metals distribution in the soil fractions (soluble+exchangeable, surface adsorbed, organic matter, manganese oxides, amorphous iron oxides, crystalline iron oxides and residual fraction). The experiment was developed under field conditions, using a randomized block design with 4 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments want: T1= control (no sewage sludge and with mineral fertilization), T2= 5, T3= 10 and T4= 20 t ha-1 sewage sludge, dried basis, complemented with K. The samples of diagnosis leaf, soil, plants and grains were obtained at 60, 68, 80 and 123 days after seedling emergence, respectively. The sewage sludge supplemented with K utilization for eleven consecutive years to a Typic Hapludox provided maize productivity similar to that achieved with mineral fertilizers and also promoted optimal nutritional condition for the plants, confirming its potential as a source of agricultural nutrients. The rates of 10 and 20 t ha-1 sewage sludge supplemented with K increased soil Ba, Cr and Pb concentration in the topsoil (0-0.10 m), but did not affect Cd. The tested sewage sludge rates did not increase Cd, Cr and ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Em solos tratados com lodo de esgoto, a concentração de metais pesados em solução é baixa e a cinética de dissolução é lenta. Com isso, as reações de complexação que ocorrem na rizosfera passam a ser importantes para a fitodisponibilidade destes metais. Estudos recentes demonstraram que ácidos orgânicos liberados por raízes, como acético, cítrico, láctico, oxálico e tartárico, são importantes agentes complexantes e, conseqüentemente, fitodisponibilizadores de metais pesados. Soluções de ácidos acético, cítrico, lático, oxálico e tartárico, nas concentrações: 0,4; 0,6; 0,8 e 1,00 mol L-1 foram utilizadas para extrair Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn e Pb de amostras de um LATOSSOLO VERMELHO AMARELO Distrófico (LVAd) e de um LATOSSOLO VERMELHO Eutroférrico (LVef) tratados com doses de 0, 40 e 80 Mg ha-1 de lodo de esgoto. Nas mesmas amostras foram cultivadas plantas de arroz, pelo método de Neubauer. Os teores de metais pesados nas plantas, colhidas 18 dias após a germinação, foram correlacionados com os teores extraídos pelas diferentes soluções dos ácidos orgânicos. Os resultados mostraram que a fitodisponibilidade de Cu e Zn pode ser estimada por todos os ácidos estudados e em todas as concentrações. Os ácidos lático e tartárico, em concentrações de 0,4 até 1 mol L-1, apresentaram potencial para estimar a disponibilidade Ni, e o ácido oxálico, em todas as concentrações, para Cr. Com aplicação de doses de lodo de esgoto de até 80 Mg ha-1 (base seca) não é prevista a disponibilidade de Cd e Pb, por isso não foi possível avaliar a eficiência dos ácidos orgânicos na previsão da fitodisponibilidade desses elementos. / In soils treated with sewage sludge, heavy metals concentration in solution is low and solubilization kinetics is slow. So, soluble complex formation that occurs in the rhizosphere became to be important in plant availability of these metals. Recent studies showed that organic acids released by roots, like acetic, citric, lactic, oxalic and tartaric acids, are important agents of solubilization and consequently can change heavy metals availability. Solution of acetic, citric, lactic, oxalic and tartaric acids in concentrations: 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 mol L-1 were used to extract Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn of soil samples treated with sewage sludge, in levels of 0, 40 and 80 Mg ha-1. Soils samples were also used in a Neubauer essay with rice as test plant. Heavy metals concentrations in the plants harvested 18 days after the germination were correlated with metals quantities removed from the different organic acid solutions. The results showed that Cu and Zn plant availability can be evaluated with all tested acids in all tested concentrations. Lactic and tartaric acids, 0.4 to 1.0 mol L-1, can be used to evaluate availability of Ni and oxalic acid, in all concentrations, can be a Cr extractant. . In the treatment receiving 80 Mg ha-1 of sewage sludge the Cd and Pb were not available as a result it was not possible to determine the organic acids efficiency to evaluate the bioavailability of these elements.

Submitted by Fabielle Cheuczuk (fabielle.cheuczuk@unioeste.br) on 2018-06-04T18:20:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Gabriela Feron_Completa.pdf: 4507056 bytes, checksum: 4d126fc0cb5dcf8e5344d33814b14cd1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-04T18:20:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Gabriela Feron_Completa.pdf: 4507056 bytes, checksum: 4d126fc0cb5dcf8e5344d33814b14cd1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / All Sewage Treatment Station (STS) generate sewage sludge during treatment process, considered at first a waste. This work had the general objective of investigating and evaluating the procedures for treatment, disposal, use and monitoring of the sewage sludge produced in the STS-Marrecas, of the municipality of Francisco Beltrão, through interviews with Sanepar professionals and with the farmers who received the biosolids. This research was developed using some methodological procedures, the first one concerns a theoretical discussion about basic sanitation, sewage and sludge treatment from this process and ways of using sewage sludge. Then, the collection and analysis of the Federal and State legislation regarding the collection and treatment of the sewage, as well as the production of the biosolid and its use was made. In addition to this secondary information obtained from other works and legal norms, the research used primary data obtained through interviews with subjects involved in the treatment and disposal of sewage sludge in the municipality of Francisco Beltrão. Therefore, the actions carried out regarding the management, treatment and disposal of sewage sludge were collected from Sanepar by means of a script of open questions (Appendix A). Another source of data is the reports of the analyzes of the sludge produced at the station and the soils that receive the material. To know the history of the destination of the sludge in Paraná, contacts were made with engineers responsible for this action in the Southwest and other regions of Paraná. Interviews were conducted with the farmers who received the sewage sludge from the STS-Marrecas to use it for agricultural purposes (Appendix B). The sewage produced in the municipality of Francisco Beltrão receives a complete treatment, going through four phases, being considered, then, a STS of tertiary treatment. The sludge produced in STS-Marrecas is allocated for agriculture. The distribution is carried out annually and the receiving areas of biosolids are previously analyzed to ascertain the need of sludge application. After the application there is also a monitoring by the sanitation company. All the analyzes performed in the sewage sludge show favorable results for use in agriculture. All farmers stated that they perceived improvements in their plantations after the use of biosolids as fertilizers and although they are not aware of the legislation, they have some information about the restriction of the use of sludge. It is noteworthy that although good work is being done on the distribution and orientation of sludge use, some analyzes have not been carried out. In order to have a totally safe use, it is essential that all analyzes be done, both sludge and agricultural soils ones. / Todas as Estações de Tratamento de Esgoto (ETEs) geram durante o processo de tratamento, o lodo de esgoto, considerado a princípio, um rejeito. Este trabalho teve como objetivo geral investigar e avaliar os procedimentos de tratamento, disposição, uso e monitoramento do lodo de esgoto produzido na Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto-Marrecas do município de Francisco Beltrão, por meio de entrevistas com profissionais da Sanepar e com os agricultores que receberam o biossólido. Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida utilizando alguns procedimentos metodológicos, o primeiro deles diz respeito a uma discussão teórica sobre saneamento básico, tratamento de esgoto e do lodo oriundo desse processo e formas de utilização do lodo de esgoto. Em seguida, recorreu-se ao levantamento e análise da Legislação Federal e Estadual sobre coleta e tratamento do esgoto, bem como produção do biossólido e à sua utilização. Além dessas informações secundárias, obtidas de outros trabalhos e de Normas legais, a pesquisa utilizou dados primários, obtidos por meio de entrevistas com sujeitos envolvidos com o tratamento e disposição do lodo de esgoto no município de Francisco Beltrão. Por isso, as ações realizadas quanto ao gerenciamento, tratamento e destinação do lodo de esgoto foram levantadas junto a Sanepar por meio de um roteiro de questões abertas (Apêndice A). Outra fonte de dados foram os laudos das análises do lodo produzido na estação e dos solos recebedores desse material. Para conhecer o histórico da destinação do lodo no Paraná, realizou-se contatos com engenheiros responsáveis por esta ação no Sudoeste e outras regiões do Paraná. Foram realizadas entrevistas com os agricultores que receberam o lodo de esgoto da ETE-Marrecas, para utilizá-lo com fins agrícolas (Apêndice B). O esgoto produzido no município de Francisco Beltrão recebe um tratamento completo, passando por quatro fases, sendo esta considerada, uma ETE de tratamento terciário. O lodo produzido na ETE-Marrecas é destinado à agricultura. A distribuição é realizada anualmente e as áreas receptoras do biossólido são analisadas anteriormente ao recebimento, para averiguar a necessidade da aplicação do lodo. Após a aplicação, há um acompanhamento por parte da companhia de saneamento. Todas as análises realizadas no lodo de esgoto apresentam resultados favoráveis para seu uso na agricultura. Todos os agricultores entrevistados afirmaram perceber melhorias em suas plantações após o uso do biossólido como fertilizante e, apesar de não terem conhecimento sobre a Legislação, possuem algumas informações quanto a restrição ao uso do lodo. Ressalta-se que embora esteja sendo feito um bom trabalho na distribuição e orientação do uso do lodo, algumas análises não foram realizadas. Para um uso totalmente seguro é primordial que todas as análises sejam efetuadas, tanto no lodo como nos solos agrícolas.

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O aumento da população urbana está gerando a necessidade de se dispor, de forma ecologicamente adequada, o lodo de esgoto produzido nas estações de tratamento (ETEs). O uso do lodo tratado (biossólido) como fertilizante e condicionador de solo em plantações florestais pode trazer soluções e benefícios ambientais e silviculturais. Existe, contudo, a necessidade de estudos prévios visando avaliar os eventuais impactos ambientais, tais como a possível disseminação de patógenos e o acúmulo de metais pesados no solo e nas plantas, principalmente das espécies que constituem o sub-bosque da floresta e que podem servir como suprimento alimentar para os herbívoros. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a influência do biossólido, 68 meses após sua aplicação, no estoque de nutrientes do sistema “solo- sub-bosque - serapilheira" em parcelas experimentais de Eucalyptus grandis localizadas na E. E. de Ciências Florestais de Itatinga – SP (clima Cwa, segundo a classificação de Köeppen) e plantadas sobre Latossolo Vermelho Escuro, franco argilo arenoso. Para tal finalidade, foram quantificados os estoques dos nutrientes no solo, até 60 cm de profundidade, na fitomassa aérea do sub-bosque e na biomassa da serapilheira acumulada sobre o solo dos tratamentos: T1 – testemunha, T2 – aplicação de adubo químico e T3 - aplicação superficial de 20 t/ha de biossólido + K (produzido na ETE de Barueri da SABESP) nas entrelinhas de plantio dos eucaliptos. Também foram avaliadas comparativamente, as concentrações de nutrientes e metais pesados em espécies herbáceas/arbustivas do subbosque nos diferentes tratamentos. Os resultados evidenciaram que o biossólido aplicado aumentou a fertilidade do solo com respostas significativas para as concentrações do P, Ca, Zn e para o pH. Os estoques de todos os nutrientes do solo aumentaram, mas na profundidade de 0 – 10 cm os teores totais dos metais pesados Cu, Ni e Zn foram semelhantes aos do tratamento testemunha. De forma semelhante os teores e os estoques de N, P, Ca e Zn aumentaram na serapilheira acumulada sobre o solo. A biomassa vegetal aérea do sub-bosque aumentou com a adição do biossólido. Na vegetação de sub-bosque foi observado o aumento das concentrações e dos estoques de N, P, Ca, S e Cu nas gramíneas e de K, Ca, B e Cu nas folhas das dicotiledôneas. Comparando as plantas do sub-bosque coletadas nos tratamentos testemunha, adubo químico e biossólido, não foram observadas diferenças significativas nas concentrações de nutrientes e de metais pesados entre espécies Piper aduncum, Cenchrus ciliaris, Urena lobata e Solanum palinacanthum. Em geral, a adição do adubo e do biossólido ao solo não afetou de forma significativa a concentração dos metais pesados na vegetação do sub-bosque, garantindo a qualidade nutricional da biomassa produzida para os herbívoros, que integram a cadeia alimentar do ecossistema. Entretanto, o monitoramento dos metais pesados em cada espécie vegetal durante o seu ciclo de vida seria importante para planejar a forma de manejo mais adequada, visando atenuar futuros impactos no ecossistema. / The increasing of urban population generates the need for an ecological and social acceptable disposal of sewage sludge produced by waste treatment plants. Therefore, the use of the sewage sludge (biosolid) as fertilizer and soil conditioner in forests plantations may be a suitable solution, becoming possible the increment of renewable wood production. However, previous studies are necessary to evaluate eventual impacts on environmental, such as the possible dissemination of pathogens in the ecosystem and the accumulation of heavy metals in soil and plants tissues, mainly in the understory species, that supplies foods and nutrients to herbivores. This paper had as objective to study the influence of the sewage sludge, 68 months after its application, in the stocks of nutrients of the "soil-litter- understory " system in experimental plots of Eucalyptus grandis located in the Experimental Station of Forest Sciences of Itatinga - SP (Cwa climate, according to Köeppen classification) and planted on Red-Dark Latossol, sandy clay loam texture. The stocks of nutrients were quantified in the soil, up to 60 cm of depth, also in aerial biomass of the understory vegetation and in the biomass of litter accumulated on the upper layer of the soil in the following treatments: T1 - control, T2 - application of chemical fertilizer and T3 - superficial application of 20 t/ha of sewage sludge + K (produced in the ETE of Barueri - SABESP) between the lines of eucalypts. It was been evaluated also, comparatively, concentrations of macro and micronutrients and heavy metals in grass/shrub species of the understory growing in the different treatments. Results showed that sewage sludge increased soil fertility manly for P, Ca, Zn and for pH and increased also the stocks of all soil nutrients, but the concentration of total heavy metals Cu, Ni and Zn had been similar to the treatment control. Also concentrations and stocks of N, P, Ca and Zn increased in the litter accumulated on the soil. Sewage sludge promoted the increment of understory aerial biomass and also increased concentrations and stocks of N, P, Ca, S and Cu in the monocotyledoneous species and K, Ca, B and Cu in the leaves of dicotyledoneous. Comparing the understory plants growing in the control, chemical fertilizer and sewage sludge treatments, it were not observed significant differences for macro end micronutrients and also for heavy metals concentrations between the species Piper aduncum, Cenchrus ciliaris, Urena lobata and Solanum palinacanthum. In general, addition of chemical fertilizer and sewage sludge to the soil did not affect significantly concentrations of heavy metals in understory vegetation, assuring for the herbivores the nutritional quality of the biomass, that integrate the food chain in the ecosystem. However, heavy metals monitoring in vegetal components of each species (mainly leaves and fruits), during its cycle of life, would be important to plan the adjusted forest management to avoid or attenuate futures impacts in the ecosystem.