Introduction 1. The drug, an addictive substance, drug addiction and certain further relevant terms 2. Overview of the classification, evolution, characterization and effects of particular illegal drugs 3. Drug scene in the Czech Republic in and the drug phenomenon in the European context 4. Drug-related crime in the light of the offender 5. The legal regulation related to substance abuse 6. Prevention and the drug policy in the Czech Republic Conclusion Abbreviation list Used literature list Appendix list Appendix Summary

Thesis advisor: Margaret Lombe / Thesis advisor: Alfonso Hernandez / Drug-related violence in Mexico has grown into a profound social problem, aggravating existing insecurity, vulnerability, and citizen’s wellbeing. In critical scenarios of this kind, the virtues of social engagement for enhanced wellbeing, improved security and true democracy appear futile. This research examines how resources and incentives for mobilization operate. Specifically, social capital and political culture are studied as mechanisms that may affect those relationships. This research draws upon theories of Collective Action and Social Capital Theory. Also used are studies on the influence of emotions and perceptions on citizen’s collective mobilization. This approach contributes by accounting for informal participation and their various political loadings in conflict environments. To achieve the objective, Regression Analysis and Structural Equation Modelling were conducted. The study uses secondary data collected in 2011 (N = 7,416) using a probabilistic sample design representative of seven Mexican states selected by their levels of violence. Two subsamples were constructed to examine the varying effects of social and political resources on mobilization across regions (north and south). Results show the emotional component associated with citizen’s mobilization for collective action. The findings also exhibit social capital and political culture as key indicators of people’s decision to organize for social change. Finally, intriguing results related to the “negative form” of social capital were observed. To be precise, social capital appears to be insufficient to explain citizens' motives to mobilize with others for social change. Implications for policy and scholarship are presented. Specifically, initiatives regarding the importance of the effects of the weakened democratic environment, social lack of trust, government unresponsiveness and impunity, and self-directed processes of justice at the community level are highlighted. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2018. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Social Work. / Discipline: Social Work.

Wen Er Ya Jane. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 130-134). / Table of contents --- p.ii / List of tables --- p.iv / List of figures --- p.vi / Abstract --- p.vii / Glossary of abbreviations --- p.ix / Acknowledgments --- p.x / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATIONS...............................Error! Bookmark not defined / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Classification of drug-related problems --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Drug interactions (DI) --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Therapeutic failures (TF) --- p.8 / Chapter 1.1.5 --- Non-compliance --- p.10 / Chapter 1.1.6 --- Drug overdoses (DO) or drug poisonings --- p.11 / Chapter 1.1.7 --- Drug-related hospitalizations (DRH) --- p.12 / Chapter 1.1.8 --- Other relevant definitions --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2 --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.16 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Adverse drug reactions --- p.16 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Hospital admission due to ADRs --- p.18 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Drug-related hospitalizations (DRH) --- p.22 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Discussion --- p.24 / Chapter 1.3 --- PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY --- p.27 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- METHODS --- p.30 / Chapter 2.1 --- BACKGROUND --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2 --- DATA COLLECTION --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- The patients --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- The drug history --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Patients knowledge of drugs they were taking --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Compliance --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Previous episodes of adverse drug reactions --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Diagnosis and outcome --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Laboratory Results --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.8 --- Demographic characteristics of the patients --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.9 --- The data sheet --- p.36 / Chapter 2.3. --- CASE REVIEW (REASSESSMENT) --- p.41 / Chapter 2.4 --- CODING OF DATA --- p.41 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Coding of general data except diagnoses and drugs --- p.41 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Coding of diagnoses --- p.42 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Coding of drugs --- p.42 / Chapter 2.5 --- STATISTICAL ANALYSIS --- p.42 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- RESULTS --- p.43 / Chapter 3.1 --- THE PATIENTS --- p.43 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Age and sex distributions --- p.43 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Patients' ADL and living environments --- p.47 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Baseline liver and renal function tests --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Diagnoses --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2 --- DRUG USE PRIOR TO ADMISSION --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Overview --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Consumption patterns for the prescribed drugs --- p.61 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Sources and durations for the prescribed drugs --- p.69 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Consumption patterns for self-medications --- p.71 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Source and duration of the self-medications --- p.73 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Drug overdose patterns --- p.75 / Chapter 3.3 --- PATIENTS' KNOWLEDGE OF THE EFFECTS AND SIDE-EFFECTS OF DRUGS --- p.74 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Overview --- p.74 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Patients' knowledge of the effects of their prescribed drugs --- p.74 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Patients' knowledge of the side-effects of their prescribed drugs --- p.77 / Chapter 3.4 --- COMPLIANCE --- p.79 / Chapter 3.5 --- DRUG-RELATED HOSPITALIZATIONS (DRH) --- p.82 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Overview --- p.82 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) --- p.84 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Outcome of ADRs --- p.98 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- "Therapeutic failures (Non-compliance, Inappropriate dose reduction)" --- p.100 / Chapter 3.5.5 --- Drug overdoses --- p.104 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- DISCUSSION --- p.106 / Chapter 4.1 --- ABOUT THE PATIENTS --- p.106 / Chapter 4.2 --- DISEASE PATTERNS AND DRUG CONSUMPTION PATTERNS --- p.107 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Diagnoses on admission --- p.107 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Drug consumption patterns --- p.109 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- About the sources and durations of the prescribed drugs --- p.112 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- About the self-medications --- p.113 / Chapter 4.3 --- ABOUT PATIENTS' KNOWLEDGE OF THE DRUGS --- p.114 / Chapter 4.4 --- ABOUT COMPLIANCE --- p.116 / Chapter 4.5 --- ABOUT ADRS AND DRUGS INTERACTIONS --- p.118 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- The incidence of ADRs --- p.118 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- The patterns of ADRs --- p.119 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- The drugs and ADRs --- p.119 / Chapter 4.5.4 --- Self-medications and ADRs --- p.121 / Chapter 4.5.5 --- The risk factors for ADRs --- p.122 / Chapter 4.5.6 --- Drug interactions --- p.125 / Chapter 4.6 --- ABOUT THERAPEUTIC FAILURES --- p.126 / Chapter 4.7 --- ABOUT DRUG OVERDOSES --- p.127 / Chapter 4.8 --- CONCLUSIONS --- p.128 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.130

Criminological Aspects of Drug-Related Crime ABSTRACT The thesis deals with the topic of criminological aspects of drug-related crime. Considering the breadth of the issue, it focuses only on the so-called primary drug-related crime, i.e. criminal activity consisting of violation of laws and regulations on the handling of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. The aim of the thesis is particularly to describe the situation and development of the primary drug-related crime in the territory of the Czech Republic and to summarize possible development trends in the following years, as well as to map the development of national and international legislation and assess its possible effects on the drug problem. Finally, based on empirical research, the thesis aims to characterize drug-related crime committed on the territory of the capital city of Prague for which the perpetrators were finally convicted in 2017. The first chapter of the thesis defines the terms relevant to the topic, especially with respect to applicable legislation. The second chapter outlines the development of the issues of drug abuse and distribution in the territory of the Czech Republic and the corresponding evolution of legislation, while the third chapter is dedicated to the current, particularly criminal legislation on the handling...

There is an enduring and prevailing disparity between the clinical prevalence of alcohol, tobacco and other drug-related problems and the frequency that nurses recognise and intervene in these common problems. The extant nursing literature has long determined an urgent need for further investigation into why nurses do not respond to patients with ATOD-related problems in the consistent and effective manner that the prevalence of these costly health problems require, or in a manner that reflects the opportunities that nurses have to offer brief and timely intervention. This thesis reports and discusses the investigation of factors that determine identification, assessment and interventions of patients with alcohol, tobacco and other drug-related problems by a randomly selected sample of Registered Nurses [n=1281] in practice in New South Wales, Australia. Of particular interest was the relationship between nurses' ATOD knowledge, therapeutic attitudes and clinical activity. Multiple quantitative and qualitative methods were used, firstly to systematically investigate factors within the nurse and their clinical setting that might predict desired clinical behaviour towards addressing ATOD-related problems, and secondly, to analyse and describe nurses' self-reported perceptions, views and experiences of the issue and what aids or impedes it. The research instrument - a 72 item self-completed questionnaire was developed and refined within a process of three (3) pilot studies and test-retest method. A multiple regression model was developed to establish the predictors of key clinical behaviours. Thematic coding was used to analyse the perceptions of these nurses as to the factors that affect their ability to intervene with patients who have ATODrelated problems. Convergent and divergent concerns between quantitative and qualitative findings became apparent. Thematic analysis of open-ended responses demonstrated that nurses report a complex of factors that affect their ability and capacity to intervene with patients who have ATOD-related problems. Among these are factors located within nurses themselves, within their patient(s), within their workplace, within other health professionals and within the broader social/cultural context. The latter part of the thesis systematically considers the relationships between the quantitative and qualitative findings within this large sample of registered nurses. From this comprehensive level of analysis, workforce implications for ATOD education, training and organisational support for nurses, the most numerous group of health care workers, have been readily identified. The major empirical finding of this investigation is that there is a significant difference between positive attitudinal sets and motivation of practicing registered nurses to perform desired ATOD-related clinical activities, and the lower reported frequency at which this occurs. The qualitative findings are highly convergent with the empirical ones. It is the nurse's self-identified lack of knowledge, skills, experience and confidence that is now reported as having the greatest effect on their ability to assess, identify and offer brief and timely intervention for patients with ATOD-related problems, rather than any prevailing beliefs and attitudes that these patients were not worthy of their care, or outside the legitimate framework of their nursing role.

Background: Inappropriate use of medications (IUM), in particular inappropriate prescribing and non-adherence to prescribed medications, are important causes of drug-related morbidities (DRMs). They are increasing problems with the ageing populations and the growing burden of chronic conditions. However, research is needed on the association of IUMs with DRMs in outpatient settings and in the general population. Aim: The aim of this thesis is to estimate and analyse the burden of potentially inappropriate prescriptions (PIPs) in the elderly and non-adherence to long-term medications among adults across care settings, and to investigate how IUM is associated to DRMs. Methods: A meta-analysis summarised the previous evidence on the percentage of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated to IUM across healthcare settings (Study I). From a cohort in the general population, using medical records and register data, the prevalence of PIPs in the elderly and its association with ADRs were estimated retrospectively (Study II). From the same cohort, the factors associated with refill non-adherence to antihypertensive therapy, considering the use of multiple medications, and the association between non-adherence and sub-therapeutic effects (STEs) were investigated (Study III). A survey assessed the refill behaviour to antihypertensive, lipid lowering and oral antidiabetic medications (undersupply, adequate supply and oversupply), and its association with perceived ADRs and STEs (Study IV). Results: IUM was the cause 52% and 45% of ADRs occurring in adult outpatients and inpatients respectively. Across healthcare settings, 46% of the elderly refilled PIPs over a 6-month period; PIPs were considered the cause of 30% of all ADRs; and the elderly who were prescribed PIPs had increased odds to experience ADRs (OR 2.47, 95% CI 1.65-3.69). In total, 35% was nonadherent to the full multidrug therapy and 13% was non-adherent to any medication (complete non-adherence).  Sociodemographic factors (working age and lower income) were associated with non-adherence to any medication, while clinical factors (use of specialised care, use of multiple medications, and being a new user) with non-adherence to the full multidrug therapy. STEs were associated with non-adherence to any medication a month prior to a healthcare visit (OR 3.27, 95% CI 1.27-8.49), but not with long-term measures of non-adherence. Among survey respondents, 22% of the medications were oversupplied and 12% were undersupplied. Inadequate refill behaviour was not associated with reporting ADRs or STEs (p<0.05). Conclusions: A large proportion of ADRs occurring in hospital is caused by IUM, but more knowledge is needed in other settings. PIPs are common in the elderly general population and associated with ADRs. Therefore decreasing PIPs could contribute towards ADR prevention. Considering the use of multiple medications may help to better understand the factors associated with non-adherence to a multidrug therapy for tailoring the interventions to patient needs. Monitoring the adherence prior to a healthcare visit may facilitate interpreting STEs. Yet, the absence of an association between long-term measures of refill non-adherence with clinical and perceived DRMs suggest the need to enhance the knowledge of this association in clinical practice. In summary, this thesis shows a significant potential for improvements of medication use and outcomes.

Opioid drug related death is the topic of this thesis. Each of the published works submitted in this volume has investigated an aspect of opioid drug related death. The publications have been grouped into three sub-themes: i. Characteristics of opioid drug related deaths ii. Methadone-related deaths in and out of treatment iii. Improving the quality of treatment for opioid drug dependence: a focus on injectable opioid treatment The introduction and background (Chapter1) will briefly review-the-relevant literature on opioid drug death predating my own contribution to the field. The next chapter of the thesis, 'Publications' (Chapter 2), will comprise the body of published work being submitted for the degree of Doctor of Medicine. Each article is accompanied by text on the preceding page outlining my individual contribution to that research study. The thesis will conclude with a discussion of the published works (Discussion, Chapter 3) which summarises the chief findings and reflects on the international significance and impact of the work. Finally, the Conclusion (Chapter 4) will submit suggestions for areas of future research into opioid drug related death.

Analysis of drug-related problems in general practitioners office II. Author: Šárka Sperottová Supervisor of the thesis: PharmDr. Martin Doseděl, Ph.D. Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University Background: A Drug-Related Problem - DRP - is according to Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe - PCNE - an event or circumstance involving drug therapy that actually or potentially interferes with desired health outcomes. We can encounter DRP in every general practitioner's - GPs - office all around the world. But with proper cooperation between practitioners and pharmacists we could reduce the number of problems. That would be big benefit for patients and health system as well. This thesis is focused on anticoagulant drugs, mainly on DOAC group - direct oral anticoagulants - and their DRP in it's theoretical part. Practical part of thesis is analysis of DRP in GPs office itself. Aim: Theoretical part - describe the process of haemostasis and the possibilities of influencing this process by drugs. Discuss DRP of anticoagulants, especially oral anticoagulants and heparins. Practical part - identify and describe DRP. Sort them by PCNE Classification for DRP V5.01. Analyse and describe the most frequent drug-related problems occurring in general...

Analysis of drug-related problems in a health facility IV. Author: Linda Šubrtová Tutor: PharmDr. Josef Malý, Ph.D. Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University Introduction: Increasing use of drugs leads to a growing risk of occurence of drug-related problems. These problems can often endanger patient's health and increase the economic cost of the treatment. However, many of these problems can be prevented by controls and collaboration of all health care subjects. Objective: The aim of this work was to carry out a revision of pharmacotherapy in a rehabilitation health facility and to analyse acquired drug-related problems. Methodology: The collection of data took place from 13 to 15 February 2017 in health facility in the Czech Republic. The review of pharmacotherapy was performed by a three-member team (clinical pharmacist, pharmacist, work researcher). The data obtained from the provided medical records were recorded into the database, which was prepared for the purpose of the pharmacotherapy review. Recorded were: the patient's age and sex, allergic, family, work, social and personal history, physical and laboratory examinations and complete pharmacotherapy, which included over-the-counter drugs and dietary supplements, including dosage...

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