No description available.

There are many examples in the literature of conventional or traditional drug distribution systems in hospitals which possess many shortcomings with reference to medication errors, the amount of time spent by nursing personnel in medication-related duties, inventory losses, the preparation of intravenous admixtures, and the lack of adequate drug usage records. These deficiencies primarily are due to the pharmacist's minimal influence over the control of the traditional drug distribution systems. An analysis and evaluation of the present pharmacy services at St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, B.C., similarly identified a traditional distribution system subject to many of the aforementioned potential problems. Using information based on existing unit dose systems as reviewed in the literature and data collected from a general questionnaire, new pharmacy services based on unit dose drug distribution are projected for St. Paul's Hospital. The required facilities and personnel for a progressive unit dose drug distribution system, an intravenous (I.V.) admixture preparation service and a drug surveillance program are projected accordingly. It would appear that a "centralized" approach to implementing unit dose distribution is most appropriate for St. Paul's Hospital's present requirements. This would involve the preparation and distribution of all drugs to nursing units in single dose packages from a central pharmacy area. A similarly centralized intravenous admixture service and a decentralized drug surveillance program also are described. These services commonly feature a greater responsibility being placed with the pharmacy department for preventing therapy problems such as admixture incompatibilities, drug interactions, adverse drug reactions and inappropriate drug selection. The effect of the above services on the responsibilities and number of pharmacy and nursing personnel is estimated based on results in similar programs. These changes also reflect extended hours of coverage in each area. Finally, a potential phasing plan and time schedule for the implementation of the proposed unit dose drug distribution system, I.V. admixture preparation service and drug surveillance program at St. Paul's Hospital is suggested. / Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of / Graduate

The existence of a phantom based on anatomical data for the average fifteen year-old provides for a proficient means of obtaining estimates of absorbed dose for children of that age. Dimensions representative of an average fifteen year-old human, obtained from various biological and medical research, were transformed into a mathematical construct of idealized shapes of the exterior, skeletal system, and internal organs of a human. The idealization for an average adult presently in use by the International Commission on Radiological Protection was used as a basis for design. The mathematical equations describing the phantom were developed to be readily adaptable to present-day methods of dose estimation. Typical exposure situations in nuclear medicine have previously been modeled for existing phantoms. With no further development of the exposure model necessary, adaptation to the fifteen year-old phantom demonstrated the utility of the design. Estimates of absorbed dose were obtained for the administration of two radiopharmaceuticals, ^99mTc-Sulfur Colloid and ^99mTc-DMSA. / M. S.

No description available.

<p>Infusions, decoctions, alcoholic preparations and other dosage forms of Artemisia afra are frequently used in South African traditional medicine. Generally when these preparations are made without applying good manufacturing practices they do not meet microbial quality control standards, safety and toxicity criteria and encourage poor patients compliance. To overcome the aforementioned disadvantages of traditional dosage forms a sold dosage form, i.e. a table might be recommended. The first objective of this study was to formulate and manufacture a rapid release tablet dosage of Artemisia afra that would contain an amount of plant material equivalent to that found in its traditional liquid dosage forms and that would meet conventional pharmaceutical standards. The second objective was to conduct a pilot study to obtain a preliminary profile of the bioavailability of select flavonoids presents in both the tablet and traditional liquid preparation of Artemisia afra in humans.</p>

<p>Artemisia Afra, a popular South African traditional herbal medicine is commonly administered as a tea infusion of the leaves. However, clinical trials proving it safety and efficacy are lacking mainly due to the absence of good quality dosage forms and credible placebos for the plant. The objectives of this study were to prepare a standardized preparation of the plant leaves and freeze-dried aqueous extract powder of the leaves, in a tea bag dosage form and to design and prepare credible placebos for these plant materials.</p>

Orientador: Anselmo Gomes de Oliveira / Banca: Rosemeire Cristina Linhari Rodrigues Pietro / Banca: Thalita Pedroni Formariz Pilon / Banca: Clovis Augusto Ribeiro / Banca: Francisco Benedito Teixeira Pessine / Resumo: 2-(2-nitrovinil)furano (G-0) apresenta atividade antiprotozoária, antibacteriana e antifúngica frente a elevado número de patógenos porém, a capacidade de sublimação, baixa velocidade de dissolução em meio aquoso, problemas de compatibilidade com excipientes e fotodegradação, tem limitado sua incorporação em formas farmacêuticas para uso humano e/ou veterinário. O propósito do presente trabalho foi avaliar duas alternativas para a estabilização do candidato a fármaco, através da formação de complexos de inclusão liofilizados (FD) com hidroxipropil-β-ciclodextrina e sulfobutiléter-β-ciclodextrina sódica e utilizando a microencapsulação com etilcelulose pelo método de emulsificação/evaporação do solvente. Uma vez formados e previamente caracterizados, os complexos foram submetidos ao ensaio de estabilidade acelerada a 40°C/75 %HR e ensaios de fotoestabilidade acelerada. A câmara de fotoestabilidade também foi utilizada para confirmar o perfil de degradação dos complexos. Os fotoprodutos foram isolados em coluna analítica e o maioritário foi caracterizado por espectroscopia de RMN. Foi avaliada também a volatilidade do G-0 na forma de complexos comparado com misturas físicas equivalentes através de TGA e CG-HS-FID, complementando assim um estudo desenvolvido anteriormente no modo isotérmico. As propriedades biofarmacêuticas da substância livre e na forma complexada foram estudadas em relação ao comportamento de dissolução em Fluido Vaginal Simulado e a permeação/retenção em muco... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: 2-(2-nitrovinyl)furan (G-0) has antiprotozoal, antibacterial and antifungal activity against a large number of pathogens, although the sublimation, low dissolution rate in aqueous medium, low compatibility with excipients and photodegradation, have hindered the incorporation in pharmaceutical dosage forms, to use in human and/or veterinary medicine. The aim of this work was to evaluate two alternatives for the stabilization of the drug candidate through freeze-drying inclusion complex formation (FD) with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin sodium salt and through microencapsulation with ethylcellulose by mean of emulsion/solvent evaporation method. Once the complexes were prepared and fully characterized previously, they were subjected to an accelerated stability study at 40°C/75 %RH, and a photostability assay under forced irradiation conditions. A photostability chamber was also used in order to confirm the degradation profile for the complexes. Photoproducts were isolated in analytical column and the main degradation product was characterized aided by NMR. Drug volatility was also evaluated when G-0 was complexed, and compared with equivalent physical mixtures through TGA and GC-HS-FID. Biopharmaceutical properties of free drug and in the complexes were studied in terms of dissolution rate in Simulated Vaginal Fluid and permeation/retention in bovine vaginal mucosa. Finally, the influence of both complexes on the "in vitro" antifungal activity a... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

M. Tech. Polymer Technology / Type II diabetes afflicts more than 300 million people worldwide. The pursuit for improved targeted drug delivery systems has led to the development of highly improved biomaterials with enhanced biocompatibility and biodegradability properties. Hydrogels are of particular interest for drug delivery applications due to their ability to address targeted drug delivery, in addition to their good biocompatibility, tunable network structure needed to control the diffusion of drugs and their ability to imbibe drugs within their mesh network structure. Hydrogels are promising candidates for advanced anti-diabetic applications. They were prepared by application of free-radical polymerization of acrylamide (AAm) in the presence of partially and thermally reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and wheat protein isolate (WPI). The incorporation of two (or more) different drugs onto a single delivery vehicle and the realization of combination therapy is a challenging, just as it is an important aspect for smart drug delivery. Thus, the development of dual drug delivery systems that can control the release behaviours of each drug is highly pertinent. This project aims to develop a dual drug delivery system with smart polymers, exploiting stimuli responses to be utilized as a carrier vehicle to aid in proffering a cure for diabetes. Also, it aims at proffering a solution to the lingering issue of combination therapy; by comparing the effect of the test drugs individually and in combination as anti-diabetic drugs.

No description available.

<p>Infusions, decoctions, alcoholic preparations and other dosage forms of Artemisia afra are frequently used in South African traditional medicine. Generally when these preparations are made without applying good manufacturing practices they do not meet microbial quality control standards, safety and toxicity criteria and encourage poor patients compliance. To overcome the aforementioned disadvantages of traditional dosage forms a sold dosage form, i.e. a table might be recommended. The first objective of this study was to formulate and manufacture a rapid release tablet dosage of Artemisia afra that would contain an amount of plant material equivalent to that found in its traditional liquid dosage forms and that would meet conventional pharmaceutical standards. The second objective was to conduct a pilot study to obtain a preliminary profile of the bioavailability of select flavonoids presents in both the tablet and traditional liquid preparation of Artemisia afra in humans.</p>