Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ErlyMMAN_DISSERT.pdf: 2763165 bytes, checksum: 02d0a064f93f95db42ddc7fc2c52410e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-30 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Brazil, one of the largest agricultural producers in the world, has managed in recent years to significantly improve its production. However, in response to this advance in the agro-industrial sector, the generation of agro-industrial residues has also increased. New technological alternatives have to be implemented in order to bring economic and rational use of this material and drying is one of the possible choices. Considering the great importance that bioactive compounds present for food science and technology, this research aims to evaluate the air-drying process of acerola residue in a tray convective drier under controlled temperature (60, 70 e 80?C), air velocity (4.0, 5.0 e 6.0 m/s) and material width (0.5, 0.62 e 0.75 cm) by applying an experimental planning 23 + 3. Based on that, the impact on physical-chemical characteristics, color, bioactive compounds concentration and antioxidant activity of dried acerola waste was evaluated, having the in natura and freeze dried waste as control groups. Dried acerola residue presented natural pigments, mainly carotenoids (143.68 - 68.29 mg/g) and anthocyanins (290.92 - 90.11 mg/100 g), which explain the red and yellow instrumental color parameters observed. The acerola residue powder is also rich in phenolic compounds (3261.11 -2692.60 mgGAEeq/100g), proanthocyanidins (61.33-58.46 eq/100g), ascorbic acid (389.44 739.29 mg/100 g) and DPPH antioxidant activity (20.91 24.72 ?g Trolox eq/g). Results show decreased concentration of phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, carotenoids, proanthocyanidins and ascorbic acid caused by the air-drying process. However, even after the observed drying losses, the acerola residue powder can be considered a high value food ingredient, considering the high bioactive compounds concentration found in the final product, as well as the colorimetric characterization and microbiological stability of the dried powder / O Brasil, um dos maiores produtores agr?colas atuais, tem conseguido aumentar sua produ??o agroindustrial nos ?ltimos anos. Em conseq??ncia a isso a gera??o de res?duos tamb?m aumentou. Dessa forma, torna-se relevante a pesquisa de alternativas de uso racional e econ?mico para esse tipo de mat?ria prima, incluindo opera??es unit?rias de transforma??o como a secagem. Diante da import?ncia que os compostos bioativos apresentam para a ?rea de ci?ncia e tecnologia de alimentos, esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar a secagem do res?duo agroindustrial da acerola em secador convectivo de bandejas sob condi??es controladas de temperatura de trabalho (60; 70 e 80?C), velocidade do ar (4,0; 5,0 e 6,0 m/s) e espessura do material (0,5; 0,62 e 0,75 cm), mediante aplica??o de planejamento experimental do tipo fatorial 23 + 3 pontos centrais. A partir disso, o impacto da secagem sobre as caracter?sticas f?sico-qu?micas, cor, concentra??o de compostos bioativos selecionados e atividade antioxidante do res?duo da acerola s?o abordados, tomando os res?duos in natura e liofilizado como grupos-controle. Os p?s do res?duo desidratado de acerola apresentaram presen?a de pigmentos naturais, com colora??o vermelha e amarela, sobretudo caroten?ides (143,68 a 68,29 mg/g), antocianinas (290,92 a 90,11 mg/100 g), al?m de elevado teor de compostos fen?licos (3261,11 a 2692,60 mg GAE eq/100 g amostra), proantocianidinas (61,33 a 58,46 eq/100 g amostra) e ?cido asc?rbico (389,44 a 739,29 mg/100 g), bem como expressiva atividade antioxidante obtida pelo m?todo DPPH (20,91 a 24,72 ?g Trolox eq/g amostra). Os dados experimentais mostraram diminui??o da concentra??o de compostos fen?licos, antocianinas, caroten?ides, proantocianidinas e ?cido asc?rbico ocasionada pela secagem nas condi??es estudadas. No entanto, a concentra??o final desses compostos detectada no produto desidratado, bem como a caracteriza??o colorim?trica e a estabilidade microbiol?gica alcan?ada, caracteriza o p? do res?duo de acerola como ingrediente com elevado potencial bioativo

Drilling, one of the stages of oil and gas exploration, now has as targets regions of great complexity, with high depths. Coated or contaminated cuttings with drilling fluid are a result of drilling. The drilling fluids are water-based or non-aqueous based liquids. A more restrictive environmental legislation and the need to reduce the costs of drilling (exploration and production) lead to optimization of solid-liquid separation and recycling drilling fluids. Because oil industry has to submit itself to ever more stringent environmental laws it has applied a great deal of investments on sustainability research. In this context, this work provides a study of the characteristics of drilling cuttings and synthetic drilling muds at different steps of the solids control sistem, in order to know their behavior and its change over the process. The concentration of water, organic phase and solids in the mud were measured. The density and particle size of the cuttings were analyzed. The rheology and thixotropy of the mud were investigated. For this, samples of drilling mud were collected throughout the solids control system of five PETROBRAS onshore drilling rigs in Bahia (BA). The concentrations index are so important when investigating the efficiency of operation of the equipments in the solids control. The density of solids is very close to the density of clays. The results show that the rheology of drilling mud in the solids control process behaves as a non-Newtonian fluid, pseudoplastic, viscoplastic and thixotropic. The particle size of solids varies with operating conditions and always presents two average diameters by sample. The cutting dryer, a vertical centrifuge, plays a key role in the waste disposal due the stringent environmental laws, especially on offshore platforms. Thus, in order to research the optimization or restructuration of this step in the waste disposal, a study was carried on this equipment and the main points of its structure and operation were reported. / A perfuração, uma das etapas da exploração de petróleo e gás, hoje objetiva cenários geológicos de grande complexidade, com elevadas profundidades. Como efluente da atividade exploratória há a geração de cascalhos contaminados ou revestidos com fluido de perfuração. Uma legislação ambiental mais rigorosa e a necessidade de reduzir os custos de perfuração (prospecção e produção) apontam para a necessidade de otimização da separação e reciclagem do fluido de perfuração de poços de petróleo e gás. A atividade petrolífera é desenvolvida em condições cada vez mais restritivas do ponto de vista ambiental, sendo incessantes os estudos e investimentos em busca da sustentabilidade. Como exemplos de equipamentos para o processamento da lama de perfuração podem ser citados as peneiras vibratórias, os hidrociclones e as centrífugas. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho traz um estudo detalhado das características dos sólidos e da lama de perfuração base n-parafina em diferentes pontos do processo de controle de sólidos, com o objetivo de investigar o comportamento dos mesmos e sua alteração ao longo do processo. Foram realizadas análises de concentração de água, fase orgânica e sólidos na lama, densidade dos sólidos, reologia e tixotropia da lama e granulometria dos sólidos. Para isso, amostras de lama de perfuração foram coletadas ao longo do sistema de controle de sólidos em cinco sondas de perfuração terrestre da Petrobras no interior da Bahia (BA). As concentrações analisadas são de grande importância na investigação da eficiência de operação dos equipamentos do processo de controle de sólidos. A massa específica dos sólidos é bem próxima da massa específica de argilas. Os resultados de reologia mostram que a lama de perfuração em todo o processo de controle de sólidos se comporta como um fluido não-newtoniano, pseudoplástico, viscoplástico e tixotrópico. A granulometria dos sólidos varia com as condições de operação e apresenta, no geral, dois diâmetros médios em cada corrente amostrada. O secador de cascalho, um tipo de centrífuga vertical, desempenha papel fundamental na adequação dos resíduos às leis ambientais de descarte, principalmente em plataformas offshore. Assim, visando futuramente a otimização ou mesmo reestruturação desta etapa do processo de descarte de resíduos, foi realizado um estudo sobre esse equipamento e levantado os pontos principais de sua estrutura e operação. / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-09-25T20:42:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PATRÍCIA MARIA DE ARAÚJO GOMES - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2002..pdf: 8980687 bytes, checksum: 2e8a396f165bd52f1c2f6e78e23c1cc2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-25T20:42:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PATRÍCIA MARIA DE ARAÚJO GOMES - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2002..pdf: 8980687 bytes, checksum: 2e8a396f165bd52f1c2f6e78e23c1cc2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-08 / Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de produzir polpa de acerola (Malphighia emarginata D.C) em pó, caracteriza-lá e estudar as alterações produzidas pelo efeito do seu armazenamento. O pó de acerola foi obtido mediante a secagem de uma solução contendo 90% de polpa de acerola e 10% de maltodextrina, em um secador do tipo leito de jorro, com temperatura do ar de secagem de 70°C. Caracterizou-se fisico-químicamente a polpa de acerola. através da determinação de pH. sólidos solúveis (°Brix), umidade, sólidos totais, acidez total, ácido ascórbico, açúcares redutores e cinzas. Determinaram-se as isotermas de adsorção de umidade da polpa de acerola em pó, nas temperaturas de 20°C, 25°C e 30°C, através do método gravimétrico estático, utilizando-se soluções saturadas de sais. Os dados experimentais das isotermas foram ajustados com as equações de BET, GAB, Oswin e Smith, sendo classificadas como Tipo III de acordo com BRUNAUER. Fez-se a análise física da polpa de acerola em pó, por meio da determinação da densidade, ângulo de repouso, tempo de escoamento e molhabilidade, cujo resultados demonstraram que o pó de acerola é um produto de alta higroscopicidade e apresenta problemas de fluidez. No estudo do armazenamento da polpa de acerola em pó, em temperatura ambiente, observou-se, após 60 dias de armazenamento, perda de 29.72% no teor do ácido ascórbico, aumento de 51,31% na umidade e escurecimento do pó, constatado através da leitura dos parâmetros da cor (L, a, b); o valor do pH variou durante o armazenamento, oscilando entre 3,7 e 3,8. / This work had, as aim, the obtaining and characterization of West Indian cherry (Malphighia emarginata D.C) powder pulp and study the storage effect in the powder. The West Indian cherry powder was obtained by drying a solution containing 90% of West Indian cherry pulp and 10% of maltodextrin, in a spouted bed dryer, with drying air temperature of 70°C. The West Indian cherry pulp was physical-chemically characterized. by pH. soluble solids (°Brix), moisture content. total solids, total acidity, ascorbic acid. sugars reducers and ashes. The moisture adsorption isotherms of the West Indian cherry powder were determined in temperatures of 20°C, 25°C and 30°C, by gravimetric static method, using saturated salt solutions. The experimental data of isotherms were fitted with the BET, GAB, Oswin and Smith's equations, being classified as Type III according to BRUNAUER. The physical analysis of West Indian cherry powder was made by determination of density. repose angle, funnel discharge time and wettability whose demonstrated that the West Indian cherry powder is a high higroscopic product and has difficulty of flowability. In the study West Indian cherry powder storage, at room temperature, was observed, alter 60 days of storage, loss of 29.72% in the ascorbic acid content, increase of 51.31% in the moisture content, browning of the powder, this had been verified by the parameters of the color (L, a, b); the value of the pH varied during the storage, between 3.7 and 3.8.

This thesis is focused on problem data reconciliation of measurements. The objective of this thesis was reconciled measured value from electric drum dryer to suit exactly to the mathematical model of drying. For solution was used nonlinear data reconciliation with constrained nonlinear optimization. The entire calculation is processed in programme MATLAB and outputs are graphs of reconciled values of measurement on dryer such as inlet and outlet temperature and humidity, differential pressure of exhaust moisture air, weight of laundry, atmospheric pressure and electric supply. Achieved solution can by characterized by an amount of evaporated water. Weight of wet and dry laundry are 27,7 kg a 17,7 kg. The calculated amount of evaporated water from measurements was almost 18,8 kg. With reconciled measurements it was 9,7 kg. Goals of the thesis were found more realistic values.

This research investigates the optimization of the filtration and washing process during the transfer of X-Alfa production from a plant equipped with a centrifuge to a new plant equipped with a Nutsche filter dryer. The aim of this study is to determine the optimal pressure level to ensure an efficient isolation process at an industrial scale for three different filtrations, to assess the effects of increased pressure levels on the particle size distribution (PSD) within the filter cake, and to establish the most effective washing method for thoroughly removing N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) content from the Molecule-11 intermediate. To achieve these objectives, the three filtrations were examined at different pressure levels on a laboratory scale. The collected filtration data were then used to estimate scaled-up filtration times at different pressures, enabling the determination of optimal pressure levels for the three filtrations. After that, the PSD was analyzed using microscopy and laser diffraction to ascertain the effect of pressure on the filter cakes. Finally, the washing process was investigated by washing equal amounts of filtered filter cakes with different numbers of wash cycles and different wash portions. The residual NMP content in the filter cake was then measured using 1H-NMR, and the amount of product loss to the process liquids was quantified using HPLC to identify the optimal washing method. Results indicated that the optimal pressure for the first filtration is 0.2 bar with a filtration time of approximately 22 minutes, and for the third filtration, it is 0.1 bar with a filtration time of about 4 minutes. No optimal pressure could be determined for the second filtration due to the negative compressibility index value generated by the used evaluation model. This negative value could have arisen from inhomogeneous suspensions that affected the filtration rate and consequently resulted in low linearity of the time/volume versus volume plots. Therefore, the experiment needs to be repeated for this filtration. Furthermore, increasing pressure levels during filtration showed no significant impact on PSD within the filter cakes. Finally, washing the filtered filter cakes with two wash cycles using half of the total wash volume in each cycle proved to be the optimal washing method, enhancing NMP removal efficiency by 30% compared to a single wash cycle using the same total wash volume. / Denna studie undersöker optimeringen av filtrerings- och tvättprocessen vid flyttningen av X-Alfa-produktionen från en fabrik utrustad med centrifug till en ny fabrik utrustad med Nutsche-filtertork. Syftet är att identifiera den optimala trycknivån för att uppnå en effektiv isoleringsprocess i fabriksskala för tre olika filtreringar, att undersöka hur en ökad trycknivå påverkar partikelstorleksfördelningen (PSD) i filterkakan samt att fastställa den bästa tvättmetoden för att maximalt avlägsna N-metyl-2-pyrrolidon (NMP) från molekyl-11-intermediatet. För detta syfte studerades först de tre filtreringar vid olika trycknivåer i en laboratorieskala och filtreringsdata som samlades in användes för att estimera uppskalade filtreringstider vid olika trycknivåer för att kunna därefter bestämma optimala trycknivåer för de tre filtreringar. Därefter analyserades PSD med hjälp av mikroskopi och laserdiffraktion för att bestämma tryckets påverkan på filterkakorna. Slutligen undersöktes tvättprocessen genom att tvätta lika mängder av filtrerade filterkakor med varierande antal tvättcykler och olika tvättportioner och därefter bestämdes den kvarvarande NMP-halt i filterkakan med hjälp av 1H-NMR och mängden förlorad produkt till processvätskorna med hjälp av HPLC för att sedan fastställa det optimala tvättmetoden. Resultatet visade att det optimala trycket för den första filtreringen är 0,2 bar med en filtreringstid på cirka 22 minuter och för den tredje filtreringen är det 0,1 bar med en filtreringstid på cirka 4 minuter. Inget optimalt tryck kunde fastställas för den andra filtreringen på grund av att den använda utvärderingsmodellen genererade ett negativt kompressibilitetsindex, vilket möjligtvis härstammar från inhomogena suspensioner som påverkade filtreringshastigheten och därmed resulterade i en icke-fullständig linjäritet av tid/volym mot volym-diagrammen. Därför krävs det att experimentet upprepas för denna filtrering. Ökningen av trycknivån under filtreringen visade ingen signifikant inverkan på PSD i filterkakorna och tvättningen av filtrerade filterkakor med två tvättcykler, där hälften av den totala mängden tvättvätska används i varje cykel, bevisades vara den optimala tvättmetoden med ett förbättrad NMP-borttagningseffektivitet på 30 vikt-% i jämfört med en cykels tvättning med samma total mängd tvättvätska.

[ES] Los altos costes energéticos, las constantes medidas regulatorias aplicadas por las administraciones para mantener bajos los costes sanitarios, así como los cambios en la normativa sanitaria que se han introducido en los últimos años, han tenido un impacto significativo en la industria farmacéutica y sanitaria. El paradigma Industria 4.0 engloba cambios en el modelo productivo tradicional de la industria farmacéutica con la inclusión de tecnologías que van más allá de la automatización tradicional. El objetivo principal es lograr medicamentos más rentables mediante la incorporación óptima de tecnologías como la analítica avanzada. El proceso de fabricación de las industrias farmacéuticas tiene diferentes etapas (mezclado, secado, compactado, recubrimiento, envasado, etc.) donde una de las etapas más costosas energéticamente es el proceso de secado. El objetivo durante este proceso es extraer el contenido de líquidos como el agua mediante la inyección de aire caliente y seco en el sistema. Este tiempo de secado normalmente está predeterminado y depende del volumen y el tipo de unidades de producto farmacéutico que se deben deshidratar. Por otro lado, la fase de precalentamiento puede variar dependiendo de varios parámetros como la experiencia del operador. Por lo tanto, es posible asumir que una optimización de este proceso a través de analítica avanzada es posible y puede tener un efecto significativo en la reducción de costes en todo el proceso de fabricación. Debido al alto coste de la maquinaria involucrada en el proceso de producción de medicamentos, es una práctica común en la industria farmacéutica tratar de maximizar la vida útil de estas máquinas que no están equipados con los últimos sensores. Así pues, es posible implementar un modelo de aprendizaje automático que utilice plataformas de analítica avanzada, como la computación en la nube, para analizar los posibles ahorros en el consumo de energía. Esta tesis está enfocada en mejorar el consumo de energía en el proceso de precalentamiento de un secador de lecho fluido, mediante la definición e implementación de una plataforma de computación en la nube IIOT (Industrial Internet of Things)-Cloud, para alojar y ejecutar un algoritmo de aprendizaje automático basado en el modelo Catboost, para predecir cuándo es el momento óptimo para detener el proceso y reducir su duración y, en consecuencia, su consumo energético. Los resultados experimentales muestran que es posible reducir el proceso de precalentamiento en un 45% de su duración en tiempo y, en consecuencia, reducir el consumo de energía hasta 2.8 MWh por año. / [CAT] Els elevats costos energètics, les constants mesures reguladores aplicades per les administracions per mantenir uns costos assistencials baixos, així com els canvis en la normativa sanitària que s'han introduït en els darrers anys, han tingut un impacte important en el sector farmacèutic i sanitari. El paradigma de la indústria 4.0 engloba els canvis en el model de producció tradicional de la indústria farmacèutica amb la inclusió de tecnologies que van més enllà de l'automatització tradicional. L'objectiu principal és aconseguir fàrmacs més rendibles mitjançant la incorporació òptima de tecnologies com l'analítica avançada. El procés de fabricació de les indústries farmacèutiques té diferents etapes (mescla, assecat, compactació, recobriment, envasat, etc.) on una de les etapes més costoses energèticament és el procés d'assecat. L'objectiu d'aquest procés és extreure el contingut de líquids com l'aigua injectant aire calent i sec al sistema. Aquest temps de procediment d'assecat normalment està predeterminat i depèn del volum i del tipus d'unitats de producte farmacèutic que cal deshidratar. D'altra banda, la fase de preescalfament pot variar en funció de diversos paràmetres com l'experiència de l'operador. Per tant, podem assumir que una optimització d'aquest procés mitjançant analítiques avançades és possible i pot tenir un efecte significatiu de reducció de costos en tot el procés de fabricació. A causa de l'elevat cost de la maquinària implicada en el procés de producció de fàrmacs, és una pràctica habitual a la indústria farmacèutica intentar maximitzar la vida útil d'aquestes màquines que no estan equipats amb els darrers sensors. Així, es pot implementar un model d'aprenentatge automàtic que utilitza plataformes de analítiques avançades com la computació en núvol, per analitzar l'estalvi potencial del consum d'energia. Aquesta tesis està enfocada a millorar el consum d'energia en el procés de preescalfament d'un assecador de llit fluid, mitjançant la definició i implementació d'una plataforma IIOT (Industrial Internet of Things)-Cloud computing, per allotjar i executar un algorisme d'aprenentatge automàtic basat en el modelatge Catboost, per predir quan és el moment òptim per aturar el procés i reduir-ne la durada, i en conseqüència el seu consum energètic. Els resultats de l'experiment mostren que és possible reduir el procés de preescalfament en un 45% de la seva durada en temps i, en conseqüència, reduir el consum d'energia fins a 2.8 MWh anuals. / [EN] High energy costs, the constant regulatory measures applied by administrations to maintain low healthcare costs, and the changes in healthcare regulations introduced in recent years have all significantly impacted the pharmaceutical and healthcare industry. The industry 4.0 paradigm encompasses changes in the traditional production model of the pharmaceutical industry with the inclusion of technologies beyond traditional automation. The primary goal is to achieve more cost-efficient drugs through the optimal incorporation of technologies such as advanced analytics. The manufacturing process of the pharmaceutical industry has different stages (mixing, drying, compacting, coating, packaging, etc..), and one of the most energy-expensive stages is the drying process. This process aims to extract the liquid content, such as water, by injecting warm and dry air into the system. This drying procedure time usually is predetermined and depends on the volume and the kind of units of a pharmaceutical product that must be dehydrated. On the other hand, the preheating phase can vary depending on various parameters, such as the operator's experience. It is, therefore, safe to assume that optimization of this process through advanced analytics is possible and can have a significant cost-reducing effect on the whole manufacturing process. Due to the high cost of the machinery involved in the drug production process, it is common practice in the pharmaceutical industry to try to maximize the useful life of these machines, which are not equipped with the latest sensors. Thus, a machine learning model using advanced analytics platforms, such as cloud computing, can be implemented to analyze potential energy consumption savings. This thesis is focused on improving the energy consumption in the preheating process of a fluid bed dryer by defining and implementing an IIOT (Industrial Internet of Things) Cloud computing platform. This architecture will host and run a machine learning algorithm based on Catboost modeling to predict when the optimum time is reached to stop the process, reduce its duration, and consequently its energy consumption. Experimental results show that it is possible to reduce the preheating process by 45% of its time duration, consequently reducing energy consumption by up to 2.8 MWh per year. / Barriga Rodríguez, R. (2023). Optimization of Fluid Bed Dryer Energy Consumption for Pharmaceutical Drug Processes through Machine Learning and Cloud Computing Technologies [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/195847

Αντικείμενο της διατριβής είναι η υπολογιστική και πειραματική διερεύνηση των φαι-νομένων μεταφοράς θερμότητας και μάζας σε πρότυπη εργαστηριακή μονάδα μηχανικής ξήρανσης δια συναγωγής, η οποία σχεδιάσθηκε, κατασκευάσθηκε και εξοπλίσθηκε με μετρητικό εξοπλισμό και ολοκληρωμένο σύστημα ελέγχου, συλλογής και επεξεργασίας των πειραματικών μετρήσεων. Στην εργαστηριακή μονάδα ξήρανσης παρέχεται η δυνατότητα μεταβολής και ελέγχου των βασικών παραμέτρων από τις οποίες επηρεάζεται η θερμική διεργασία της ξήρανσης, όπως η ταχύτητα, η θερμοκρασία και η υγρασία του αέρα ξήρανσης. Η μέτρηση της αποβολής της περιεχομένης υγρασίας στο υπό ξήρανση προϊόν πραγματοποιείται μέσω δυναμοκυψελών υψηλής ακρίβειας, ενώ η χωρική κατανομή της ταχύτητας ροής στην είσοδο του θαλάμου ξήρανσης κατά τη διεξαγωγή κάθε κύκλου πειραμάτων συνεχώς μετρείται με συστοιχία σωλήνων pitot και ενός συστήματος συγκροτούμενου από ηλεκτροβαλβίδες και μορφομετατροπέα πίεσης. Η χωρική κατανομή της θερμοκρασίας και της ταχύτητας στον θάλαμο ξήρανσης είναι δυνατή μέσω αισθητηρίων που προσαρμόζονται σε καρτεσιανό σύστημα μετακίνησης ελεγχόμενου από υπολογιστή το οποίο σχεδιάσθηκε, κατασκευάσθηκε και τοποθετήθηκε στην έξοδο του κατακόρυφου θαλάμου ξήρανσης αποτελώντας πλέον αναπόσπαστο τμήμα της εργαστηριακής μονάδας. Όλες οι μετρήσεις πραγματοποιήθηκαν στον κατακόρυφο θάλαμο ξήρανσης, ενώ παρέχεται η δυνατότητα διεξαγωγής μετρήσεων και στο θάλαμο ξήρανσης οριζόντιας διάταξης. Στα πλαίσια της διατριβής, έγινε συστηματική πειραματική διερεύνηση της ξήρανσης δια συναγωγής σε φέτες κυδωνιών και μελετήθηκε η επίδραση διαφόρων παραμέτρων που επηρεάζουν τη θερμική διεργασία της ξήρανσης σε αυτό το αγροτικό προϊόν, για θερμοκρασίες αέρα 40, 50 και 60οC και ταχύτητες αέρα 1, 2 και 3 m/s. Σκοπός των με-τρήσεων ήταν ο προσδιορισμός: (i) της επίδρασης της θερμοκρασίας και της ταχύτητας του αέρα στις καμπύλες ξήρανσης κυλινδρικών φετών κυδωνιού, (ii) της επίδρασης του πάχους των κυλινδρικών φετών του κυδωνιού στις καμπύλες ξήρανσης, (iii) της επίδρασης του προσανατολισμού των κυλινδρικών φετών κυδωνιού, ως προς τη διεύθυνση της προσπίπτουσας ροής, στις καμπύλες ξήρανσης, (iv) της προσαρμογής των καμπύλων ξήρανσης σε διάφορα απλά μοντέλα ξήρανσης λεπτού στρώματος, v) των ενεργών συντελεστών διάχυσης υγρασίας για την κάθε περίπτωση με την μέθοδο της κλίσης (slope method) και οι οποίοι συσχετίστηκαν με τη θερμοκρασία του αέρα ξήρανσης έτσι ώστε ο συντελεστής διάχυσης της υγρασίας να εκφρασθεί με την εξίσωση μορφής τύπου Arrhenius και vi) των διεπιφανειακών συντελεστών μεταφοράς θερμότητας και μάζας οι οποίοι στη εκφράζονται ως συνάρτηση των αδιάστατων αριθμών Nu, Re και Pr με τη μορφή Nu=aRebPr1/3. Η προσομοίωση του ρευστοθερμικού πεδίου στο θάλαμο ξήρανσης και ο υπολογισμός των διεπιφανειακών συντελεστών μεταφοράς θερμότητας και μάζας γύρω από την επι-φάνειας του προϊόντος πραγματοποιήθηκε με χρήση της εργαλείων της υπολογιστικής ρευστοδυναμικής (CFD). Έγιναν προσομοιώσεις CFD μόνιμης κατάστασης (steady-state), θεωρώντας τυρβώδη ροή ενώ ο θάλαμος ξήρανσης και η κυλινδρική φέτα του κυδωνιού εξιδανικεύθηκε ως μια δισδιάστατη αξονοσυμμετρική διαμόρφωση. Ως μοντέλο τύρβης χρησιμοποιήθηκε το μοντέλο SST (Shear Stress Transport) k-ω, ενώ για την προσέγγιση του οριακού στρώματος στα τοιχώματα του προϊόντος επιλέχθηκε το μοντέλο LRNM (Low Reynolds Number Model). Από την επίλυση των πεδίων ροής και θερμοκρασίας προσδιορίσθηκαν οι κατανομές των διεπιφανειακών συντελεστών στην προσήνεμη και στην υπήνεμη πλευρά της κυλινδρικής φέτας του κυδωνιού για όλες τις πειραματικές συνθήκες. Από τον υπολογισμό του μέσων σταθμισμένων τιμών του διεπιφανειακού συντελεστή μεταφοράς θερμότητας συνάγεται μια συσχέτιση των αδιάστατων αριθμών Nu, Re και Pr, στη μορφή Nu=aRebPr1/3, που ως εύρημα εμπλουτίζει την υφιστάμενη βιβλιογραφία. Στο τελικό στάδιο της διατριβής, αναπτύχθηκε και αποτιμήθηκε σε σύγκριση με τις πειραματικές μετρήσεις ένα μονοδιάστατο αριθμητικό μοντέλο μη-μόνιμης μεταφοράς θερμότητας και μάζας για την προσομοίωση των καμπυλών ξήρανσης σε κυλινδρικές φέτες κυδωνιών. Στο μοντέλο, η μεταφορά θερμότητας εντός του προϊόντος γίνεται με αγωγή ενώ η μεταφορά μάζας γίνεται με υγρή διάχυση, με την εξάτμιση του περιεχόμενου νερού στις φέτες του κυδωνιών να λαμβάνει χώρα από την προσήνεμη και την υπήνεμη επιφάνεια. Στο αριθμητικό μοντέλο, λαμβάνεται υπόψη η συρρίκνωση της κυλινδρικής φέτας του κυδωνιού, θεωρώντας ότι ο όγκος της προϊόντος μειώνεται κάθε φορά κατά τον όγκο του νερού που εξατμίζεται τις δύο επιφάνειες της φέτας. Στον αριθμητικό κώδικα, οι θερμοφυσικές ιδιότητες του κυδωνιού και του αέρα προσδιορίζονται από σχέσεις που συναντώνται στη βιβλιογραφία, ο ενεργός συντελεστής διάχυσης της υγρασίας εισάγεται ως αποτέλεσμα της επεξεργασίας των πειραματικών μετρήσεων, ενώ για τους συντελεστές μεταφοράς χρησιμοποιήθηκαν οι μέσες σταθμισμένες τιμές των διεπιφανειακών συντελεστών μεταφοράς θερμότητας και μάζας, ως αποτέλεσμα των CFD προσομοιώσεων και για περίπτωση μη-συζυγούς προσέγγισης (non-conjugated approach). Στοχεύοντας στην καλύτερη προσαρμογή των πειραματικών μετρήσεων και των υπολογιστικών αποτελεσμάτων, χρησιμοποιήθηκε η ανάλυση μη-γραμμικής παλινδρόμησης, με τους αλγόριθμους SQP (Sequential Quadratic Programming) και εσωτερικού σημείου (internal point), για τον προσδιορισμό των συντελεστών της εξίσωσης διάχυσης της υγρασίας, με μικρή όμως βελτίωση των υπολογιστικών αποτελεσμάτων, σε συνδυασμό με τη σημαντική αύξηση του χρόνου υπολογισμού. Συμπερασματικά, από τη συνολική αξιολόγηση των αποτελεσμάτων του αριθμητικού κώδικα αποδείχθηκε ότι το προτεινόμενο αριθμητικό μοντέλο που βασίζεται στη διάχυση είναι ικανό να περιγράψει αποτελεσματικά τη σύζευξη της μεταφοράς της θερμότητας και της μάζας όπως και να αποτυπώσει ικανοποιητικά τη χρονική εξέλιξη της περιεχόμενης υγρασίας και θερμοκρασίας εντός του προϊόντος, με την ελάχιστη χρήση πειραματικών μεταβλητών εισόδου ενώ έχει ελάχιστες υπολογιστικές απαιτήσεις. Για αυτούς τους λόγους μπορεί να θεωρηθεί κατάλληλο για την ανάλυση της διαδικασίας της ξήρανσης δια συναγωγής σε οποιοδήποτε οργανικό ή μη-οργανικό προϊόν. / The objective subject of this thesis is the computational and experimental investigation of heat and mass transfer phenomena in a new laboratory mechanical convection drying unit, which was designed, constructed and equipped with measuring equipment and an integrated control system of collection and processing of experimental measurements. In laboratory drying unit there is an option to change and control the main parameters of which affected the thermal drying process, such as speed, temperature and humidity of the drying air. Measurement of the removal of moisture content in the dried product is carried out through high-precision load cells, and the spatial distribution of the flow velocity at the entrance of the drying chamber during of each experiment, is continuously measured by pitot tube array and a system composed of solenoids and a pressure transducer. The spatial distribution of temperature and velocity in the drying chamber is possible by means of sensors fitted to a computer controlled cartesian motion system which is designed, constructed and placed at the outlet of the vertical drying chamber, constituting an integral part of the facility. All measurements were performed on the vertical drying chamber while it is possible to conduct measurements in a horizontal layout of the drying chamber. In this thesis became systematic experimental investigation of convective drying sliced quince and studied the effect of various parameters affecting the thermal drying process in this agricultural product, for air temperatures of 40, 50 and 60°C and air velocities 1, 2 and 3 m/s. The purpose of the measurements was to determine: (i) the effect of temperature and air velocity in drying curves of cylindrical quince slice, (ii) the effect of the thickness of the cylindrical slice of quince in drying curves, (iii) the effect of the orientation of the cylindrical quince slice, in the direction of incident flow, in the drying curves (iv) the adjusting of the drying curves in several simple thin layer drying models v) the effective moisture diffusivity coefficients for each case with the slope method which correlated with the temperature of the drying air so that the diffusion coefficient of moisture be expressed by Arrhenius type equation form and vi ) the interfacial heat and mass transfer coefficients which expressed as a function of dimensionless numbers Nu, Re and Pr in the form Nu = aRebPr1/3. The simulation of the flow and temperature fields in the drying chamber and the calcu-lation of the interfacial heat and mass transfer coefficients around the surface of the product were performed using the tools of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). CFD simulations were steady state, considering turbulent flow while drying chamber and cy-lindrical slice of quince specialized as an axisymmetric two-dimensional configuration. As turbulence model was used the SST k-ω model while on the approximation of the boundary layer near the walls of the product the LRNM was chosen. By solving the flow and temperature fields determined distributions of interfacial heat and mass transfer coefficients in front and rear of the cylindrical slice of quince for all experimental conditions. The calculation of the weighted average prices of the interfacial heat transfer coefficient indicates a correlation between dimensionless numbers Nu, Re and Pr, in the form Nu = aRebPr1/3, which as finding enriches the existing literature. In the final stage of the thesis, developed and evaluated in comparison with the experi-mental measurements, a one-dimensional transient numerical model of heat and mass transfer to simulate drying curves in cylindrical slices of quince. The heat transfer inside the quince is considered to be by conduction while the moisture transfer is considered to be governed solely by liquid diffusion. Evaporation is considered to take place only from the windward and leeward surface of the quince slice. The numerical model takes into account the shrinkage of the cylindrical slice of quince, assuming that the cylindrical volume decreases each time as much as the volume of water that evaporates on both surfaces of the slice. The numerical code used the thermophysical properties of quince and air from the literature, the effective diffusion coefficient of moisture experimentally determined by the method of the slopes, while the transfer coefficients used the weighted average prices of interfacial heat and mass transfer coefficients derived from the simulations with CFD (non-conjugated approach). In order to achieve higher accuracy between experimental data and predictions, a non-linear regression analysis, using an Arrhenius type effective diffusion equation, was also performed. However, preliminary result, obtained using the SQP (Sequential Quadratic Programming) and Interior Point algorithms for the minimization of the Chi-square function (χ2) showed only small improvement of the calculated results with a significant increase of the computational cost. In conclusion, the overall assessment of the results of the numeric code shown that the proposed numerical model based on diffusion is able to effectively describe the coupling of heat transfer and mass, as to capture the time evolution of moisture content and temperature within the product, with minimum use of experimental input variables and minimum computational requirements. For these reasons it may be considered appropriate to analyze the convective drying process in any organic or non-organic product.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-09-06T19:46:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PEDRO RONALDO HERCULANO DE HOLANDA - TESE PPGEP 2007..pdf: 24364278 bytes, checksum: bf312b5c491a2630da9f313927a3c187 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-06T19:46:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PEDRO RONALDO HERCULANO DE HOLANDA - TESE PPGEP 2007..pdf: 24364278 bytes, checksum: bf312b5c491a2630da9f313927a3c187 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-26 / A cultura do bicho-da-seda (Sericicultura), é uma atividade em fase de desenvolvimento no mundo inteiro, gerando emprego, renda agrícola e intercâmbio comercial. O casulo produzido pelo bicho-da-seda é constituído de casca, crisálida e espólio, sendo a casca constituída basicamente por sericina e fibroina. Devido ao alto teor de umidade (68 a 70%, em base úmida) e o curto ciclo de vida da crisálida (4 a 5 dias depois da colheita), é necessário que o casulo seja submetido ao processo de secagem, com a finalidade de ser armazenado com baixo teor de umidade (10 a 12% b.s), para posteriormente ser utilizado na Indústria de fiação, onde é transformado em produtos de alto valor comercial. Nesse sentido, esse trabalho tem como objetivo o projeto, a construção e a experimentação de um secador (tipo esteira com fluxos cruzados) e simulação da secagem de casulos do bicho-da-seda. São referenciados aspectos construtivos, funcionamento do secador e uma modelagem matemática para descrever as trocas de energia e massa entre o produto e o ar de secagem no interior do secador. As equações matemáticas foram resolvidas numericamente usando o método de volumes finitos. Resultados do desempenho de componentes do secador experimental e da secagem do casulo (simulada) são discutidos e analisados. Verificou-se que o teor de água do produto, no processo de secagem depende fortemente da temperatura, levemente da espessura da camada de casulos e praticamente independe da velocidade do ar de secagem. O secador desenvolvido tem as seguintes vantagens: versatilidade, baixo custo de construção, totalmente desmontável, boa mobilidade e esteiras controladas eletronicamente. / The culture of the silkworm (sériciculture) is an activity in development in all the world generating job, agricultural financial support and commercial exchange. Shell, chrysalis and booty constitute the cocoon produced by Bombix mori L. The shell is composed of fibroin and sericin. The cocoon has high initial moisture content (68 - 70% w. b.) and a the chrysalis has a low life cycle (4-5 days after harvested). Then, it needs to be submitted to the drying process and to be stored at low moisture content (10 - 12% d. b.) and after it needs to be marketed to produce silk yarns, which are used on the manufacturing of high cost products. In this sense, the goal of this work is to design, to make and to test a cross flow band conveyon dryer and to simulate silk worm cocoon drying. Building and working aspect of the dryer and mathematical modeling to describe heat and mans transfer between air and product inside the dryer are reported. The mathematical equation are solved numerically using the finite volume method. Results of the performance of the experimental dryer and cocoon drying (simulated) are presented and analyzed. From the results it was verified that during of the drying process, the moisture content of the cocoon depends strongly of the air temperature, slightly of the cocoon layer thinkness and it is almost affected by air flow rate. The following advantages of the dryer can be cited versatility, low costoff the building, many easy to pieces, good mobility and electronic control of the wire net.

<p>Istraživanja u okviru ove disertacije obuhvataju ispitivanje fizičkih, hemijskih i biolo&scaron;kih osobina svežeg i osu&scaron;enog ko&scaron;tičavog voća i razvoj inovativnog tehničkog re&scaron;enja su&scaron;enja voća u vakuumu. Dobijeni rezultati istraživanja daju doprinos formiranju baze naučnih znanja u vezi sa karakteristikama ko&scaron;tičavog voća osu&scaron;enog različitim tehnikama su&scaron;enja: konvektivnim su&scaron;enjem, vakuum su&scaron;enjem i liofilizacijom (su&scaron;enjem zamrzavanjem). Projektovan inovativni prototip vakuum su&scaron;are sa ejektorskim sistemom omogućava očuvanje biolo&scaron;ki aktivnih komponenata voća uz mogućnost smanjenja investicionih tro&scaron;kova i tro&scaron;kova održavanja opreme. Takođe je uspe&scaron;no prikazana mogućnost primene analize glavnih komponenata (eng. Principal Component Analysis, PCA), ve&scaron;tačke neuronske mreže (eng. Artificial Neural Networks, ANN) i matematičkog modelovanja za opisivanje funkcionalne zavisnosti primenjenih parametara su&scaron;enja i fizičkih, hemijskih i biolo&scaron;kih osobina osu&scaron;enog voća, optimizaciju procesa su&scaron;enja, kao i za pronalaženje modela koji najbolje opisuje proces su&scaron;enja.</p> / <p>Research in the framework of the thesis includes investigation of physical, chemical and biological properties of fresh and dried stone fruit and the development of an innovative technical solution for fruit vacuum drying. The obtained results contribute to the formation of the scientific base of knowledge, regarding the characteristics of stone fruit dried by different drying techniques: convective drying, vacuum drying and lyophilization (freeze drying). The designed innovative prototype of a vacuum dryer with an ejector system enables the preservation of biologically active fruit compounds with the possibility of reducing investment and equipment maintenance costs.<br />The possibility of application of Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and mathematical modeling for describing the functional dependence between applied drying parameters and physical, chemical and biological properties of dried fruit, optimization of the drying process, as well for finding the model that best describes the drying process was presented in this work.</p>