A supply chain comprises all processes, such as production, warehousing, sourcing and transport, which are necessary to deliver the desired products to the customer. In this respect, supply chain management deals with the design of these processes to fulfil customer requirements at low costs. Traditionally, the decisions are based on the economic performance of a supply chain, which can be measured with financial criteria, such as total landed costs and profit, or non-financial criteria, like customer service. Recently, other criteria, such as quality, flexibility and the impact of supply chain activities on the environment, have become important as well. However, prevalent supply chain strategies, such as offshoring or outsourcing and centralization of locations, often lead to an improvement of economic criteria while negatively affecting the environment due to increased transport activity and the related carbon emissions. Now, stricter regulations and increasing customer awareness with respect to the environment encourage companies to reconsider their strategies and to search for supply chain strategies which are cost-efficient, provide the required customer service and are at the same time environmentally friendly. This work deals with the issue of supply chains and their impact on the environment. In particular, the relation between different sourcing strategies and transport carbon emissions is analysed. We compare single offshore sourcing with dual sourcing relying on an offshore and an onshore supplier. For this purpose, we use a single-period inventory model, also known as newsvendor or newsboy model. We present the classical newsvendor model, i.e. the single offshore sourcing strategy, as well as the basic dual sourcing model. We evaluate the performance of the supply chain with the different sourcing strategies based on expected profit, customer service and transport carbon emissions. In addition to that, we integrate environmental regulations with respect to transport carbon emissions (emission limit, emission taxes and emission trading) into the basic dual sourcing model. We analyse how the decision of the company is influenced by these regulations. Furthermore, we have a closer look at how the regulations influence the economic and environmental performance of the supply chain. We provide analytical as well as numerical results and derive implications for policy-making and management. (author's abstract)

We extend the dual sourcing model based on the newsvendor framework by considering the environmental impact of transport. In our context, dual sourcing means that a company, e.g. a retailer, uses an offshore and an onshore supplier. We include environmental regulations for transport in the model. Firstly, emission taxes for the transport from the offshore source are considered. It can be shown that with increasing emissions taxes the company sources less from offshore. This improves the environmental performance but the economic performance (expected profit) is severely harmed. Secondly, we propose that an emission trading scheme is valid for transport activities. In this case, the optimal policy turns out to be a two-sided control-limit policy. If the emission limit (expressed in product units) is set to the minimal offshore order quantity the environmental impact of transport can be reduced while the economic performance is nearly not affected. Thus, from managerial perspective emission trading is preferred to an emission tax on transport. Also from the perspective of policy-making emission trading is reasonable as it helps to limit the negative environmental impact of transport but does not strongly reduce the competitiveness of individual companies.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-09-19T15:57:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Silvio Mauricio de Souza.pdf: 1650881 bytes, checksum: 8b61d5dece246625d9a4f03a416a26d2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-19T15:57:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silvio Mauricio de Souza.pdf: 1650881 bytes, checksum: 8b61d5dece246625d9a4f03a416a26d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / With the increase in production worldwide advancing, just as is the increased use of natural resources and therefore have a greater environmental degradation. The economic growth is part of the goals of any nation, but civil society is increasingly concerned with the direction this is taking such growth. Not only society, but also the rulers are concerned with environmental issues and climate change that surround the planet. Companies in turn, also following this environmental movement, seek to reduce the use of natural resources and take measures to minimize the impacts caused by its processes on the environment. One way to do this is to establish an environmental assessment on its suppliers, given that bulk of parts of manufacturers are purchased from the supply chain. However, there are many questions of how an environmental assessment can bring positive and effective results for the company, since recent research indicates that many papers, not certain why the supplier was the best choice or even worse make clear, do not make clear how this particular supplier can improve its environmental classification. This study carried out a comparative environmental assessment of two suppliers in a process of dual sourcing using the Material Input per Units of Service - MIPS as environmental tool. For this study the research methodology used was the case study by means semi-structured interviews, comparing the two processes of suppliers with a process called Reference. The results showed how a supplier is more eco-efficient than other and it was possible to generate a rating for both. In addition, the study allowed the least eco-efficient supplier, which clearly visualize the points in your process could be improved. / Com o aumento da produção em nível mundial avançando, da mesma maneira ocorre o aumento do uso de recursos naturais e por consequência têm-se uma maior degradação do meio ambiente. O crescimento econômico faz parte do objetivo de qualquer nação, entretanto a sociedade civil está cada vez mais preocupada com os rumos que este tal crescimento está tomando. Não somente a sociedade, mas também os governantes estão preocupados com as questões ambientais e mudanças climáticas que rodeiam o planeta. As empresas por sua vez, também acompanhando este movimento ambiental, procuram reduzir o uso de recursos naturais e tomam medidas para minimizar os impactos causados por seus processos no meio ambiente. Uma forma de fazer isso é estabelecer uma avaliação ambiental em seus fornecedores, haja vista que os maiores volumes de peças de uma montadora são provenientes de peças compradas da cadeia de suprimentos. No entanto, existem muitas dúvidas de como uma avaliação ambiental pode trazer resultados positivos e efetivos para a companhia, uma vez que pesquisas recentes apontam que muitos trabalhos, não deixam claro o porquê determinado fornecedor foi a melhor escolha, e ainda, não elucidam como o fornecedor que não obteve uma boa avaliação pode melhorar sua classificação ambiental. Este trabalho realizou uma avaliação ambiental comparativa entre dois fornecedores em um processo de dual sourcing com o uso da ferramenta ambiental Material Input per Units of Service - MIPS. Para a realização deste estudo a metodologia de pesquisa adotada foi o estudo de caso por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, que compararam os dois processos dos fornecedores com um processo chamado de Referência. Os resultados demonstraram o quanto um fornecedor é mais eco-eficiente que o outro e com isso foi possível gerar uma classificação para ambos. Além disso, o estudo permitiu que o fornecedor menos ecoeficiente, visualizasse claramente quais os pontos em que seu processo poderia ser aprimorado.

This dissertation studies strategies to mitigate the risks associated with operational and strategic decisions of a firm, particularly focusing on project management, product development and procurement decisions. In the first essay we develop two simulation-based methods to evaluate risky capital investment projects that involve managerial flexibility. Many risky projects are characterized by significant demand and operational risks (such as learning curve uncertainty) that are difficult to capture by simple stochastic processes. We propose using system dynamics simulations to estimate the cash flow resulting from these projects and build upon prior work on real options valuation in the decision analysis literature to develop two valuation algorithms. In the second essay we explore the technology investment decisions for platforms in markets that exhibit cross-network effects. We focus on the trade-off firms must make between investing new product development resources to increase a platform's core performance and functionality versus investments designed to leverage the platform's cross-network effects. Abstracting from examples drawn from multiple industries, we use a strategic model to gain intuition about how to make such trade-off decisions under competition. In the third essay, we analyze the optimal procurement strategy of a firm that faces supply and demand risk. In particular, the firm can source from two unreliable suppliers with different delivery characteristics. We study the optimal order allocation policy shaped by the trade-offs between delivery leadtime, reliability and procurement cost. Further, we discuss the value of leadtime flexibility in supply risk mitigation and highlight the role of an inferior supplier in a firm's multi-sourcing strategy. The main contribution of this dissertation to the operations management literature is two-fold. First, it illustrates the role of effective risk mitigation through operational strategies of leadtime flexibility and supply diversification as well as through recognizing managerial flexibility. Second, it highlights the importance of leveraging third-party content development while making technology investment decisions for platforms in two-sided markets. / text

Genom en rad globala kriser har de senaste åren tydliggjort hur en ökad global osäkerhet,inramad genom VUCA-teorin (Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, and Ambiguity), harpåverkat företags riskhanteringsstrategier för lagerhantering och lokaliseringsbeslut. Studienundersöker Just in Time, Just in Case, reshoring- och regionaliseringsstrategier som svar påglobala kriser likt COVID-19, Suezkanalsblockaden samt Ryssland-Ukraina-konflikten.Händelserna har tydliggjort de globala leveranskedjornas sårbarhet, vilket medfört enomvärdering av supply chain management med ett ökat fokus på robusthet mot externaförändringar. Riskminimerande strategier likt omlokalisering av leverantörer och ökadlagerhållning kan dock medföra ökade kostnader. Studien ämnar därmed att undersöka omkriserna i närtid har haft en påverkan på företags strategier gällande risktagande samt vilkatrender som kan urskiljas mellan geografiska beslut och lagerhållningsstrategier. Studien harundersökt forskningsområdet genom kvalitativ forskning där datainsamling genomförtsgenom bland annat intervjuer med personer med insyn och ansvar inom sex globala företagsleveranskedjor. Resultatet visar på ett förhållande mellan stora säkerhetslager, Just in case,samt möjlighet att förlägga leverantörer med lång geografisk distans, offshoring. Motsatvishar även ett förhållande funnits mellan riskhanteringsstrategin med närliggande leverantörer,reshoring/regionalisering och möjlighet att tillämpa små lagernivåer, Just in time. Studien hardärmed bidragit med insikter om hur företags riskhanteringsstrategier förändrats till följd avomvärldsosäkerhet, samt hur de geografiska och lagerhållningsmässiga strategiernaprioriteras av globala företag.

L'objectif de cette recherche est de développer des modèles aussi bien conceptuels, analytiques et managériaux en analysant un maillon de la supply chain, à savoir la relation entre un distributeur et deux fournisseurs opérant dans un environnement incertain. Dans la première partie de la thèse, nous considérons un seul produit, plutôt haut de gamme et/ou périssable, et nous faisons l’analyse sur un horizon d’une période. Dans ce cas précis, les caractéristiques unitaires du produit sont toutes non linéaires, à savoir : le prix, le coût de production, le coût de rupture, le coût de reprise. La demande est supposée être une variable aléatoire. Dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, nous nous inspirons des pratiques de firmes internationales qui s’approvisionnent, pour une partie de leur offre, dans des pays à bas coûts. Nous développons plusieurs modèles mais dont la structure de base est similaire, à savoir : deux produits (un haut gamme acheté localement et l’autre bas de gamme acheté dans les pays à bas coûts), un horizon de trois périodes, deux fournisseurs à capacité de production limitée et un distributeur ayant des capacités de stockage limitées. Une panoplie de résultats théoriques, numériques ainsi que des insights sont présentés.Les modèles développés peuvent être utilisés comme des outils d’aide { la prise de décision dans les environnements décrits dans cette thèse / The objective of this research is to develop conceptual, analytical, and managerial models and insights by analyzing a portion of the supply chain made up of a retailer dealing with two suppliers in an uncertain environment. In the first part of this thesis, we consider a single high-end (or perishable) product, single period, variable unit price, variable unit production cost, variable unit shortage cost, variable unit salvagevalue, stochastic demand problem. In a second part of the thesis, we consider settings inspired by the case of large international companies sourcing some of their products from low cost countries. This structure is as follows: two products (one sourced locally and the other sourced abroad), a three-period, two-stages, two capacitated suppliers, and a single capacitated retailer. Both analytical and numerical results are provided. Important theoretical results and insights are developed for these types of settings. These models can be used as decision-making aid tools in such environments