Background: The systemic immune-inflammation index based on peripheral neutrophil, lymphocyte, and platelet counts has shown a prognostic impact in several malignancies. The aim of this study was to determine the prognostic role of systemic immune-inflammation index in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma undergoing resection. Methods: Consecutive patients who underwent surgical resection at the department of surgery at the Medical University of Vienna between 1995 and 2014 were included into this study. The systemic immune-inflammation index was calculated by the formula platelet*neutrophil/lymphocyte. Optimal cutoffs were determined using Youden's index. Uni-and multivariate analyses were calculated by the Cox proportional hazard regression model for overall survival. Results Three hundred twenty-one patients were included in this study. Clinical data was achieved from a prospective patient database. In univariate survival analysis, elevated systemic immune-inflammation index was found to be significantly associated with shortened patients' overall survival (p = 0.007). In multivariate survival analysis, systemic immune-inflammation index remained an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (p = 0.004). No statistical significance could be found for platelet to lymphocyte ratio and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in multivariate analysis. Furthermore, area under the curve analysis showed a higher prognostic significance for systemic immune-inflammation index, compared to platelet to lymphocyte ratio and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio. Conclusion A high systemic immune-inflammation index is an independent, preoperative available prognostic factor in patients with resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and is superior to platelet to lymphocyte ratio and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio for predicting overall survival in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterised by an intense desmoplastic stromal response that can comprise 60 to 80% of tumour volume and has been implicated to be a factor in promoting tumour invasiveness and the poor prognosis associated with this cancer type. It is now well established that pancreatic stellate cells, which are vitamin A storing cells found in the periacinar spaces of the stroma in the normal gland, are primarily responsible for this desmoplastic reaction. Studying the interaction between stellate cells and cancer cells could provide for a better understanding of the disease process. During the evolution of PDAC, the stromal proportion increases from 4% in the normal gland to up to 80%. We hypothesised that there is an optimal proportion of stellate cells and cancer cells that modulates tumour behaviour and we attempted to dissect out this probable ‘tipping point’ for stromal composition upon cancer cell behaviour using a well-established in vitro organotypic culture model of pancreatic cancer. The cancer cell-stromal cell interaction led to extra-cellular matrix contraction and stiffening; and an increase in cancer cell number. The stromal stellate cells conferred a pro-survival and pro-invasive effect on cancer cells which was most pronounced at a stellate cell proportion of 0.66-0.83. The expression of key molecules involved in EMT and metastasis such as E-Cadherin and β-catenin showed a reduction and this was found to be most significant again at a stellate cell proportion of 0.66-0.83. Stellate cells altered the genetic profile of cancer cells leading to differential expression of genes involved in key cellular pathways such as cell-cycle and proliferation, cell movement and death, cell-cell signalling, and inflammatory response. qRT-PCR confirmed the differential expression of the top differentially expressed genes and protein validation by immunofluorescence staining using PIGR as a candidate molecule confirmed the experimental findings in human PDAC specimens. This study demonstrates that the progressive accumulation of desmoplastic stromal cells has a tumour progressive (pro-survival, pro-invasive) effect on cancer cells in addition to stiffening (contraction) of the extracellular matrix (maximum effect when the stromal cell proportion is 60-80%). This is mediated through a number of signalling cascades and molecular targets. Dampening this tumour-promoting interaction between cancer and stromal cells by ‘multi-targeting’ agents may allow traditional chemo- and/or radiotherapy to be effective.

Orientador: Maria Luiza Cotrim Sator de Oliveira / Resumo: A maioria dos tumores malignos da mama apresenta aspecto morfológico de carcinoma ductal invasivo que pode apresentar diferentes prognósticos. Diante disso, conclui-se que a identificação do padrão morfológico não é suficiente para o estabelecimento do prognóstico, e que existe a necessidade da identificação de novos biomarcadores imunoistoquímicos que indiquem moléculas sinalizadoras importantes para proliferação e sobrevivência das células neoplásicas, e que possam ser alvos de modalidades terapêuticas oncológicas. A ocorrência de alterações dos mecanismos regulatórios genéticos da apoptose pode resultar em uma hiperativação das proteínas antiapoptóticas, com a perda da sensibilidade aos sinais de morte fisiológica, evitando-se a ocorrência da apoptose e resultando, desse modo, na preservação de células geneticamente alteradas com consequente aumento no seu número. Esse é um evento crítico para o início do crescimento tumoral, com repercussões no prognóstico e na resistência ao tratamento oncológico. Dessa forma, o entendimento da maquinaria das vias do processo apoptótico é de crucial importância na avaliação prognóstica do processo neoplásico, pois suas moléculas são importantes biomarcadores da proliferação e sobrevivência celular. Objetivos: Avaliar a relação entre as proteínas inibidoras do processo apoptótico (IAPs) e seu inibidor Smac/DIABLO no carcinoma mamário ductal invasivo, sem outra especificação (SOE). Analisar, também, sua correlação com os marcadores imunoi... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Most of malignant breast tumors exhibit morphological aspect of invasive ductal carcinoma, not otherwise specified (NOS) carcinoma, that can present different prognosis. It concludes that the identification of the morphological type of the breast cancer is not enough to establish tumor prognosis. So there is the need to recognize new immunohistochemistry biomarkers that can identify important molecular signaling proteins of neoplastic cell proliferation and survival that can be used as target of oncological therapeutic. Changes in these regulatory mechanisms that favors the hiperactivation of antiapoptotic proteins can set the loss of the physiological signs of cell death avoiding the occurrence of apoptosis and preserving genetic modified cells. This is a critical event to the beginning of tumor growth which may further lead to repercussions in prognosis and cancer resistance to therapy. The knowledge about the different pathways to apoptosis is crucial to evaluate the prognosis of the neoplastic process. Objectives: To study the relation between the inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) and their antagonist, the protein SMAC/DIABLO, in invasive ductal breast carcinoma and also evaluate their correlation with the usual prognostic immunohistochemical markers, Apoptotic Index and clinical prognostics factors. Design: TMA paraffin blocks were made with invasive ductal breast carcinoma tissue samples of patients operated at the Botucatu School of Medicine Hospital from 1980 ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Introduction: Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) traffics Immunoglobulins (IgA and IgM) through epithelial cells in normal mucosae but neither are expressed in the normal pancreas. Recent work has demonstrated pIgR to be upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma, even though it is not expressed in normal liver cells. High pIgR levels are associated with poor survival and distant metastases for a number of cancers such as nasopharyngeal cancers, lung and oesophageal cancers. Recent work from our laboratory suggested pIgR may be upregulated in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). My aim was to assess pIgR's role in PDAC by interrogating human PDAC tissue samples as well using cell biology experimental tools. Methods: pIgR expression was manipulated (siRNA and shRNA) in cell lines to evaluate its subsequent effect on cell behaviour in 2D assays as well as 3D organotypics models. Tissue Microarrays of patients with PDAC were analysed after pIgR, αSMA, E-Cadherin and Picrosirius Red staining to assess their role as a combined bio-marker panel. Results: Cytokines such as interleukin 4 (IL4) and Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNFα) could not modulate pIgR expression in PDAC cell lines despite this effect being seen in other studies using colorectal and nasopharyngeal cancer cell lines. Downregulation in pIgR expression in Capan1 cell line resulted in reduction of cellular proliferation (n= 3, P < 0.05, Friedman test), adhesion (n= 3, P < 0.05, Kruskal-Wallis) and migration (n= 3, P < 0.05, Kruskal-Wallis). In 3D organotypic models, pIgR downregulation resulted in reduced cancer cell invasion (n= 9, P < 0.05, Kruskal- Wallis) and diminished contraction of gels (n= 9, P < 0.05, Kruskal-Wallis). In human PDAC, decreased E-cadherin expression correlates with increased pIgR expression through pancreatic intra-epithelial neoplasia (PanIN) progression. There was no IgA expression in PDAC. pIgR expression had no clinical correlation with routine prognostic measures such as differentiation, lymph node metastasis (n= 88, P=0.5012, Kruskal-Wallis). Even in combination with stromal indices (α-smooth muscle action (SMA) and Picrosirius red), low pIgR scores had no statistically significant impact on prognosis but had a trend towards better survival (n= 88, P=0.2791, Mann-Whitney U test). Conclusion: pIgR may be involved in progression from pre-neoplastic lesions such as PanIN to PDAC. pIgR may have a biological impact on cellular motility and invasion due to yet to be deciphered signalling cascades with marked effect on cellular phenotype. Careful analysis is required to study the impact of pIgR on prognostic impact bearing in mind the histological sub-types of pancreatic cancer.

O adenocarcinoma ductal pancreático (ADP) é uma doença altamente letal e agressiva. Alteração no perfil de acetilação das histonas envolvendo desacetilases de histonas (HDAC), assim como modificações da expressão de miRNAs podem levar ao desenvolvimento tumoral. Neste estudo, foi avaliada a expressão das HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 e HDAC7 em ADP e amostras de tecido pancreático não tumoral (TN) usando análises experimentais e de banco de dados. Os níveis de expressão foram correlacionados com características clínico-patológicas dos pacientes e foi realizada uma investigação in silico de miRNAs reguladores de efeito das HDACs. Os níveis de expressão das HDACs foram avaliadas por qRT-PCR a partir de 25 amostras de ADP e 23 amostras de TN e a análise da expressão diferencial (ED) e correlação entre HDACs e miRNAs em ADP foi realizada utilizando perfis de expressão de seis microarranjos do Gene Expression Omnibus. Potenciais relações miRNA-HDACs foram coletadas em bases de dados de interação de miRNAs. Um valor de P<0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Encontramos expressão reduzida em ADP comparado com TN para todas as HDACs analisadas, com P<0,05 para HDAC1, 2 e 3. Entretanto, os fold-changes foram muito baixos e provavelmente sem relevância biológica, e a expressão da HDAC2 e HDAC7 foi correlacionada com a idade ao diagnóstico. Nenhuma outra correlação entre a expressão das HDACs e características clínico-patológicas foi identificada. Análises de ED sugeriram significativa superexpressão das HDAC1, 2 e 7 e subexpressão da HDAC3, contudo todas apresentaram fold-changes pequenos. As análises dos bancos de dados identificaram 728 miRNAs como reguladores das HDACs. Interseções entre os conjuntos de miRNAs (GSE41369 e GSE43796) e aqueles recuperados da análise de expressão diferencial indicaram cinco miRNAs que influenciam a HDAC1 (miR-188-5p, miR-539, miR-708, miR -4269 e miR-3616-3p) e três que influenciam a HDAC2 (miR-4307, miR-944 e miR-195). A expressão das HDACs provavelmente não é um biomarcador de prognóstico robusto para o ADP, uma vez que a expressão diferencial entre os grupos é sutil. Ainda, este e estudos anteriores indicam nenhuma ou pouca associação entre a expressão HDACs e características clínico-patológicas relacionadas com o prognóstico. Finalmente, miRNAs provavelmente não estão exercendo um papel central na regulação da HDACs no ADP. / Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal and aggressive disease. The disruption of histone acetylation through histones deacetylases (HDACs) and expression regulation by miRNAs can lead to tumor development. In this study we assessed HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC7 expression in PDAC and non-tumoral tissue (NT) samples using experimental and databases analysis, correlated their expression levels with clinical and pathological features in patients and performed in silico investigation of HDACs regulation by miRNAs. Expression levels of HDACs were measured by qRT-PCR from 25 PDAC and 23 NT. An analysis of differential expression (DE) and correlation of HDACs and miRNAs in PDAC was performed using six Gene Expression Omnibus microarray datasets. Potential miRNA-HDACs relationships were collected from miRNA interaction databases. A P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. We found reduced expression in PDAC compared with NT for HDAC1, HDAC2 and HDAC3, with P<0.05. Expression levels of HDAC7 did not significantly differ between groups. However, fold-changes were very small and probably not biologically relevant. Only HDAC2 and HDAC7 were associated with age at diagnosis and no other associations between HDAC expression and clinical features were identified. DE analysis suggested significant up-regulation of HDAC1, HDAC2 and HDAC7, and down-regulation of HDAC3, albeit all of them associated with small fold changes. Databases analysis identified 728 miRNAs that could be HDACs regulators. Intersections among the set of miRNAs found in differential expression analysis of GSE41369 and GSE43796 and those retrieved from target prediction identified five miRNAs targeting HDAC1 (miR-188-5p, miR-539, miR-708, miR-4269 and miR-3616-3p) and three targeting HDAC2 (miR-4307, miR-944 and miR-195). HDACs expression is likely not a robust prognostic biomarker in PDAC since differential expression between groups is subtle. Also, this and previous studies indicate no or only very few associations between HDACs expression and clinicopathological features related to prognosis. Finally, miRNAs are probably not exerting a central role in HDAC regulation in PDAC.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1996. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Vários sistemas de classificação de carcinoma ductal in situ de mama (CDIS) têm sido propostos. Decisões terapêuticas são adotadas baseadas na classificação do grau histológico do CDIS associada a outros fatores, como tamanho da lesão, estado das margens, idade da paciente, correlação mamográfica e outros marcadores biológicos de agressividade tumoral avaliados por técnicas moleculares. Poucos estudos avaliaram o grau de concordância de diferentes sistemas de classificação de CDIS. Este estudo tem como objetivo validar um questionário eletrônico associado a um sistema de pontos disponível na Internet (web-based survey), pela determinação de grau de concordância entre diagnósticos de CDIS de mama obtidos com e sem o auxílio deste web-based survey, através de imagens digitalizadas da microscopia segundo as classificações de Holland, Van Nuys e grau nuclear de Black modificado. Além disso, propôs-se determinar a concordância diagnóstica entre patologistas para os sistemas de graduação histológica de Holland e Black modificado dos mesmos casos de CDIS de mama através deste web-based survey. Foram selecionados 43 casos de CDIS de mama para análise inter e intraobservador. Treze patologistas receberam o mesmo conjunto de imagens digitalizadas da microscopia dos casos de CDIS, em formato JPEG, e responderam um questionário contendo os critérios para composição do grau histológico das classificações aqui estudadas. Para tal fim, foi criado um programa informatizado disponível em um website, que organiza as informações coletadas de cada um dos patologistas avaliadores, fornecendo a graduação histológica dos casos para os três sistemas de classificação de forma objetiva, através de um sistema de pontos. Três destes treze patologistas, após um intervalo mínimo de 6 meses, realizaram uma segunda leitura dos mesmos 43 casos, porém desta vez, sem o auxílio do questionário eletrônico e do sistema de pontos. Os resultados foram analisados utilizando a concordância percentual e teste de Kappa. A concordância entre o diagnóstico obtido pelos patologistas a partir do novo método (web-based survey) e aquele obtido sem o questionário eletrônico e sistema de pontos foi semelhante para todos os sistemas de classificação estudados, com valores de Kappa de 0,57 + 0,10, 0,67 + 0,09 e 0,67 + 0,09 para as classificações de Holland, de Van Nuys e para o grau nuclear de Black modificado, respectivamente. A concordância diagnóstica interobservador para o grau nuclear de Black modificado aplicado a casos de CDIS de mama foi considerada aceitável, com valor de Kappa de 0,23 + 0,02. Realizando a comparação entre as classificações estudadas, houve concordância semelhante para a de Holland, mostrando essa última, um valor de Kappa de 0,27 + 0,03. Analisando os subgrupos de patologistas, foi encontrada uma maior reprodutibilidade no grupo de especialistas em patologia mamária em relação aos patologistas residentes, sendo que no caso da classificação de Black modificado, esta diferença foi estatisticamente significativa (κ = 0,43 ± 0,07 vs κ = 0,11 ± 0,05; p = 0,0018). De forma semelhante, a acurácia acompanhou os resultados das concordâncias interobservador, sendo considerada aceitável. O índice de Kappa, quando comparado o diagnóstico do padrão-ouro com a moda do diagnóstico dos patologistas participantes, foi de 0,32 + 0,10 para ambas classificações. Quando avaliada nos subgrupos por interesse em patologia mamária variou de 0,19 + 0,08 a 0,34 + 0,11 para classificação de Black modificado; 0,19 + 0,08 a 0,33 + 0,11 para a classificação de Holland. Conclusões: A reprodutibilidade do diagnóstico obtido através de um programa de pontos disponível na internet (web-based survey) para os sistemas de classificação de CDIS, utilizando imagens digitais, quando comparada ao diagnóstico obtido das mesmas imagens digitais sem o auxílio do novo método, foi regular para as classificações de Holland e boa para as classificações de Van Nuys e para o grau nuclear de Black modificado. Comparando os sistemas de classificação estudados, obteve-se reprodutibilidade e acurácia diagnóstica semelhante para o grau histológico de lesões de CDIS de mama, tanto para a classificação de Holland quanto para o grau nuclear de Black modificado. Tais resultados indicam que a utilização deste sistema de pontos, neste webbased survey para graduar lesões de CDIS, objetivamente, é uma ferramena promissora, útil e confiável. / Several relevant classification systems have been proposed to the ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) with the purpose of offering information concerning the risk of recurrence and progression to invasive carcinoma. Therapeutic decisions are made based on the histological classification, associated with other factors such as histopathological grading, size of lesion, state of margins, age of patient, mammographic correlation, and other biological markers of tumor aggressiveness assessed by molecular techniques. Few studies have examined the degree of agreement in DCIS classifications. This study intends to validate an electronic questionnaire associated with a scoring point system available on the Internet (web-based survey), aiming to assess the ability of the created web-based survey reproduce the diagnosis of the pathologists in their routine work for the classifications of Holland and Van Nuys and the Black modified nuclear grade system. This study also was performed to assess reproducibility comparing interobserver results, and to determine the accuracy of the histological grade of modified Black nuclear grading system and classification of Holland for DCIS lesions, utilizing the same web-based program. 43 cases of DCIS lesions were selected to provide inter and intraobserver analysis. Thirteen pathologists received the same set of digitized images (JPEG format) from microscopy of the DCIS cases, and answered a questionnaire containing the criteria to compose the studied classifications. For these proposals a web-based survey was created. It organizes the information collected from each pathologist participant providing itself the histological grading of the cases in the classification systems studied. After at least 6 months, three pathologists specialized in breast pathology from the thirteen pathologists read again the same set of digitized images, but without the help of the questionnaire, indicating subjectively the diagnosis, using the grading system of their daily practice. The results were analyzed by concordance rate and Kappa statistical method. Overall, diagnostic reproducibility of this web-based survey compared the subjective reading of the digital images was similar for all systems of histological grading classification, with Kappa values of 0.57 + 0.10, 0.67 + 0.09 and 0.67 + 0.09 for Holland, Van Nuys classification and modified Black nuclear grade system respectively, what makes this method useful for surgical pathologist in daily routines. The reliability for the modified Black nuclear grade applied to cases of DCIS was acceptable, with kappa value of 0.23 ± 0.02. Comparing the two classifications studied, there was a similar agreement among both schemes, showing Kappa index of 0.27 ± 0.03 for the Holland classification. Analyzing the subgroups of pathologists rated by their interest in breast pathology, a higher diagnostic reproducibility was found for the group of breast pathology experts in relation to the pathology residents, and in the case of the modified Black nuclear grading system, it was statistically significant (κ = 0.43 ± 0.07 vs κ = 0.11 ± 0.05; p = 0.002). The agreement among all pathologists and the gold standard pathologist similarly followed the results of the interobserver concordance, showing to be acceptable, with Kappa for de overall mode value 0.32 + 0.10 for both classifications. The findings of Kappa index when comparing the gold standard diagnoses and the mode of diagnoses for specialists in breast pathology and pathology residents were, respectively, 0.34 + 0.11 (acceptable) and 0.19 + 0.08 (weak) for the modified Black nuclear grade and 0.33 + 0.11 (acceptable) and 0.19 + 0.08 (weak) for Holland classification. Breast pathology specialists showed greater reproducibility for both classifications evaluated than the pathologists not devoted to breast pathology. Conclusions: The intraobserver diagnostic reproducibility of DCIS with the use of digital images in a webbased survey comparing subjective analysis with the use of a point scoring system is moderate to good for Holland, Van Nuys and modified Black nuclear grade system. The interobserver reproducibility and the diagnostic accuracy were similar for the modified Black nuclear grading system and for the Holland classification system. These findings indicate that the use of this point scoring system in this web-based survey to objectively grade DCIS lesions is a promising, useful and a reliable diagnostic tool.

AQUINO, Ranniere Gurgel Furtado de. Perfil anatomopatológico dos carcinomas ductais em um serviço de referência de Fortaleza de 2005 a 2014 : correlação com a idade e com as metástases axilares. 2016. 60 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Cirurgia) - Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2016. / Submitted by Luciene Oliveira (luciene@ufc.br) on 2017-07-03T16:46:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_rgfa.pdf: 3369456 bytes, checksum: e3dc6bea5e61bb6cbb337cbe40e4a33a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by denise santos (denise.santos@ufc.br) on 2017-07-20T16:22:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_rgfa.pdf: 3369456 bytes, checksum: e3dc6bea5e61bb6cbb337cbe40e4a33a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-20T16:22:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_rgfa.pdf: 3369456 bytes, checksum: e3dc6bea5e61bb6cbb337cbe40e4a33a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-15 / Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, and its morphological characteristics, despite the current molecular classification, also provide important information about the pattern of this disease. In order to standardize the morphological classification of breast cancer and to refine the clinical applicability of anatomopathological reports, the histological grade of Scarff-Bloom-Richardson (SBR) system was proposed, which, later was modified by Nottingham group, in which tumors are graded 1, 2 and 3 according to the structural and cellular findings. In 1991, its prognostic value was demonstrated for the first time and, since then, several studies have validated it, which has made it a classification system recommended worldwide. The aim of this study was to understand the pathological profile of ductal carcinomas of the Maternidade Escola Assis Chateubriant, correlating with age and with axillary metastases. They studied 302 cases of ductal carcinoma patients from Mastology service of Universidade Federal do Ceará - UFC in the period 2005-2014, aged ≤ 50 years and above 50 years. The following morphological characteristics were analyzed: larger diameter of the tumor, axillary metastasis and histological grade. It was determinate histological grade, tubular grade, nuclear grade and mitotic index in axillary metastasis to compare with primary tumor. The average age of patients was 55.6 years. The average tumor size was 3.4 cm. 40 % of the tumors have diameter ≤ 2cm and 60% > 2cm. According to the histological grade, 23.7 % were grade 1, 32.1 % grade 2 and 42% grade 3. 66 % of the cases showed axillary metastasis and 34 % didn’t show. Women with age ≤ 50 years had fewer tumors grade 1 (p = 0.002) compared to grades 2 and 3. Women older than 50 years had more grade 3 tumors (p = 0.002) and more tumors larger than 2 cm of diameter (p <0.001). The presence of metastasis predominated in both age groups when analyzed alone (p < 0.001). When compared to the primary tumor, the axillary metastases showed a higher frequency of histological grade 3 (66,7%), tubular grade 3 (85,5%), nuclear grade 3 (58%) and mitotic index 2 (58%). The tubular formation was minor in axillary metastasis (p=0,04). Based on the above, it is concluded that women older than 50 years had larger and more undifferentiated tumors and women aged ≤ 50 years had less well-differentiated tumors. There was no difference in morphology between these two groups when compared each other. The axillary implants revealed a more disorganized tissue morphology, which formed a lower number of tubules when compared to the breast primary tumors. / O câncer de mama é o que mais acomete mulheres no mundo; e suas características morfológicas, a despeito da atual classificação molecular, ainda fornecem informações importantes sobre comportamento desta doença. No intuito de padronizar a classificação morfológica do câncer de mama e de refinar a aplicabilidade clínica dos laudos anatomopatológicos, foi proposta a classificação do grau histológico de Scarff-Bloom- Richardson que, posteriormente, foi modificada pelo grupo de Nottingham, onde os tumores recebem graus 1, 2 e 3 de acordo com os achados estruturais e celulares. Em 1991, seu valor prognóstico foi demonstrado pela primeira vez e, desde então, diversos estudos a validaram, o que a tornou um sistema de classificação recomendado mundialmente. O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer o perfil anatomopatológico dos carcinomas ductais de pacientes tratadas na Maternidade Escola Assis Chateubriant, correlacionando com a faixa etária e com as metástases axilares. Foram estudados 302 casos de carcinoma ductal de pacientes do serviço de Mastologia da Universidade Federal do Ceará - UFC, no período de 2005 a 2014, tendo como ponto de corte a idade: ≤ 50 anos e acima de 50 anos. Foram analisadas as características morfológicas: maior diâmetro do tumor, presença de metástase axilar e grau histológico. Em seguida, foram determinados os graus histológico, tubular e nuclear e o índice mitótico na metástase axilar para comparação com os achados do tumor primário. A idade média das pacientes foi 55,6 anos. O tamanho médio dos tumores foi 3,4 cm. 40% dos tumores possuíam diâmetro ≤ 2cm e 60% > 2cm. Quanto ao grau histológico, 23,7% eram grau 1, 32,1% grau 2 e 42% grau 3. 66% dos casos apresentaram metástase axilar e 34% não. Mulheres com idade ≤ 50 anos apresentaram menos tumores grau 1 (p=0,002) em relação aos graus 2 e 3. Mulheres acima de 50 anos apresentaram mais tumores grau 3 (p=0,002) e mais tumores com mais de 2 centímetros de diâmetro (p<0,001). A presença de metástase predominou nas duas faixas etárias quando analisadas isoladamente (p<0,001). Quando comparadas ao tumor primário, as metástases axilares evidenciaram uma frequência maior de grau histológico 3 (66,7%), tubular 3 (85,5%), nuclear 3 (58%) e índice mitótico 2 (58%). A formação tubular foi menor nas metástases axilares (p=0,04). Diante do exposto, conclui-se que mulheres acima de 50 anos apresentaram tumores maiores e de morfologia mais indiferenciada e as com idade ≤ 50 anos apresentaram menos tumores bem diferenciados. Não houve diferença da morfologia entre as faixas etárias quando comparadas entre si e os implantes axilares apresentaram morfologia tecidual mais desorganizada formando menos túbulos quando comparados aos tumores primários.

O adenocarcinoma ductal pancreático (ADP) é uma doença altamente letal e agressiva. Alteração no perfil de acetilação das histonas envolvendo desacetilases de histonas (HDAC), assim como modificações da expressão de miRNAs podem levar ao desenvolvimento tumoral. Neste estudo, foi avaliada a expressão das HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 e HDAC7 em ADP e amostras de tecido pancreático não tumoral (TN) usando análises experimentais e de banco de dados. Os níveis de expressão foram correlacionados com características clínico-patológicas dos pacientes e foi realizada uma investigação in silico de miRNAs reguladores de efeito das HDACs. Os níveis de expressão das HDACs foram avaliadas por qRT-PCR a partir de 25 amostras de ADP e 23 amostras de TN e a análise da expressão diferencial (ED) e correlação entre HDACs e miRNAs em ADP foi realizada utilizando perfis de expressão de seis microarranjos do Gene Expression Omnibus. Potenciais relações miRNA-HDACs foram coletadas em bases de dados de interação de miRNAs. Um valor de P<0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Encontramos expressão reduzida em ADP comparado com TN para todas as HDACs analisadas, com P<0,05 para HDAC1, 2 e 3. Entretanto, os fold-changes foram muito baixos e provavelmente sem relevância biológica, e a expressão da HDAC2 e HDAC7 foi correlacionada com a idade ao diagnóstico. Nenhuma outra correlação entre a expressão das HDACs e características clínico-patológicas foi identificada. Análises de ED sugeriram significativa superexpressão das HDAC1, 2 e 7 e subexpressão da HDAC3, contudo todas apresentaram fold-changes pequenos. As análises dos bancos de dados identificaram 728 miRNAs como reguladores das HDACs. Interseções entre os conjuntos de miRNAs (GSE41369 e GSE43796) e aqueles recuperados da análise de expressão diferencial indicaram cinco miRNAs que influenciam a HDAC1 (miR-188-5p, miR-539, miR-708, miR -4269 e miR-3616-3p) e três que influenciam a HDAC2 (miR-4307, miR-944 e miR-195). A expressão das HDACs provavelmente não é um biomarcador de prognóstico robusto para o ADP, uma vez que a expressão diferencial entre os grupos é sutil. Ainda, este e estudos anteriores indicam nenhuma ou pouca associação entre a expressão HDACs e características clínico-patológicas relacionadas com o prognóstico. Finalmente, miRNAs provavelmente não estão exercendo um papel central na regulação da HDACs no ADP. / Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal and aggressive disease. The disruption of histone acetylation through histones deacetylases (HDACs) and expression regulation by miRNAs can lead to tumor development. In this study we assessed HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC7 expression in PDAC and non-tumoral tissue (NT) samples using experimental and databases analysis, correlated their expression levels with clinical and pathological features in patients and performed in silico investigation of HDACs regulation by miRNAs. Expression levels of HDACs were measured by qRT-PCR from 25 PDAC and 23 NT. An analysis of differential expression (DE) and correlation of HDACs and miRNAs in PDAC was performed using six Gene Expression Omnibus microarray datasets. Potential miRNA-HDACs relationships were collected from miRNA interaction databases. A P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. We found reduced expression in PDAC compared with NT for HDAC1, HDAC2 and HDAC3, with P<0.05. Expression levels of HDAC7 did not significantly differ between groups. However, fold-changes were very small and probably not biologically relevant. Only HDAC2 and HDAC7 were associated with age at diagnosis and no other associations between HDAC expression and clinical features were identified. DE analysis suggested significant up-regulation of HDAC1, HDAC2 and HDAC7, and down-regulation of HDAC3, albeit all of them associated with small fold changes. Databases analysis identified 728 miRNAs that could be HDACs regulators. Intersections among the set of miRNAs found in differential expression analysis of GSE41369 and GSE43796 and those retrieved from target prediction identified five miRNAs targeting HDAC1 (miR-188-5p, miR-539, miR-708, miR-4269 and miR-3616-3p) and three targeting HDAC2 (miR-4307, miR-944 and miR-195). HDACs expression is likely not a robust prognostic biomarker in PDAC since differential expression between groups is subtle. Also, this and previous studies indicate no or only very few associations between HDACs expression and clinicopathological features related to prognosis. Finally, miRNAs are probably not exerting a central role in HDAC regulation in PDAC.