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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
61

Deformationsstrukturer i ett duplext rostfritt stål (SAF 2507) / Deformation structures in a duplex stainless steel (SAF 2507)

Ljungberg, Adam, Schmidt, Nathalie January 2014 (has links)
För att kunna förbättra processer och användning av det duplexa rostfria stålet SAF 2507 måste dess deformationsegenskaper undersökas och förklaras. Genom EBSD-analyser har deformationsstrukturer och polfgurer tagits fram för att kunna beskriva materialets beteende vid deformation. Även Taylorfaktorer, E-moduler och Poissons tal har tagits fram för att kunna undersöka materialets anisotropi. Experimenten har utförts på prov av SAF 2507 som har deformerats plastiskt till olika töjningar. Det som undersökts är odeformerat prov, prov som dragits enaxligt till 7,7 % och 24,3 % töjning, samt ett prov som är cykliskt belastat till 3 % töjning. Det undersökta stålet tillverkas genom två olika metoder, men i denna rapport har enbart det extruderade stålet undersökts. Genom att jämföra hur stålets olika mekaniska egenskaper beter sig under plastisk deformation har resultatet blivit att stålets ferritfas beter sig anisotropt med en antydan till ökande isotropi vid ökande deformation. Austenitfasen beter sig däremot isotropt och blir varken mer eller mindre isotropt vid ökande deformation. Substrukturerna i ferritfasen ökar tydligt vid ökande deformation, och ses framför allt i austenitfasen efter 24 % deformation. / In order to improve the processes and the use of the duplex stainless steel SAF 2507, its deformation properties has to be investigated and explained. Through EBSD-analysis deformation structures and pole figures have been developed to describe the behavior of the material during deformation. Also Taylor factors, Young’s modules and Poisson's ratio have been developed in order to investigate the material's anisotropy. The experiments have been performed on samples of SAF 2507 which has been plastically deformed at different strains. The strains studied are undeformed sample, samples drawn uniaxial drawn to 7.7 % and 24.3 % elongation, and one sample which is cyclically loaded to 3% elongation. The steel we have investigated is produced by two different methods, but in this report, only the extruded steel is investigated. By comparing how different mechanical properties of the steel behave during plastic deformation, the result shows that the steel’s ferrite phase behaves anisotropically with a hint of increasing isotropy when the deformation is increasing. The austenite phase behaves isotropic and does not become more or less isotropic with increasing deformation. The substructures in the ferrite phase are clearly increasing with increasing deformation, and are seen mainly in the austenite phase after 24 % deformation.
62

Microstructural And Mechanical Characterization Of Duplex Stainless Steel Grade 2205 Joined By Hybrid Plasma And Gas Metal Arc Welding

Tolunguc, Burcu 01 January 2012 (has links) (PDF)
In the present study, the applicability of the hybrid plasma arc welding, in which a keyhole is responsible of deep penetration and a filler wire electrode supplies a high deposition rate, was examined. The microstructural evolutions in grade 2205 duplex stainless steel plates joined by keyhole and melt-in techniques were investigated. The specimens obtained from welded plates having thickness of 8 mm were examined via optical and scanning electron microscopy. Metallographic investigations were supported by X-ray diffraction and energy dispersed spectra analyses by characterizing the phases formed after welding. Impact toughness properties, hardness profiles, and crack propagation behavior of welding zones were quantitatively and qualitatively compared for mechanical characterization. Fracture characteristics were determined via scanning electron microscopy examinations. It was observed that single-pass HPA weldment seemed to be free of secondary austenite precipitation in acicular form, which is inevitable in multi-pass conventional arc welding methods. Besides &delta / -ferrite was successfully kept under 70%, which is presented as a limit to not to deteriorate the mechanical properties of DSS. High linear welding speed and high power density supplied by HPAW presented narrower weld metal and heat affected zone with not only lower hardness but also higher impact toughness energies. Synergic effect of the keyhole formed by a plasma arc and the metal transfer supplied by gas metal arc gave reasonable dilution in the weld metal. Furthermore, fatigue crack growth tests revealed that crack propagation rates in HPAW joints were comparable to GMAW joints.
63

The Influence of Composition and Hot Processes on Heat Affected Zone and Weld Metal Behavior and Mechnacal Properties of Ti Grade 5 and Stainless Steel

Kivineva, Esa January 2004 (has links)
<p>This thesis discusses on results of experiments carried outwith austenitic, duplex and super duplex stainless steels andTi-6Al-4V. In these it has been seen that the heat cycle duringwelding or weld simulation has a great effect on the propertiesof thematerials. The properties are related to the resultedgrain size after processing, as well as, to the chemicalcomposition of the material. The thesis discusses on the grainsize resulted after hot processing and how the properties areinfluenced by it. Also, it has been seen how large grain sizeinfluences the fracture toughness of the duplex stainlesssteel. The CTOD values become so low that an alternativeproduction method should be used instead of casting. The thesisdescribes the behavior of grain size in the hot processing ofTi-6Al-4V and impact toughness resulted by various weldingprocesses. The thesis shows correlation between grain growthbehavior of metallurgically different materials, i.e. duplexstainless steel, Ti-6Al-4V and quenced and tempered low alloysteel.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>Stainless steel, Duplex Stainless Steel,Titanium Grade 5, Ti-6Al-4V microstructure, mechanicalproperties, welding, welding simulation</p>
64

Morfologia e topografia de superfícies de aço inoxidável duplex UNS S32205, submetidas à erosão por impactos de partículas de alumina em fluxo de ar. / Morfologia e topografia de superfícies de aço inoxidável duplex UNS S32205, submetidas à erosão por impactos de partículas de alumina em fluxo de ar. / Morphology and steel surfaces of surveing stainless duplex UNS S32205 submitted to erosion in alumina particle impact of air flux. / Morphology and steel surfaces of surveing stainless duplex UNS S32205 submitted to erosion in alumina particle impact of air flux.

Antonio Carlos de Araújo Santos 17 June 2015 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os aços inoxidáveis duplex vêm sendo cada vez mais utilizados em aplicações que demandam maior resistência à corrosão que os aços inoxidáveis tradicionais. Suas aplicações em estruturas ao ar livre, ou submersas, motivam estudos sobre seu desempenho em variadas situações, como no caso de exposição ao desgaste erosivo.O presente trabalho estuda os efeitos da erosão por impacto de partículas sólidas em superfícies de amostras de um aço inoxidável duplex UNS S32205, tanto do ponto de vista morfológico quanto do topográfico. Superfícies de amostras polidas e posteriormente submetidas a ataques erosivos com partículas de alumina em fluxo de ar, foram examinadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, para verificação das formas de desgaste obtidas, e submetidas a ensaios de rugosidade, para determinação do perfil e avaliação da evolução do processo erosivo. Foi feito um exame mais detalhado de formatos de crateras, para comparação com mecanismos propostos em modelos descritos na literatura e com resultados de simulações pelo método dos elementos finitos. Nesse aspecto, o método utilizado mostrou-se tão eficaz quanto aos métodos tradicionais de estudos balísticos com uma só partícula, além de mais abrangente e econômico. As medidas de rugosidade superficial e as informações estatísticas derivadas sinalizaram a possibilidade de utilização dessa ferramenta para avaliar as condições de efetiva perda de massa, que caracterizam a erosão. / Duplex stainless steels are being increasingly used in applications that require a greater corrosion resistance than traditional stainless steels. Its applications in both, outdoor or submerged structures, motivate the studies on its performance in various situations, as in the case of exposure to erosive wear. This work studies the effects of erosion by impact of solid particles on surfaces of samples of duplex stainless steel UNS S32205, from the point of view of both aspects, morphological and topographycal. Polished surfaces of the samples were subjected to erosive attacks by alumina particles in air flux, with different exposure times. These were examined by scanning electron microscopy, looking at the forms of wear obtained and the surfaces roughnesses were measured, aiming to follow the evolution of the erosive process. It was made a more detailed examination of craters, for comparison with the proposed mechanisms in models described in the literature and with the results of simulations by the finite elements method. In this aspect the method proved to be as effective as the traditional methods of ballistic studies using single particles, as well as to be more comprehensive and economic. The measures of surface roughness and the statistics from the derived data signaled the possibility of use of this tool to evaluate the beginning of the effective loss of mass, which characterizes the erosion.
65

Caracterização eletroquímica e proposta de metodologia para a determinação da temperatura crítica de pite de aços inoxidáveis super duplex UNS S32760 / Electrochemical characterization and proposed methodology for the determination of critical pitting temperature of UNS S32760 super duplex stainless steel

Tiago Sawczen 23 April 2014 (has links)
O Aço Inoxidável Super Duplex UNS S32760 é um aço de alta liga com estrutura composta por uma matriz ferrítica com ilhas austeníticas, em proporções aproximadamente iguais. Esta estrutura lhe confere boas propriedades como: resistência à corrosão, em particular à corrosão por pite e por fresta, excelentes propriedades mecânicas, boa soldabilidade, alta condutividade térmica, baixo coeficiente de expansão térmica e excelente tenacidade. Suas principais aplicações geralmente ocorrem em ambientes com alta concentração de cloreto, como por exemplo, em tubos para transporte de óleo e gás, equipamentos para transporte ou em contato com materiais rico sem cloretos, em tanques e vasos para a indústria química e petroquímica. Estas aplicações tornam importante a determinação da temperatura crítica de pite (TCP). A ASTM normatiza essa determinação com as normas G-150 e G-48, que abrangem aços inoxidáveis austeníticos comuns e ligas à base de níquel, não existindo uma condição especifica para o teste em aços super duplex. O objetivo deste trabalho é a caracterização eletroquímica e o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para a determinação da temperatura crítica de pite de aços super duplex UNS S32760. Devido à falta de normatização para estes materiais uma combinação das normas ASTM G-48 e G-150 foi empregada neste trabalho. Utilizou-se como meio uma solução contendo FeCl3 6% e HCl 1%, em massa. Foram empregadas como técnicas medidas de potencial de circuito aberto em função do tempo de imersão, curvas de polarização potenciostática anódica, cronoamperometria, espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIE), microscopia ótica (MO), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e espectroscopia por dispersão de energia (EDS). Foram realizados tratamentos dos dados experimentais, abordando-os de maneiras diferentes para que a melhor resposta fosse obtida na determinação da TCP das ligas. Duas amostras diferentes deste material foram estudadas, uma amostra comercial e uma amostra desenvolvida pelo laboratório de pesquisa e desenvolvimento da Villares Metals, com diferentes teores de cromo e molibdênio. Apesar da variação na composição química das amostras, nas análises por MEV e EDS, as mesmas se mostraram semelhantes, quando apenas polidas, apresentando os mesmos tipos de precipitado. A microscopia ótica possibilitou visualizar a diferença na proporção de fases entre as duas ligas e as características morfológicas das mesmas. Analisando mais detalhada e minuciosamente os dados eletroquímicos, foi determinado que o melhor valor de densidade de corrente a ser utilizada como parâmetro na determinação da TCP , é 25±5 &#181;Acm-2. Utilizando este parâmetro foi mostrado que a TCP determinada é menor, quando comparada com a obtida pelas normas convencionais. A combinação das diferentes técnicas permite afirmar que a metodologia empregada determina de maneira bem mais precisa a TCP. / UNS S32760 super duplex stainless steel is a high alloy steel, containing a ferrítica matrix and austenitic islands as structure at equal proportions approximately. This structure results in good properties as high resistance to corrosion, particularly to pitting and crevice corrosion, excellent mechanical properties, good weldability, high thermic conductivity, low thermic expansion coefficient, and excellent tenacity. Their principal applications are in high chloride concentration media, for example in tubes for oil and gas, in transport equipment when in contact with high chloride concentration materials, tanks and vases for chemical and petrochemical industries. Due to these applications the evaluation of the pitting critical temperature is mandatory for these materials. G-150 and G-48 ASTM Standards are recommended for conventional stainless steels and nickel alloys, but there is not any specific standard for super duplex stainless steels. The main of this work is the characterization and the development of a methodology to evaluate the critical pitting temperature for USS S32760 super duplex stainless steels. Due to the absence of standard analyses for this materials, a combination of G-48 and G-150 standards were employed. The medium was 6% FeCl3 by mass and 1% HCl by mass solution. Open circuit potential measurements, anodic potentiostatic polarization curves, chronoamperometry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) were used as techniques. Different treatments for the experimental results were used in order to obtain the best value for TCP of these alloys. Two different samples of this material were studied: a commercial sample and a new composition developed at P&D Villares Metals industry, with different contents in chromium and molybdenum. The materials studied presented the same kinds of inclusions, according to SEM and EDS analyses. OM analysis showed the proportionality between the ferritic and austenitic phases and their morphological characteristics. The electrochemical studies suggest the 25 ± 5 &#181;Acm-2 value for current density to be used in the CPT e valuation. The CPT obtained is lower when compared to those one using conventional standards. The combination of different techniques permits to conclude that the proposed methodology evaluates the CPT w ith higher precision.
66

Evolução microestrutural do aço inoxidável dúplex UNS 532205 durante laminação a frio e posterior recozimento / Microstructural evolution of a UNS S32205 duplex stainless steel duringcold rolling and further annealing

Christian Gauss 15 October 2015 (has links)
Nesta Dissertação são apresentados os resultados do estudo da evolução microestrutural de um aço inoxidável dúplex UNS S32205 durante o processo de laminação a frio e posterior recozimento em 1080ºC. Amostras do aço na condição como-recebida, laminadas a frio e recozidas isotermicamente foram caracterizadas utilizando as técnicas de microscopia ótica e eletrônica de varredura, dilatometria, espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EDS), microdureza Vickers, difração de raios X, magnetização de amostra vibrante, macrotextura e difração de elétrons retroespalhados (EBSD). No material na condição como-recebido foi possível observar uma microestrutura com a austenita parcialmente recristalizada (53%) apresentando maclas de recozimento e a ferrita recuperada. Uma fração volumétrica de cerca de 50% de cada fase foi encontrada. Cálculos termodinâmicos e análises químicas via EDS mostram boa concordância quanto à partição de soluto existente entre a ferrita e a austenita. Análises de magnetização mostraram que não houve variação considerável na fração de fase magnética nas amostras laminadas a frio até 79% de redução em espessura, ou seja, não foi possível observar a formação de martensita induzida por deformação nas condições de laminação utilizadas. Medidas do campo coercivo (Hc) e magnetização remanente (MR) mostram, porém, um comportamento quase linear em relação ao grau de deformação. Por meio de medidas de difração de raios X, utilizando uma análise qualitativa do alargamento de picos difratados, observou-se maior encruamento da austenita durante a laminação a frio. O mesmo comportamento foi encontrado em medidas de dureza individual de fases, assim como em análises de desorientação média de kernel (KAM) obtidos via EBSD. Análises de macrotextura e microtextura mostraram que o material na condição como-recebido possui uma textura forte, principalmente a ferrita, apesar de ser proveniente de um processo de laminação a quente. Durante a laminação a frio não foram observadas grandes mudanças nas componentes de textura em ambas as fases, porém, observou-se a intensificação da componente Goss-Latão na austenita, devido à deformação plástica e à formação de bandas de cisalhamento. Na ferrita observou-se uma típica intensificação da fibra ??com o aumento da deformação plástica. As amostras deformadas 43% e 64% recozidas em 1080 ºC apresentaram uma microestrutura totalmente recristalizada após 3 min de tratamento, caracterizada pela formação de uma estrutura tipo \"bambu\". Com 1 min de tratamento, através de análises de espalhamento da orientação de grão (GOS), observou-se a ocorrência de recristalização primária na ferrita (42% de grãos recristalizados) na amostra laminada 43%. Por outro lado, a austenita manteve uma microestrutura levemente recuperada. Com uma deformação de 64%, a fração recristalizada da ferrita não foi alterada significativamente enquanto que a austenita apresentou uma fração recristalizada de 43%. Análises de KAM mostraram uma maior diferença de energia armazenada na austenita do que na ferrita entre as amostras laminadas até 43% e 64%. Após o recozimento não foram observadas mudanças significativas na microtextura de ambas as fases. Porém, na ferrita observou-se um aumento considerável da fração dos contornos especiais (CSL) ?3, ?13b e ?29a (entre 11% e 12% no total) enquanto que na austenita somente um aumento na fração dos contornos tipo ?3 (cerca de 15%) associados aos contornos de macla foi identificado. / In this Dissertation, results of the study of the microstructural evolution of a duplex stainless steel UNS S32205 during the cold rolling process and further isothermal annealing at 1080ºC are reported. Samples of the steel in the as-received, cold-rolled and annealed conditions were characterized using light and scanning electron microscopy, dilatometry, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Vickers hardness, X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetization, macrotexture (XRD) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). In the as-received material it was possible to observe a microstructure with partially recrystallized austenite (53%) with the presence of annealing twins and recovered ferrite. A volume fraction of approximately 50% of each phase was found. Thermodynamic calculations and chemical analysis via EDS showed good agreement on solute partitioning between ferrite and austenite. Magnetization analysis showed that there was no considerable changes in the magnetic phase fraction in the samples cold rolled up to 79% in thickness reduction. Hence, it was not possible to observe the formation of deformation induced martensite with the rolling conditions used in this work. Measurements of the coercive field (Hc) and remnant magnetization (MR) show, however, an almost linear behavior in relation to the degree of deformation. Through X-ray diffraction measurements, using a qualitative analysis of the diffracted peaks broadening, a higher work hardening of austenite was observed during cold rolling. The same behavior was found in hardness measurements of individual phases, and in the average kernel misorientation analysis (KAM) obtained by EBSD. Analysis of macrotexture and microtexture showed a strong texture in the as-received material, especially in ferrite, although this material was obtained by a hot-rolling process. During cold-rolling, no significant changes were observed in the texture components of both phases. However, an increase of the Goss-to-Brass component in austenite was noticed, and it may be related to the work hardening and to the formation of shear bands. In ferrite, the strengthening of the ?-fiber was noticed with increasing strain. The samples deformed 43% and 64% and annealed at 1080ºC showed a fully recrystallized microstructure after 3 min of annealing, forming a \"bamboo\" like structure. After 1-min annealing, by using grain orientation spread (GOS) analyzes, it was possible to observe the occurrence of primary recrystallization in ferrite (42% of recrystallized grains) in the 43% cold-rolled sample. On the other hand, austenite kept a slightly recovered microstructure. With a strain of 64%, the recrystallized fraction of ferrite did not change significantly, whereas austenite presented a recrystallized fraction of 45%. KAM analyzes showed a higher stored energy difference in austenite than in ferrite between the 43% and 64% rolled samples. Nevertheless, after annealing, a considerable increase in the fraction of special boundaries (CSL) ?3, ?13b and ?29a (between 11% and 12% in total) was observed in ferrite, while in austenite only an increase in the ?3 boundaries (about 15%), associated with the twin coherent boundaries, was identified.
67

Contribuição ao estudo da integridade superficial de um aço inoxidável super-duplex após usinagem. / Contribution to study effects of the turning operations in the surface integrity in a super duplex stainless steel.

Éd Claudio Bordinassi 26 May 2006 (has links)
Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar os efeitos da operação de torneamento na integridade superficial do aço inoxidável super-duplex ASTM A890 - Gr 6A. O foco do trabalho foram as operações de acabamento, porém também foram realizados alguns estudos com operações de desbaste, ambas utilizando planejamentos fatoriais completos com 2 níveis e 5 fatores. Os ensaios foram realizados em centros de torneamento com ferramentas de metal duro e tiveram como variáveis: a geometria da ferramenta / classe da pastilha, avanço, profundidade de corte, velocidade de corte e utilização ou não de fluido de corte. As respostas estudadas foram: análise microestrutural óptica e por difração de raios-X, medição de forças através de um dinamômetro piezoelétrico, rugosidade superficial, micro-dureza, tensão residual através de difração de raios-x e estabilidade dimensional. Os resultados não mostraram alterações microestruturais no material mesmo nas operações de desbaste que foram as mais severas. As outras respostas foram correlacionadas com os parâmetros de corte e a melhor combinação destes foi encontrada para a obtenção da melhor integridade superficial. O menor avanço (0,1mm/v), a menor velocidade de corte (110m/min) e a maior profundidade de corte (0,5mm) obtiveram os menores valores para a tensão residual, a menor rugosidade e o maior valor de micro-dureza. A correlação entre as respostas foi bastante difícil de ser estabelecida, uma vez que as interações tiveram grande influência nas análises, porém para algumas combinações estas correlações se mostraram possíveis de serem estabelecidas. / The objective of this work was to study the effects of the turning operations in the surface integrity in a super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) ASTM A890-Gr6A. The focus of the work was the finishing operations but some tests in rough operations were carried out. A complete factorial planning was used for both, with 2 levels and 5 factors. The tests were conducted on turning centers with carbide tools and the main input variables were: tool geometry / tool material class, feed rate, cutting depth, cutting speed and the cutting fluid utilization. The analyzed answers were: microstructure analysis by optical microscopy and x-ray diffraction, cutting measurements by a piezoelectric dynamometer, surface roughness, micro-hardness, residual stress by x-ray diffraction technique and dimensional stability. The results do not showed any changes in the microstructure of the material, even when the greater cutting values were used. All the other answers were correlated with the cutting parameters and the best combination of cutting parameters was founded for the best surface integrity. The smaller feed rate (0,1mm/v), smaller cutting speed (110m/min) and greater cutting depth (0,5mm) provided the smaller values for the tension residual stress, the smaller roughness and the greater micro-hardness. The correlation between all the answers was very difficult to analyze because there was great interaction between the factors, but for some data groups it was possible.
68

Efeito do Nióbio na Microestrutura e nas Propriedades Mecânicas do Aço Inoxidável Superduplex Fundido SEW 410 W.Nr. 1.4517 / Effect of niobium on the microstructure and mechanical properties of cast super duplex stainless steel SEW 410 W. Nr.1.4517

Sergio Mazzer Rossitti 29 February 2000 (has links)
A produção economicamente viável dos aços inoxidáveis duplex, pressupõe a utilização de sucatas e retornos de ligas contendo altos teores de elementos como Cr, Ni e Mo. O aproveitamento destes materiais pode entretanto, introduzir na composição química outros elementos não previstos pela norma do material sendo produzido. Este trabalho estudou a influência do Nb na microestrutura e nas propriedades mecânicas do aço inoxidável superduplex fundido SEW 410 W. Nr. 1.4517, bem como sobre as etapas de fabricação de um produto fundido. Os teores de Nb estudados foram 0%, 0,2%, 0,5% e 1,5% (% em peso). Foi dado ênfase às microestruturas e propriedades no estado bruto de fundição, após tratamento térmico de solubilização e finalmente, após envelhecimento das amostras solubilizadas. Foram utilizadas diversas técnicas de avaliação microestrutural: microscopia ótica, metalografia quantitativa, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e de transmissão, análise química de microregiões com microssonda eletrônica, ensaios magnéticos via ferritoscópio e ensaios dilatométricos. Os ensaios mecânicos realizados foram: dureza, ensaio de tração e ensaio Charpy. A análise dos resultados demonstrou que o Nb causou uma sensível alteração na microestrutura e nas propriedades mecânicas da liga, dificultando o processo de produção de uma peça fundida. / To produce duplex stainless steel in an economic way it is necessary to use scrap and process returns containing high Cr, Ni and Mo contents. This procedure can result in an unexpected alloy chemical composition with some elements not included in the material standard. This work studied the Nb influence on the microstructure and mechanical properties of cast super duplex stainless steel SEW 410 W. Nr. 1.4517, as well as the influence over the fabrication process of a casting. The Nb contents studied were 0%, 0,2%, 0,5% and 1,5% (weight %). Emphasis was given to the microstructures and mechanical properties in as cast condition, after solution heat treatment and finally after aging of previous solution heat treated samples. Several microstructural analysis techniques were used: optical microscopy, quantitative metallography, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, chemical microanalysis using energy dispersive spectrometry, magnetic phase detection using feritscope and dilatometry. The mechanical testing realized were hardness testing, tension testing and Charpy impact testing. Results analysis demonstrated that Nb caused an appreciable change on microstructure and mechanical properties of the material, making difficult the fabrication process of a casting.
69

Investigation of Hot Ductility Gradients in Duplex Stainless Steel in the Beginning of the Continuous Casting Proces

Björn, Linnéa January 2014 (has links)
The steel quality is deteriorated at a continuous casting start. Therefore, material from the first cast slab is cut off and re-melted in the melt shop. If too little is discarded, the inferior quality in the retained length can cause defects like edge cracks during subsequent hot rolling. This means that manufacturing resources are wasted on processing inferior material which has to be re-melted anyways at a later stage. On the other hand, if an excessive length of the first slab is re-melted, good material is wasted. In either case, optimizing the length of the start-scrap material is both economically and environmentally beneficial. Edge cracks are more common in the beginning of the first slab, even though a part is cut off. It is likely that the edge cracks arise due to reduced hot ductility in the first cast material. The purpose of this project is to optimize where the cut should be made in order to achieve the best yield. The hot ductility was investigated by performing hot tensile- and bending tests. The hot tensile tests indicate high hot ductility for the investigated specimens. The area reduction, which is correlated to the hot ductility, is above 70 % for all the investigated specimens. When considering the average area reduction while neglecting possible differences between the heats, the specimens from one meter tend to have a lower hot ductility compared to the other specimens. However, the differences are small. No difference can be seen between edge and middle specimens when only looking at the tensile tests. The bending tests did not crack without notches, even though the maximum load and a test temperature of 750 °C was used. That strongly indicates high hot ductility as well. By using notches, the bending tests cracked and it was shown that edge specimens and specimens from one meter cracked the most. No edge cracks were found, after hot rolling, on the first cast slabs from the investigated heats. / Vid en stränggjutstart är kvalitén på första slaben sämre. På grund av detta så skärs en bit, av det först gjutna slabet av och smälts om i stålverket. Om för lite material kapas av kan det leda till defekter, såsom kantbrakor, under den efterföljande varmvalsningen. Detta innebär att resurser används i onödan för att tillverka material av otillräcklig kvalitet som sedan ändå måste smältas om i ett senare steg. Skärs istället för mycket material bort så smälts prima material om i onödan. Att optimera startskrotlängden är följaktligen positivt både för miljön och rent ekonomiskt. Under varmvalsningen kan defekten kantbrakor, det vill säga sprickor vid kanterna, uppstå. Trots att en bit av det första gjutna slabet skärs av, så är det första slabet fortfarande mest utsatt för kantbrakor. Detta tros bero på nedsatt varmduktilitet i det första gjutna materialet. Syftet med detta projekt är att optimera längden på startskrotet för att spara så mycket användbart material som möjligt. Varmduktiliteten undersöktes genom drag- och bockprovning. Dragproven indikerar hög varmduktilitet för de undersökta proven. Areakontraktionen, som är ett mått på varmduktiliteten, är över 70 % för alla undersökta prov. Medelareakontraktionen, när man bortser från eventuella skillnader mellan chargerna, visar att prov från en meter generellt har något lägre varmduktilitet än de övriga proven. Det är endast små skillnader som uppfattas. Ingen skillnad kan ses mellan kant- och mittenprov när man enbart tittar på dragprovsresultaten. Bockproven sprack inte trots att maximal last användes och att testtemperaturen var 750 °C. Detta tyder också på hög varmduktilitet. Genom att skapa anvisningar kunde man få bockproven att spricka och det visade sig att kantprov och prov från en meter sprack mest. Inga kantbrakor hade uppstått på de första gjutna slabsen under varmvalsningen av försökschargerna.
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Examination of inclusion size distributions in duplex stainless steel using electrolytic extraction

Shoja Chaeikar, Siamak January 2010 (has links)
Nowadays due to large demand for clean and defect-free steels, several techniques based on different characteristics of particles are applied to investigate the steel cleanness. Outokumpu Stainless AB in Avesta has performed extensive work in this field by applying several methods, which all of them have specific advantages and limitations. However, it is necessary to find an accurate technique to investigate real properties of inclusions in duplex stainless steels. For routine analytical methods, calibration and parameters adjustment can be followed by help of these investigation results. The aim of present work is to apply automated INCA-Feature method for controlling cleanness of LDX 6112 duplex stainless steels after electrolytic extractions (EE) as a reference method. Three methods of investigations, INCA-Feature on polished samples as two-dimensional and on film-filter as three-dimensional and EE as three-dimensional analyses, were compared. The results of comparison between running INCA-Feature on polished samples and film filters show an acceptable agreement which proves the possibility of performing EE on this steel grade and using INCA-Feature for investigating this as a fast method. These methods are compared statistically and quantitative results are reported in details.

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