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本研究探討各國智慧財產權保護和仿冒威脅程度的差異對美國影音軟體產品出口值的影響。資料為1997-2005年期間的panel data，分別採用由世界經濟論壇(WEF) 和瑞士洛桑國際管理學院（IMD)所發展之智財權指標，並以動態的GMM模型估計降低模型可能存在的內生性問題。實證結果在強仿冒威脅進口國方面，符合Smith(1999)的假說，亦即進口國智財權保護程度與美國影音軟體出口值成正比；但在弱仿冒威脅進口國方面，結果則與假說不符，產生與強仿冒威脅國家相同的結果。研究認為發生矛盾的原因是，影音軟體的仿冒過程遠較以往文獻研究的實體製造業產品容易得多，因此並不適用於之前的假設，再加上競爭者太多，導致廠商不敢大膽實施高價策略，使得市場獨占效果不顯著。 / This study investigates the effects of national differences in intellectual property rights (IPRs) protection and the degree of threat of imitation on U.S. audio-visual products’ exports. Using panel data for the period 1997-2005, we not only apply a longitudinal IPRs index developed by World Economic Forum (WEF) and International Institute for Management Development (IMD) , but also employ the technique of generalized method of moments (GMM) on dynamic panel model to control for endogeneity problem. The empirical results show that the stronger IPRs increase U.S. audio-visual products’ exports. For the strong threat-of-imitation countries , the results are the same as Smith(1999)；but for the weak threat-of-imitation countries , the results seems to contradict with theory predictions.We think the reason that audio-visual products is easier to copy than the manufacturing goods in the literature, so they do not suit for the hypotheses before. Therefore, the firms can’t apply a high-price strategy because of a lot of competitors, and market power effect is not dominant.

A major function of the central nervous system (CNS) during locomotion is the ability to maintain dynamic stability during threats to balance. The CNS uses reactive, predictive, and anticipatory mechanisms in order to accomplish this. Previously, stability has been estimated using single measures. Since the entire body works as a system, dynamic stability should be examined by integrating kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographical measures of the whole body. This thesis examines three threats to stability (recovery from a frontal plane surface translation, stepping onto and walking on a compliant surface, and obstacle clearance on a compliant surface). These threats to stability would enable a full body stability analysis for reactive, predictive, and anticipatory CNS control mechanisms. From the results in this study, observing various biomechanical variables provides a more precise evaluation of dynamic stability and how it is achieved. Observations showed that different methods of increasing stability (eg. Lowering full body COM, increasing step width) were controlled by differing CNS mechanisms during a task. This provides evidence that a single measure cannot determine dynamic stability during a locomotion task and the body must be observed entirely to determine methods used in the maintenance of dynamic stability.