Le principe de la maintenance conditionnelle consiste à évaluer en permanence l’intégrité des machines industrielles, à partir des mesures et de traitements du signal appropriés, afin d’intervenir uniquement au moment le plus opportun. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de cette thèse est de développer une technique de détection, aussi précoce que possible, de l’amorce de dégradation lente d’une structure vibrante, telle que les fissures de fatigue, pour éviter toute défaillance inattendue des machines. Notre approche se base sur les données mesurées à l’aide de deux moyens expérimentaux mis en œuvre au laboratoire. L’étude a démarré avec une poutre encastrée-libre sollicitée en flexion et s’est poursuivie sur un banc d’essais plus représentatif de la problématique industrielle. Dans les deux cas, l'endommagement de la structure a été naturel et progressif, depuis un état réputé sain jusqu’à l’apparition de la fissure. Le comportement dynamique a été suivi à l’aide d’accéléromètres. Ainsi, afin d’identifier des indicateurs sensibles au phénomène d’endommagement, plusieurs pistes ont été envisagées. Nous avons examiné les indicateurs scalaires descriptifs des signaux mesurés, qui sont les moments statistiques, fréquences moyennes et médianes. Ces indicateurs sont utilisés avec succès pour la détection de défaut sur les éléments de machines tournantes, mais ils se sont montrés peu sensibles pour détecter des défaillances structurales. Les fréquences propres identifiées automatiquement à partir des signaux temporels acquis sous chargements opérationnels ont également été étudiées. Ensuite, nous nous sommes orientés vers une approche plus globale pour surveiller les changements spectraux causés par l’apparition d’un défaut sur une structure. En se basant sur les matrices spectrales, fonctions et matrices de transmissibilité, des indicateurs multi-capteurs ont été développés et testés pour les deux cas d’étude. Une Analyse en Composantes Principales a permis d’identifier, entre les indicateurs analysés, ceux qui sont les plus pertinents pour la surveillance de l’intégrité des structures. / The principle of the conditional maintenance consists in continuously evaluating the health state of industrial machines, from measurements and appropriate signal processing, in order to carry out maintenance operations only at the most convenient time. In this context, the objective of this PhD thesis is to implement a technique for detecting as soon as possible slow damage initiation in vibrating structures, such as the fatigue cracks, to avoid the unexpected failure of machines. We have conducted empirical investigations with two experimental setups built in the laboratory. The study started with a cantilever beam subjected to dynamic bending loads, and continued on a test-bench more representative of the industrial problem. In both cases, the structure was naturally and progressively damaged, from a state considered to be healthy, until the crack occurs. Its dynamical behavior was monitored using accelerometers. Therefore, in order to identify damage-sensitive features, many leads were investigated. We have examined the features describing the measured signals waveform, which are statistical moments, mean frequencies and median frequencies. They are successfully used for fault detection on rotating machinery, but they did not demonstrate enough sensitiveness to detect structural damage. The natural frequencies automatically identified from the measured time signals under operational loads have also been studied. Thus, we oriented our work towards a more global approach to monitor the spectral changes caused by the appearance of damage on a structure. Based on the spectral matrices and transmissibility quantities, multi-sensor indicators were developed and tested for the two cases of study. A Principal Component Analysis allowed us to identify, between the surveyed features, the ones most relevant for monitoring the integrity of structures.

In this thesis, the dynamic performances of kinematically and dynamically adjustable planar mechanisms have been investigated. An adjustable mechanism is here defined to be a mechanism where some of the kinematic and/or dynamic parameters are changed in a controlled manner in order to optimize the dynamic behaviour of the mechanism in spite of variable operating conditions. Here, variable operating conditions refer to variable load(s) on the mechanism and/or variable desired input motion. The dynamic behaviour of the mechanism may be optimized via minimization of the actuator torque/force fluctuations, minimization of energy consumed by the actuators etc. According to the type of the adjustable parameter, the adjustable mechanisms are classified into two groups namely, dynamically adjustable mechanisms and kinematically adjustable mechanisms. Mechanisms, where the main concern is to change a dynamic parameter(s) are called dynamically adjustable mechanisms. In the kinematically adjustable mechanisms, on the other hand , the main concern is to change a kinematic parameter(s). The main objective of this study is to investigate the benefits of adjustable planar mechanisms, regarding different dynamic behaviours under variable operating conditions. To achieve this objective , various simulations have been performed on the computer. In these simulations, practical constraints that will exist in a real application have been taken into account as much as possible. The results reveal that, in many cases, the dynamic behaviour of a planar mechanism may be improved quite extensively via adjustable mechanisms which are obtained from the original mechanisms with slight modifications.

The research presented in this thesis is a contribution to the modeling and understanding of the dynamic behavior of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). A time-dependent, two-phase non-isothermal model of the membrane electrode assembly was developed and implemented using the finite element method. In addition to solving a phenomenological transport equation for water in the membrane, the model takes into consideration the non-equilibrium water sorption to better capture some of the dynamic characteristics of water transport in the MEA. Mass transfer using Fickian diffusion is implemented in the model. Two different models describing the electrochemical reactions in the catalyst layer including a macro-homogeneous model and an agglomerate model, are also implemented. Conservation of energy is included in the solution procedure in order to assess the impact of thermal effects on the dynamics of the transport in the MEA. For the purpose of model and concept validation, the model was first solved in a steady two-dimensional mode for a through- plane computational domain using a commercial software package, COMSOL Multiphysics version 3.2b. The impact of using a single- and two-phase modeling approaches was evaluated, and the predicted current-voltage performance characteristic are found in good agreement with the experimental data available in the literature. In addition, the developed model was benchmarked against a finite element-based in-house code for further validation and to evaluate numerical accuracy and computational performance. Transient simulations of operation under dynamic voltage sweeps are presented, and parametric studies are conducted to investigate the impact of various model, operation and transport properties on the predicted dynamic cell performance. In particular, the rate of load change, the difference in water content between the anode and cathode, and the water sorptions rate are shown to have significant impact on cell performance in unsteady operation, especially at higher current densities. Parametric studies also address the sensitivity of the model results to physical properties, highlighting the importance of accurately determining certain physical properties of the fuel cell components. Finally, the application of the model to air-breathing fuel cells provides further insight into the dynamic performance characteristic of such type of fuel cells.

In partnership with iMonSys - an emerging company in the passive care field - a new system, 'Verity', is being developed to fulfil the role of a passive behaviour monitoring and alert detection device, providing an unobtrusive level of care and assessing an individual's changing behaviour and health status whilst still allowing for independence of its elderly user. In this research, a Hidden Markov Model incorporating Fuzzy Logic-based sensor fusion is created for the behaviour detection within Verity, with a method of Fuzzy-Rule induction designed for the system's adaptation to a user during operation. A dimension reduction and classification scheme utilising Curvilinear Distance Analysis is further developed to deal with the recognition task presented by increasingly nonlinear and high dimension sensor readings, and anomaly detection methods situated within the Hidden Markov Model provide possible solutions to identification of health concerns arising from independent living. Real-time implementation is proposed through development of an Instance Based Learning approach in combination with a Bloom Filter, speeding up the classification operation and reducing the storage requirements for the considerable amount of observation data obtained during operation. Finally, evaluation of all algorithms is completed using a simulation of the Verity system with which the behaviour monitoring task is to be achieved.

Les voies ferrées sont endommagées par les chargements dynamiques répétés issus du passage des trains, en particulier pour les trains à grandes vitesses. Structures multicouches complexes, ces voies sont constituées : de rails en acier, de semelles en élastomère, des traverses de béton, d’une couche de ballast et d’une sous-couche. L’étude du comportement mécanique d’une voie ferrée (de chaque composant à la structure entière) est donc étroitement liée à l’amélioration de la sécurité ferroviaire, ainsi qu’à l’efficacité de ce mode de transports.Ce travail de thèse se focalise sur l’étude des semelles sous rail et de la sous-couche en grave bitumineuse. Ces deux composants ont été choisis pour leurs similarités en termes de comportement mécanique non linéaire et capacité de dissipation d’énergie. Ce manuscrit est divisé en trois chapitres.Dans le cadre de ce premier chapitre le modèle d’intégrale par convolution (modèle-CI) est choisi pour modéliser le comportement mécanique du matériau élastomère de la semelle. Le modèle-CI est une extension naturelle de la théorie de la viscoélasticité linéaire, car basé sur l'extension du principe de superposition Boltzmann ; la séparation des contraintes proposée par ce modèle, a été observée expérimentalement par de nombreux auteurs.Le deuxième chapitre concerne l’étude du comportement mécanique du matériau élastomérique qui compose les semelles sous-rail et de modélisation pour prédire le comportement non-linéaire et la capacité d'absorption d'énergie d'une structure semelle.Le modèle de comportement (modèle-CI) permet de représenter de façon très fiable la partie chargement de la semelle (erreur de 1 % pour la rigidité). Pour la partie déchargement, la représentation est un peu moins bonne : la déformation résiduelle "numérique" est de 2,2 % alors qu'expérimentalement elle n'est que de 0,4 %, ce qui conduit à une erreur de prédiction sur l'énergie dissipée de 37.5 %. La comparaison entre les résultats numériques et expérimentaux in-situ montrent que le modèle utilisé permet de décrire assez correctement la réponse de la semelle au passage d'un train dans les limites d’erreur de prédiction de la déformation résiduelle.Ce modèle-CI doit être utilisé sur le modèle géométrique 3D complet de la semelle, les approches simplifiées (2D, semelle sans rainure) conduisent à des prédictions fortement erronées.Le troisième chapitre se focalise sur l’étude du matériau de type asphalte utilisé pour la couche sous-ballast des voies ferrées. Des cubes de “Matériaux Virtuels” ont été réalisés en disposant aléatoirement des inclusions sphériques monodisperses rigides dans un volume de matrice au comportement hyper-élastique. L’influence du diamètre et de la fraction volumique de ces inclusions sur le comportement mécanique d’une structure a été étudiée numériquement et expérimentalement en utilisant un plan d’expérience de type Doehlert. Cette approche de « Matériaux Virtuels » a permis d’avoir une correspondance exacte entre les géométries des spécimens numériques et expérimentaux sur les 7 échantillons testés.L’analyse des surfaces de réponses a montré que les deux paramètres observés F_max et E_% sont fortement corrélés aux valeurs de V_fr. L’influence du diamètre des inclusions, par contre, est très faible.Enfin, les simulations par éléments finis ont permis d’étudier la répartition interne des contraintes et déformations. Les résultats ont été présentés pour l’échantillon V0225-D08 : la chaine d’effort a été visualisée à l’intérieur de la matrice et présente des contraintes de Von Mises jusqu’à 8 fois celles obtenues dans la matrice.Dans l’étude proposée, le diamètre et la forme des inclusions ont été fixés. Il serait intéressant de faire varier ces paramètres en utilisant la même méthodologie. Par ailleurs, les récentes avancées en termes de fabrication additive permettent d’imaginer la construction d’échantillons hétérogènes complexes. / Repetitive dynamic loads caused by passing trains can damage a railway track, especially at high speeds. The complex multilayer structure of the modern track consists of: stainless steel rails, elastomeric rail pads, concrete sleepers, track ballast and sub-ballast layers. Investigation of the mechanical behaviour of the railway track structure (as the whole and by parts) can have a great importance for the improvement of safety and efficiency of railway transportation.In the present study rail pad and bituminous mixture (BM) sub-ballast layers of a standard ballasted railway track were considered for investigation. These parts of the track were chosen for their similarities in the mechanical behaviour (nonlinearity and energy dissipation) and function (reduction of the dynamic part of load, an influence on the load distribution).The first chapter reviews the main aspects of the mechanical behaviour of elastomeric materials and covers the common theoretical approaches, appropriate for the modelling of this behaviour. The Convolution Integral approach (CI-model) was chosen to represent the mechanical behaviour of a rail pad material as a natural extension of theory of linear viscoelasticity, based on extension of the well-established Boltzmann Superposition Principle.The second chapter is devoted to study of elastomeric material of a rail pad and to numerical modelling of a whole elastomeric rail pad structure subjected to common track loads. Special attention was given to possibility of the model to describe the nonlinearity of the mechanical behaviour and capability of energy dissipation.Sufficient conformity between experimental and numerical results was established on loading part of a Force vs Displacement curve (an error of 1 % was obtained for the stiffness value) for the quasi-static loading, while prediction of the residual compression displacement remains poor, especially in the first loading cycle (2.2% of the macroscopic strain against 0.4% in experiment). The observed discrepancy led to poor prediction of the dissipated energy (an error of 37.5 % was found). Comparison between results of the numerical simulation and in situ experimental measurements has shown that the FE model is capable to describe dynamic behaviour of a rail pad structure to within the error of prediction of the residual compression displacement.Possible ways to simplify the numerical model, discussed in the second chapter, generally lead to high overestimation (2D plain strain and 3D grooveless models) or underestimation (2D plain stress model) of the rail pad mechanical behaviour.The third chapter of the thesis is connected to the study of a BM material, used on a railway track as a sub-ballast layer. Influence of size and volume fraction of monodisperse spherical inclusions, randomly packed into a cubic matrix, on the mechanical behaviour of obtained composite structure were investigated using “Virtual Material” approach. This approach allows numerical study of a theoretical case without losing connection with a real experiment (by means of direct geometrical correspondence). Parameters of 7 specimens were chosen in accordance with Doehlert experimental design.Analysis of “response surfaces” has shown that both F_max and E_% have a strong dependence on the value of V_fr and almost no dependence on the value of D.Stress/strain concentrations were analyzed using FE method on example of V0225-D08 specimen. This allows to find and to visualize load-bearing chains going through the matrix. Von Mises stress in load-bearing chains is almost 8 times higher than the average in the matrix.More complex models (real and numerical) in terms of problem discretization (more than one inclusions’ fraction, different inclusions’ shapes, etc.) can be developed and studied in the similar way. Moreover, the recent progress in additive manufacturing technologies shows potential to create complex heterogeneous specimens with an increased precision.

In the vision of Ambient Intelligence, people are assisted in their everyday activities through the proactive, opportunistic support of non-intrusive computing devices offering intuitive interaction modalities. The usefulness and quality of delivered services can be improved considerably if the devices are able to adapt their behaviour according to sensed changes in their surrounding environment, both at the physical and logical levels. This interplay between context-awareness and dynamic software adaptability is key to the construction of applications that are smart with respect to user needs. Unfortunately, most current applications do not reach this level of adaptability, due to a lack of appropriate programming technology. Most applications exhibit fixed functionality and seldom do they sense their environment and adapt their services in a context-aware fashion. Many chances of delivering improved services to users and network peers are thus missed. This dissertation presents a programming model to ease the construction of applications that can react to changes in their execution context by adapting their behaviour dynamically. The starting point of our research is the development of novel language abstractions and the adaptation of existing abstractions to render context-aware, self-adaptable applications easier to develop. We demonstrate that a simple yet powerful computation model readily provides the needed support, leading to straightforward application code that is not concerned with context adaptation, behaviour that can be adapted dynamically to different contexts in a non-intrusive fashion, and context-aware applications with software architectures that are not biased towards context adaptation ---rather, they can be designed freely according to their domain. The proposed computation model is realised through the Ambience programming language, and its underlying open implementation, the Ambient Object System. A small-step operational semantics describes it formally. Much in the vein of prototype-based programming, the model has been designed with simplicity and concreteness in mind. It is highly dynamic, featuring dynamic (multiple) dispatch, dynamic inheritance, dynamic typing, and dynamic method scoping. Application logic adaptation is enabled by means of an intuitive, first-class reification of context that is straightforwardly connected to dynamic behaviour selection. We describe needed management techniques for such context, and a few programming guidelines on how to develop context-aware applications using our approach. The approach is validated by showing its application in a number of scenarios inspired on Ambient Intelligence.

Rotary air-to-air energy exchangers (also called energy wheels) transfer both heat and moisture between supply and exhaust airstreams in buildings. In this thesis, it is hypothesized that the transient step response characteristics of an energy wheel are uniquely related to the steady-state cyclic response of the wheel. The primary objective of this research is to study the transient response of a humidity/temperature sensor and measure energy wheel performance with a new test procedure that uses only transient response characteristics. In this thesis, the transient characteristics of a humidity/temperature sensor and an energy wheel to a step change in relative humidity and temperature are investigated through two types of measurements. One test uses a small airflow, at controlled temperature and humidity conditions, passing through a small section of a porous wheel while measuring the outlet conditions after the inlet conditions are suddenly changed. For a step input, it is shown that the outlet humidity/temperature sensor data correlate with an exponential function with two time constants. Since the transient response characteristics of the humidity/temperature sensor must be known to predict the response of the wheel alone, a second test is required that is similar to the first test except that the wheel is removed. This test is used to obtain the transient response of the sensor alone. Data from these tests show that both the sensor and the sensor plus wheel have two sets of two time constants. An analysis is presented to determine the transient response of the wheel alone using the correlated properties of the sensor alone and the sensor with a wheel upstream. The challenge undertaken in this research was the development of a more flexible, lower cost test facility than that presented in ASHRAE Standard 84-1991(Method of Testing Air-to-Air Heat Exchangers). In future work, this new laboratory experimental test facility should be adapted to test most types of energy wheels. The configuration allows a wide range of mass flow rates, inlet supply air temperatures and relative humidities. Uncertainty analysis is used for each transient test for the sensors and air-to-air energy wheels to specify the sensor and wheel plus sensor characteristics. This uncertainty analysis shows that accurate sensor calibration under equilibrium conditions and the start time for the humidity sensor step change is crucial to achieve low uncertainties in the transient behaviour of sensor and energy wheels. Knowing the uncertainty in the characteristics of the sensors and the wheel plus sensors the uncertainty in the transient response of the wheel alone is predicted. The first time constant of the humidity sensor is found to be about 3 seconds, while the second time constant is found to be about 100 seconds. It is found that the predicted response of the wheel alone gives time constants that are about 6 seconds and 140 seconds. Other researchers can use this information presented in this thesis to estimate the effectiveness of an energy wheel.

Rotary air-to-air energy exchangers (also called energy wheels) transfer both heat and moisture between supply and exhaust airstreams in buildings. In this thesis, it is hypothesized that the transient step response characteristics of an energy wheel are uniquely related to the steady-state cyclic response of the wheel. The primary objective of this research is to study the transient response of a humidity/temperature sensor and measure energy wheel performance with a new test procedure that uses only transient response characteristics. In this thesis, the transient characteristics of a humidity/temperature sensor and an energy wheel to a step change in relative humidity and temperature are investigated through two types of measurements. One test uses a small airflow, at controlled temperature and humidity conditions, passing through a small section of a porous wheel while measuring the outlet conditions after the inlet conditions are suddenly changed. For a step input, it is shown that the outlet humidity/temperature sensor data correlate with an exponential function with two time constants. Since the transient response characteristics of the humidity/temperature sensor must be known to predict the response of the wheel alone, a second test is required that is similar to the first test except that the wheel is removed. This test is used to obtain the transient response of the sensor alone. Data from these tests show that both the sensor and the sensor plus wheel have two sets of two time constants. An analysis is presented to determine the transient response of the wheel alone using the correlated properties of the sensor alone and the sensor with a wheel upstream. The challenge undertaken in this research was the development of a more flexible, lower cost test facility than that presented in ASHRAE Standard 84-1991(Method of Testing Air-to-Air Heat Exchangers). In future work, this new laboratory experimental test facility should be adapted to test most types of energy wheels. The configuration allows a wide range of mass flow rates, inlet supply air temperatures and relative humidities. Uncertainty analysis is used for each transient test for the sensors and air-to-air energy wheels to specify the sensor and wheel plus sensor characteristics. This uncertainty analysis shows that accurate sensor calibration under equilibrium conditions and the start time for the humidity sensor step change is crucial to achieve low uncertainties in the transient behaviour of sensor and energy wheels. Knowing the uncertainty in the characteristics of the sensors and the wheel plus sensors the uncertainty in the transient response of the wheel alone is predicted. The first time constant of the humidity sensor is found to be about 3 seconds, while the second time constant is found to be about 100 seconds. It is found that the predicted response of the wheel alone gives time constants that are about 6 seconds and 140 seconds. Other researchers can use this information presented in this thesis to estimate the effectiveness of an energy wheel.

The maximum yield taken in an oil refinery can not exceed 70% without including Delayed Coker Unit (DCU) as part of unit operations in the refinery. This implies naturally a big attraction on investing of such a unit for refiners. However, during the past decades, there were few refiners included Coker unit in the refinery, due to the fact of its large capital investment with a high marginal profitability. On the other hand the technologies developed to operate a coker unit, involve a series of process steps that require highly trained and well experienced operators with a state of art of design to overcome all the challenges with this unit operation. Safety, as a prime factor of design and operation requires much attention in the design of this unit. Among different safety consideration in the design and operation of Coker Unit, this project thesis focuses on the dynamic behaviour of Coke Drums PSV (Process Safety Valve) relief and its interaction with Blowdown section of the unit that leads also to the PSV relief of Blowdown section with change of temperature versus time during the first 15 minutes that is considered as the time required for operators intervention. The main findings in this thesis are about the complications in the design aspects of delayed coker unit as well as the importance and role of safety of operation of this unit. It also gave me an insight of cascade relief during the upset condition in an online coke drum and the importance of a reliable piping system to handle the hydraulics as well high temperature conditions.

<p>У првом, уводном поглављу представљени су циљеви истраживања, хипотезе и примјењена методологија истраживања. У овом поглављу дат је приказ досадашњих истраживања у сљедећим областима: пројектовање виртуалних машина алатки, савремене методе моделовања и симулације у идентификацији понашања машина алатки примјеном метода коначних елемената, те примјена редукција реда модела у пројектовању машина алатки.<br />У другом поглављу дате су теоријске основе методе редукције реда модела. При анализи система који имају велики број чворова (под велики број чворова се подразумјева 105 - 106 чворова, па и више) вријеме потребно за извођење симулација, али и потребне карактеристике рачунара на ком се изводи анализа могу представљати значајан проблем, поготово првим фазама процеса пројектовања када су честе измјене пројектоване структуре.</p><p>Технике редукције реда, односно редукције броја степени слободе МКЕ модела, подразумјевају да се системи добијени примјеном метода коначних елемената замјене редукованим системима, (системима првог реда), који са довољном тачношћу описује динамичко понашање посматраног система. Након што се систем преведе у простор стања, даље се врши модална редукција, гдје се на бази утврђених критеријума селектује потребан број модова. У овом поглављу за рангирање модова користе се два критеријума: појачање у максимуму и појачање на нултој фреквенцији, односно критеријум балансираних редукција.<br />У оквиру трећег поглавља описана је процедура извођења експерименталне модалне анализе и утврђивања модалних параметара, релативног коефицијента пригушења, сопствених фреквенција осциловања, модалне масе, модалне крутости, вискозног пригушења и облика осциловања. Приказани су принципи аквизиције података при извођењу експерименталне модалне анализе и дат приказ кориштене аквизиционе и мјерне опреме. На примјеру греде константног кружног попречног пресјека приказан је аналитички начин утвррђивања модалних параметара на основу Ојлер &ndash; Бернулијеве теорије греда, те модална анализа у временском домену примјеном АRX директне методе утврђивања модалних параметара, те дато поређење добијених резултата.</p><p>У четвртом поглављу описана је проблематика аналитичког одређивања преносне функције на примјеру греде промјењивог кружног попречног пресјека (тростепеног цилиндра).<br />У петом поглављу анализира се динамичко понашање склопа главног вретена модула радне јединице (јединице пиноле), за које су одређени математички модел динамичког<br />понашања, те потом извршена нумеричка и експериментална верификација добијених резултата.<br />У шестом поглављу приказано је кориштење нумеричких и експериметналних метода у циљу утврђивања сопствених фреквенција и облика осциловања,<br />као и модалних параметара (модалне масе, модалне крутости и модалног пригушења) различитих компоненти хоризонталног обрадног центра за глодање ФМ38.<br />У седмом поглављу дата су закључна разматрања, критички осврт на извршена истраживања и правци и смјернице за даља истраживања.</p> / <p>U prvom, uvodnom poglavlju predstavljeni su ciljevi istraživanja, hipoteze i primjenjena metodologija istraživanja. U ovom poglavlju dat je prikaz dosadašnjih istraživanja u sljedećim oblastima: projektovanje virtualnih mašina alatki, savremene metode modelovanja i simulacije u identifikaciji ponašanja mašina alatki primjenom metoda konačnih elemenata, te primjena redukcija reda modela u projektovanju mašina alatki.<br />U drugom poglavlju date su teorijske osnove metode redukcije reda modela. Pri analizi sistema koji imaju veliki broj čvorova (pod veliki broj čvorova se podrazumjeva 105 - 106 čvorova, pa i više) vrijeme potrebno za izvođenje simulacija, ali i potrebne karakteristike računara na kom se izvodi analiza mogu predstavljati značajan problem, pogotovo prvim fazama procesa projektovanja kada su česte izmjene projektovane strukture.</p><p>Tehnike redukcije reda, odnosno redukcije broja stepeni slobode MKE modela, podrazumjevaju da se sistemi dobijeni primjenom metoda konačnih elemenata zamjene redukovanim sistemima, (sistemima prvog reda), koji sa dovoljnom tačnošću opisuje dinamičko ponašanje posmatranog sistema. Nakon što se sistem prevede u prostor stanja, dalje se vrši modalna redukcija, gdje se na bazi utvrđenih kriterijuma selektuje potreban broj modova. U ovom poglavlju za rangiranje modova koriste se dva kriterijuma: pojačanje u maksimumu i pojačanje na nultoj frekvenciji, odnosno kriterijum balansiranih redukcija.<br />U okviru trećeg poglavlja opisana je procedura izvođenja eksperimentalne modalne analize i utvrđivanja modalnih parametara, relativnog koeficijenta prigušenja, sopstvenih frekvencija oscilovanja, modalne mase, modalne krutosti, viskoznog prigušenja i oblika oscilovanja. Prikazani su principi akvizicije podataka pri izvođenju eksperimentalne modalne analize i dat prikaz korištene akvizicione i mjerne opreme. Na primjeru grede konstantnog kružnog poprečnog presjeka prikazan je analitički način utvrrđivanja modalnih parametara na osnovu Ojler &ndash; Bernulijeve teorije greda, te modalna analiza u vremenskom domenu primjenom ARX direktne metode utvrđivanja modalnih parametara, te dato poređenje dobijenih rezultata.</p><p>U četvrtom poglavlju opisana je problematika analitičkog određivanja prenosne funkcije na primjeru grede promjenjivog kružnog poprečnog presjeka (trostepenog cilindra).<br />U petom poglavlju analizira se dinamičko ponašanje sklopa glavnog vretena modula radne jedinice (jedinice pinole), za koje su određeni matematički model dinamičkog<br />ponašanja, te potom izvršena numerička i eksperimentalna verifikacija dobijenih rezultata.<br />U šestom poglavlju prikazano je korištenje numeričkih i eksperimetnalnih metoda u cilju utvrđivanja sopstvenih frekvencija i oblika oscilovanja,<br />kao i modalnih parametara (modalne mase, modalne krutosti i modalnog prigušenja) različitih komponenti horizontalnog obradnog centra za glodanje FM38.<br />U sedmom poglavlju data su zaključna razmatranja, kritički osvrt na izvršena istraživanja i pravci i smjernice za dalja istraživanja.</p> / <p>The first introduction chapter presents research objectives, hypotheses and applied methodology. This chapter provides an overview of current research in the following areas: design of virtual machine tools, modern methods of modelling and simulation in identifying the behaviour of machine tools using the finite element method, as well as the use of model order reduction in the design of machine tools.<br />The second chapter provides a theoretical bases for model order reduction. In analysing systems that have a large number of nodes (a large number of nodes alludes to 105 - 106 nodes, or more) the following can present significant problem: time required to perform the simulation and necessary characteristics of the computer on which the analysis is performed, especially in the early stages of the process design when changes of designed structure are frequent.</p><p>Model order reduction techniques, i.e. reduction of the number of degrees of FEM model freedom, imply that the systems obtained by using the finite element method are replaced by the one (the first order system) that describes the dynamic behaviour of the observed system with sufficient accuracy. Once the system is converted to state space, modal reduction continues whereby on the basis of established criteria required number of modes are selected. In this chapter the following criteria are used for ranking modes: DC gain / peak gain, and the balanced reduction.<br />Third chapter shows procedures of performing experimental modal analysis and determining the following parameters: relative damping ratio, natural frequencies, modal mass and stiffness and viscous damping coefficient. The principles of data acquisition and equipment used for experimental modal analysis are shown. Analytical model of determining modal parameters based on Euler - Bernoulli beam theory is shown on the sample of constant cross-section beam. For the same model, modal analysis in the time domain using the ARX direct method of determining the modal parameters is performed. The results obtained thereinafter, using both methods, are compared.<br />The fourth chapter describes the analytical determination of the transfer function in the case of beam with changing cross-section (three-stage cylinder).</p><p>The fifth chapter analyses the dynamic behaviour of the main spindle assembly of experimental model. Mathematical model is made, and then gained results are verified numerically, by FEM analysis and experimentally by experimental modal analysis.<br />Sixth chapter shows the usage of different numerical and experimental methods in order to determine the natural frequencies, mode shapes, modal mass and stiffness and damping ratio of the various components of the horizontal machining center FM38.<br />The seventh chapter contains the concluding observation, critical review of research that was carried out and directions for further researches.</p>