A transferência de energia sem fio (WPT) rege um importante papel no carregamento de aparelhos remotos. Em um acoplamento indutivo ressonante há várias topologias de sistemas WPT que podem ser implementados para realizar a transferência de energia. Neste trabalho é utilizado uma topologia que utiliza quatro capacitores de compensação para realizar o ajuste da potência entregue a carga, onde estes capacitores são calculados através das fixações dos demais parâmetros do circuito elétrico. Quando o sistema WPT é projetado, uma distância fixa entre as bobinas é almejada, todavia há incertezas e movimentos que podem provocar a alteração desta distância. Há várias técnicas na literatura que buscam realizar a sintonia do acoplamento indutivo para compensar estes desalinhamentos gerado entre as bobinas. Este trabalho apresenta um método multivariável para maximização da potência entregue a carga em um sistema de transferência sem fio. O método proposto utiliza os conceitos de um capacitor variável e a variação de frequência a fim de variar a potência entregue a carga. Os resultados experimentais obtidos para os fatores de acoplamento magnético k > 0;3 mostraram que controlando a frequência e uma capacitância da rede de compensação o desempenho do sistema é melhor que os casos onde apenas uma dessas variáveis é controlada. / Wireless power transfer (WPT) plays an important rule in charging remote devices. In a resonant inductive coupling there are several topologies of WPT systems that can be implemented to perform the energy transfer. In this work, a topology is used that uses four capacitors of compensation to realize the adjustment of the power delivered to load, where these capacitors are calculated through the xations of the other parameters of the electric circuit. When the WPT system is designed, a xed distance between coils is desired, however there are uncertainties and movements that may cause this distance to change. There are several techniques in the literature that seek to realize the tuning of the inductive coupling to compensate for these misalignments generated between the coils. This work presents a multivariable method to maximize the power delivered to the load in a wireless transfer system. The proposed method uses the concepts of a variable capacitor and the frequency variation in order to vary the power delivered to the load. The experimental results obtained for the magnetic coupling factors k > 0:3 showed that controlling the frequency and capacitance of the compensation network system performance is better than the cases where only one of these variables is controlled.

A transferência de energia sem fio (WPT) rege um importante papel no carregamento de aparelhos remotos. Em um acoplamento indutivo ressonante há várias topologias de sistemas WPT que podem ser implementados para realizar a transferência de energia. Neste trabalho é utilizado uma topologia que utiliza quatro capacitores de compensação para realizar o ajuste da potência entregue a carga, onde estes capacitores são calculados através das fixações dos demais parâmetros do circuito elétrico. Quando o sistema WPT é projetado, uma distância fixa entre as bobinas é almejada, todavia há incertezas e movimentos que podem provocar a alteração desta distância. Há várias técnicas na literatura que buscam realizar a sintonia do acoplamento indutivo para compensar estes desalinhamentos gerado entre as bobinas. Este trabalho apresenta um método multivariável para maximização da potência entregue a carga em um sistema de transferência sem fio. O método proposto utiliza os conceitos de um capacitor variável e a variação de frequência a fim de variar a potência entregue a carga. Os resultados experimentais obtidos para os fatores de acoplamento magnético k > 0;3 mostraram que controlando a frequência e uma capacitância da rede de compensação o desempenho do sistema é melhor que os casos onde apenas uma dessas variáveis é controlada. / Wireless power transfer (WPT) plays an important rule in charging remote devices. In a resonant inductive coupling there are several topologies of WPT systems that can be implemented to perform the energy transfer. In this work, a topology is used that uses four capacitors of compensation to realize the adjustment of the power delivered to load, where these capacitors are calculated through the xations of the other parameters of the electric circuit. When the WPT system is designed, a xed distance between coils is desired, however there are uncertainties and movements that may cause this distance to change. There are several techniques in the literature that seek to realize the tuning of the inductive coupling to compensate for these misalignments generated between the coils. This work presents a multivariable method to maximize the power delivered to the load in a wireless transfer system. The proposed method uses the concepts of a variable capacitor and the frequency variation in order to vary the power delivered to the load. The experimental results obtained for the magnetic coupling factors k > 0:3 showed that controlling the frequency and capacitance of the compensation network system performance is better than the cases where only one of these variables is controlled.

A transferência de energia sem fio (WPT) rege um importante papel no carregamento de aparelhos remotos. Em um acoplamento indutivo ressonante há várias topologias de sistemas WPT que podem ser implementados para realizar a transferência de energia. Neste trabalho é utilizado uma topologia que utiliza quatro capacitores de compensação para realizar o ajuste da potência entregue a carga, onde estes capacitores são calculados através das fixações dos demais parâmetros do circuito elétrico. Quando o sistema WPT é projetado, uma distância fixa entre as bobinas é almejada, todavia há incertezas e movimentos que podem provocar a alteração desta distância. Há várias técnicas na literatura que buscam realizar a sintonia do acoplamento indutivo para compensar estes desalinhamentos gerado entre as bobinas. Este trabalho apresenta um método multivariável para maximização da potência entregue a carga em um sistema de transferência sem fio. O método proposto utiliza os conceitos de um capacitor variável e a variação de frequência a fim de variar a potência entregue a carga. Os resultados experimentais obtidos para os fatores de acoplamento magnético k > 0;3 mostraram que controlando a frequência e uma capacitância da rede de compensação o desempenho do sistema é melhor que os casos onde apenas uma dessas variáveis é controlada. / Wireless power transfer (WPT) plays an important rule in charging remote devices. In a resonant inductive coupling there are several topologies of WPT systems that can be implemented to perform the energy transfer. In this work, a topology is used that uses four capacitors of compensation to realize the adjustment of the power delivered to load, where these capacitors are calculated through the xations of the other parameters of the electric circuit. When the WPT system is designed, a xed distance between coils is desired, however there are uncertainties and movements that may cause this distance to change. There are several techniques in the literature that seek to realize the tuning of the inductive coupling to compensate for these misalignments generated between the coils. This work presents a multivariable method to maximize the power delivered to the load in a wireless transfer system. The proposed method uses the concepts of a variable capacitor and the frequency variation in order to vary the power delivered to the load. The experimental results obtained for the magnetic coupling factors k > 0:3 showed that controlling the frequency and capacitance of the compensation network system performance is better than the cases where only one of these variables is controlled.

<p>Presently, internal combustion engines provide power to move the majority of vehicles on the roadway. While battery-powered electric vehicles provide an alternative, their widespread acceptance is hindered by range anxiety and longer charging/refueling times. Dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) has been proposed as a means to reduce both range anxiety and charging/refueling times. In DWPT, power is provided to a vehicle in motion using electromagnetic fields transmitted by a transmitter embedded within the roadway to a receiver at the underside of the vehicle. For commercial vehicles, DWPT often requires transferring hundreds of kW through a relatively large airgap (> 20 cm). This requires a high-power DC-AC converter at the transmitting end and a DC-AC converter within the vehicle. </p> In this research, a focus is on the development of models that can be used to support the design of DWPT systems. These include finite element-based models of the transmitter/receiver that are used to predict power transfer, coil loss, and core loss in DWPT systems. The transmitter/receiver models are coupled to behavioral models of power electronic converters to predict converter efficiency, mass, and volume based upon switching frequency, transmitter/receiver currents, and source voltage. To date, these models have been used to explore alternative designs for a DWPT intended to power Class 8-9 vehicles on IN interstates. Specifically, the models have been embedded within a genetic algorithm-based multi-objective optimization in which the objectives include minimizing system mass and minimizing loss. Several designs from the optimization are evaluated to consider practicality of the proposed designs.

<p dir="ltr">This thesis investigates the embedment of Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer (DWPT) components within two pavement test sections, aiming to evaluate their mechanical and thermal responses. The integration of DWPT components into the pavement structure, while enabling dynamic power delivery to EVs, alters the conventional geometric design of a typical pavement, potentially influencing their short-term and long-term durability and integrity. Hence, to ensure the integrity and efficiency of both the embedded system and the surrounding structure, it is essential to understand how integrating these components influence the pavement's performance.</p><p dir="ltr">Conducted at the Accelerated Pavement Testing (APT) facility of the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT), the study evaluates over the course of 25,000 APT traffic passes, the mechanical and thermal responses of both, a flexible and rigid pavement test section. Each test section features a Charging Unit (CU), a concrete slab upon which the DWPT components are placed. The construction of the flexible pavement involved milling down 2 in. of the existing pavement surface, while the rigid pavement required complete demolition of the existing pavement. The flexible pavement’s CU is composed of Class A concrete and the rigid pavement's CU features magnetizable concrete, a type of concrete composed of ferrite particles embedded in a cement matrix. Among the two pavement sections, only the rigid pavement exhibited visible distress, identified as a mid-panel crack. Several factors contributed to the crack formation, including inadequate adhesion between concrete interfaces, concrete mix segregation, material variations, construction issues, and nonuniform load distribution. The manual construction procedures, which were employed to prevent disrupting the embedded DWPT components and sensor instrumentation, and the one-week gap between casting the CU and the surrounding slab might have further influenced the adhesion strength of the rigid pavement section.</p><p dir="ltr">By examining the construction techniques employed, challenges encountered, and resulting behavior of both pavement test sections, this study provides insights into the construction and performance implications of DWPT component integration into pavements, as evidenced by the responses observed in the test sections. This thesis thereby contributes to the ongoing research efforts on investigating the impact such integration has on the surrounding structure's integrity.</p>

<p>  </p> <p>The trucking industry seems to be resistant to electrification, even though truck electrification can lead to large societal as well as user benefits. This dissertation develops a framework to inform policy making and enhance electric vehicle (EV) preparedness in the trucking industry through the study of two interrelated elements: (a) the adoption of electric trucks and (b) the appropriate implementation of electric truck technology. These two elements cover the user perspective, which is not adequately studied, and the agency perspective, which is pivotal in the decision-making process. Specifically, this study addressed the following research questions: (i) which factors affect the purchase decisions of truck fleet managers or owners for electric trucks? (ii) what is the ranking of and interrelationships between the barriers to the adoption of electric trucks? (iii) which location criteria should be considered for the strategic implementation of dynamic wireless charging (DWC) in a freight transportation network and where should this technology be located based on these criteria, and (iv) what is the impact of electric truck adoption on highway revenue and potential of alternative funding mechanisms to recover the revenue loss?</p> <p>For the adoption of electric trucks, a stated preference survey was designed and distributed online to truck fleet managers/owners in the U.S., gathering 200 completed responses. Statistical and multi-criteria decision-making approaches were employed to identify the factors that affect the purchase intentions of truck fleet managers and explore the barriers to electric truck adoption. The results showed that the purchase intentions of truck fleet managers are affected by trucking firm and truck fleet characteristics, behavioral factors/opinions regarding electric trucks, and awareness of innovative charging technologies. Furthermore, electric truck adoption would be accelerated if stakeholders focused on the barriers related to the business model, product availability, and charging time. Additionally, electric truck adopters and non-adopters may not be viewed as one homogenous group, since differences were found in the ranking and interrelationships of barriers to electric truck adoption between these two groups. </p> <p>The implementation of electric truck technology was examined based on the truck fleet managers’ survey, secondary data sources and the case of Indiana, U.S. A multi-criteria decision-making spatial approach was proposed to identify the candidate locations for the deployment of DWC. It was concluded that the most suitable locations for DWC lanes were on interstates, near airports and ports and away from EV charging stations. A data-driven framework was also developed to quantify the impact of electric truck adoption and estimate the optimal fee for each truck to recover the revenue loss. Using the market penetration levels estimated based on the survey data collected, the average annual fuel tax revenue loss for Indiana was approximately $349M. To maintain the same tax revenue per vehicle, annual fees ranging from $969 (in 2021) to $1,243 (in 2035) for single-unit trucks and $6,192 to $7,321 for combination trucks would be needed. To address public relations problems of EV fee implementation, this study also discussed alternative mitigation measures: a vehicle-miles-traveled fee and a pay-as-you-charge fee.</p> <p>In summary, this dissertation contributes to the body of literature by providing significant insights regarding the perspectives of truck fleet managers for electric trucks as well as a comprehensive list of all the location criteria for DWC. The proposed frameworks and study findings can be used by policymakers and other major stakeholders of the EV ecosystem to frame certain strategies to accelerate electric truck adoption, identify the most suitable locations for charging infrastructure, better understand the impact of electric trucks on the highway revenue, and provide the groundwork for developing EV roadmaps.</p>