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Warm-up routines commonly include stretching to increase flexibility (joint range of motion - ROM), optimise performance, and reduce the risk of injury. Literature suggests that static stretching as part of the warm-up routines decreases force and power production compared to an active warm-up or a warm-up including dynamic stretching, and therefore could be detrimental to performance. This has led to an increased interest in the use of dynamic stretching by many athletes while the benefits of such interventions and their potential mechanisms of action are not well understood. Studies presented in this thesis were conducted to examine the effects of acute dynamic stretching on aspects of performance (e.g. torque production capacity of the plantarflexors and running economy) and to identify possible neuromechanical mechanisms underpinning any potential changes. Furthermore, we attempted to examine whether altered pain tolerance/perception to stretch may be a contributing factor to the increased ROM using adaptations in the neural substrates involved by using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technique. In the first study, both slow dynamic stretching and fast dynamic stretching increased ROM, and this was due to an increased tendon elongation. Importantly, dynamic stretching was not detrimental to the torque producing capacity of the ankle plantarflexors. Effects of dynamic stretching on the sensorimotor performance remained mainly unclear. Employment of shear wave elastography technique in the second study suggested an increase in muscle stiffness, a decrease in fascicle strain, and showed an increase in muscle thickness after dynamic stretching, supporting an increase in tendon compliance as a contributing factor to increased flexibility after dynamic stretching. In the third study, the improved running economy by dynamic stretching may be attributable to the decreased dynamic joint ankle and vertical stiffness. The fMRI study was not conclusive due to methodological issues. Present findings have practical implications for the use of dynamic stretching in sporting contexts.

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Title: Effect of disciplinary specialization on the body mass distribution in the body of karateka Aim of work: The main aim this thesis os to discover whether the disciplinary specialization effects the body mass distribution on limbs of karateka. Methods: The thesis has an empiric and theorethic character. Data collection is processed by dynamometry, measurement of limb circuits and body mas analyzation by Tanita MC-980. Data evaluation is processed by basic statistic methods. Keywords: Karate, kata, kumite, dynamometry, symetry

INTRODUÇÃO: As distrofias musculares de cinturas (DMC) representam um grupo heterogêneo de desordens hereditárias e degenerativas da musculatura esquelética, com evolução progressiva, caracterizadas pelo acometimento predominante das cinturas escapular e/ou pélvica. São classificadas de acordo com o padrão de herança e o gene envolvido, podendo ser autossômicas dominantes ou autossômicas recessivas. No presente estudo, foi feita a análise de pacientes com diagnóstico de distrofia muscular de cinturas 2B (DMC2B). Trata-se de condição autossômica recessiva, cujo gene envolvido na sua fisiopatologia é o DYSF; sua mutação pode associar-se a alterações na proteína disferlina. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a distribuição da fraqueza muscular na distrofia muscular de cinturas 2B com ênfase no acometimento dos membros superiores; realizar avaliação objetiva da força muscular para preensão palmar e pinças; correlacionar a força muscular dos diferentes movimentos com a idade de início dos sintomas, idade na ocasião da avaliação, tempo de evolução da doença e capacidade funcional. METODOLOGIA: Estudo prospectivo, observacional, corte transversal, caso-controle. Foi feita avaliação clínica da força muscular de membros superiores e superiores dos pacientes, através de instrumentos clínicos específicos e dinamômetro de pinça e de preensão palmar; adicionalmente, foram aplicadas escalas de capacidade funcional (Escala de Vignos e Escala de Brooke). RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 12 pacientes com diagnóstico molecular confirmado de DMC2B e recrutados 41 pacientes para o grupo controle. Os grupos não diferiram por gênero nem nas médias etárias. A média da idade de início dos sintomas dos pacientes foi de 26,9 anos (DP 10,05); a idade média na ocasião da avaliação foi de 43,6 anos (DP 9,34). A avaliação clínica da força muscular evidenciou maior acometimento de membros inferiores em relação aos membros superiores. A dinamometria de pinça (bidigital e trigidital) e de preensão palmar evidenciou diferença significativa entre os pacientes e o grupo controle para todos os movimentos citados. Os valores de CK apresentaram média de 2769 U/L (cerca de quinze vezes o limite superior de normalidade). As escalas de avaliação de capacidade funcional evidenciaram uma correlação significativa entre a idade do paciente na ocasião da avaliação e o escore na escala de Brooke. CONCLUSÃO: A análise do padrão de fraqueza dos pacientes com DMC2B evidenciou acometimento de membros inferiores e também de membros superiores. A análise objetiva com dinamometria demonstrou acometimento em todos os movimentos avaliados, evidenciando o envolvimento distal de membros superiores. A análise da capacidade funcional de membros superiores apresentou correlação com idade na avaliação (quanto maior a idade do paciente, maior o grau de incapacidade para membros superiores). Os valores de CK e de força muscular correlacionaram-se com a idade do início dos sintomas e idade na avaliação, ou seja, o início mais precoce da doença correlacionou-se com quadros mais graves (maiores valores de CK e maior envolvimento de força muscular - principalmente distal de membros superiores) / INTRODUCTION: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMD) are a heterogeneous group of hereditary and degenerative disorders of the skeletal muscle, with progressive evolution, characterized by the predominant involvement of the scapular and / or pelvic girdles. They are classified according to the inheritance pattern and the involved gene, being autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive. In the present study, we evaluated patients with a diagnosis of 2D (LGMD2B). The LGMD2B is an autosomal recessive condition whose gene involved in its pathophysiology is DYSF; its mutation may be associated with changes in protein dysferlin. OBJECTIVES: To assess the distribution of muscle weakness in 2D womb muscular dystrophy with emphasis on upper limb involvement; perform objective evaluation of muscle strength for palmar grip and forceps; to correlate the muscular strength of the different movements with the age of onset of symptoms, age at the time of evaluation, duration of disease and functional capacity. METHODS: Prospective, observational, cross-sectional, case-control study. Clinical evaluation of the muscular strength of the upper and upper limbs of the patients was made through specific clinical instruments and pinch dynamometer and palmar grip; In addition, functional capacity scales were applied (Vignos Scale and Brooke Scale). RESULTS: Twelve patients with confirmed molecular diagnosis of DMC2B were evaluated and 41 patients were recruited for the control group. The groups did not differ by gender nor in the age groups. The mean age of onset of the patients\' symptoms was 26.9 years (SD 10.05); the mean age at the time of the evaluation was 43.6 years (SD 9.34). The clinical evaluation of muscle strength showed a greater involvement of the lower limbs in relation to the upper limbs. Pinch dynamometry (bidigital and trigidital) and handgrip dynamometry showed a significant difference between the patients and the control group for all the mentioned movements. CK values presented a mean of 2769 U / L (about eight times the upper limit of normality); there was a significant negative correlation (p <0.01) between the age of the patient at the time of the evaluation and the maximum value of CK. The functional capacity evaluation scales showed a significant correlation between the age of the patient at the time of the evaluation and the score on the Brooke scale. The correlation values between the muscular strength between the different movements evaluated and the age of onset of symptoms, age at the time of evaluation and time of evaluation of the disease presented values of significance close to 0.05 for the upper limb distal muscles and age of onset and age at the time of evaluation. CONCLUSION: The analysis of the weakness pattern of patients with LGMD2B showed involvement of lower limbs as well as upper limbs. Objective analysis with dynamometry showed involvement in all the movements evaluated, showing the distal involvement in the upper limbs. The analysis of functional capacity of upper limbs showed correlation with age in the evaluation (the higher the patient\'s age, the greater the degree of incapacity for upper limbs). The values of CK and muscle strength correlated with the age of onset of symptoms and age at the assessment, ie the earlier onset of the disease was correlated with more severe conditions (higher CK values and greater involvement of muscle strength - mainly distal upper limbs)

The tibialis anterior (TA) muscle plays a vital role in human movement such as walking and running. Overuse of TA during these movements leads to an increased susceptibility of injuries e.g. chronic exertional compartment syndrome. TA activation has been shown to be affected by increases in exercise, age, and the external environment (i.e. incline and footwear). Because activation parameters of TA change with condition, it leads to the interpretation that force changes occur too. However,activation is only an approximate indicator of force output of a muscle. Therefore, the overall aim of this thesis was to investigate the parameters affecting accurate measure of TA force, leading to development of a subject-specific EMG-driven model, which takes into consideration specific methodological issues. The first study investigated the reasons why the tendon excursion and geometric method differ so vastly in terms of estimation of TA moment arm. Tendon length changes during the tendon excursion method, and location of the TA line of action and irregularities between talus and foot rotations during the geometric method, were found to affect the accuracy of TA moment arm measurement. A novel, more valid, method was proposed. The second study investigated the errors associated with methods used to account for plantar flexor antagonist co-contraction. A new approach was presented and shown to be, at worse, equivalent to current methods, but allows for accounting throughout the complete range of motion. The final study utilised the outputs from studies one and two to directly measure TA force in vivo. This was used to develop, and validate, an EMG-driven TA force model. Less error was found in the accuracy of estimating TA force when the contractile component length changes were modelled using the ankle, as opposed to the muscle. Overall, these findings increase our understanding of not only the mechanics associated with TA and the ankle, but also improves our ability to accurately monitor these.

Muscle strength capabilities are a determinant in the ability to successfully accomplish everyday tasks. As such, the quantification of this aspect of human performance is of interest in many settings. Currently, the validity of muscle strength test results is reliant on the notion that during testing, the participant exerted an effort that is sincere, and that consisted of maximal voluntary contractions. Therefore, the ability to differentiate between maximal and non maximal muscular exertions is of importance. The purpose of this dissertation was to develop and validate probability-based decision rules for differentiating between maximal and non-maximal voluntary exertions of the knee and shoulder joint musculature during isokinetic dynamometry-based testing. For development of the decision rules, healthy participants performed a series of maximal and non-maximal exertions at different testing velocities through a prescribed range of motion. Two different theory-based approaches were subsequently used for decision rule development: the first approach was based on expected better consistency in strength waveform shapes and relative magnitudes during performance of maximal efforts in comparison to non-maximal efforts. The second approach was based on the known force-velocity dependency in skeletal muscles. In terms of discriminatory performance, several of the decision rules pertaining to the knee joint markedly improve upon those previously reported. In addition, a separate investigation demonstrated that the decision rules offer excellent discriminatory performance when applied to test results of participants that have undergone surgical reconstruction of their anterior cruciate ligament. As such, clinicians and researchers may be able to ascertain voluntary maximal effort production during isokinetic testing of the knee joint musculature with a high degree of confidence, and thus be able to rely on such scores for decision-making purposes With regards to the shoulder musculature decision rules, several methodological issues related to test positioning and signal processing need to be addressed prior to consideration of their use in the clinical domain. / Thesis (Ph.D, Kinesiology & Health Studies) -- Queen's University, 2013-06-19 01:12:53.454

Tikslas: nustatyti pėdos lenkiamųjų raumenų statinės ir dinaminės jėgos įtaką šuolininkių rezultatams. Tyrimo objektas: pėdos lenkiamųjų raumenų jėga. Tiriamieji: Dvi grupės įvairaus amžiaus merginų – šuolininkių į tolį, aukštį, trišuolį bei šuolinkių su kartimi.Pirmoji grupė: 12 merginų. Amžiaus vidurkis. 19,3±2,5 m, ūgis 168,6 cm± 3,8 cm, kūno masė 54, 70 kg± 2,3 kg. Antroji – 11 merginų. Amžiaus vidurkis 17,9± 3,9 m, ūgis 172.9 cm ±9,1 cm, kūno masė 60, 5 kg±6 kg. Tyrimo metodai: dinamometrija, statistinė analizė, pedagoginis testavimas. Tyrimo organizavimas: Pirmoji tiriamųjų grupė atliko pėdos lenkiamųjų raumenų statinės maksimalios valingos jėgos (MVJ) testą prieš ir po pramankštos, kelią fiksuojant 900 ir čiurną 700 kampu. Antrąjai grupei buvo testuojama pėdos lenkiamųjų raumenų jėga izokinetiniame rėžime prie 600/s, 1200/s, 1800/s. kampinių greičių. Taip pat buvo atlikti, vertikalaus šuolio į aukštį iš vietos, greito šuolio į aukštį nuo 10 cm paaukštinimo (drop jump) ir šuolio į tolį iš vietos testai. Rezultatai: atsispiriamosios kojos buvo 120,08 ±22 Kg, mojamosios kojos – 114,21± 22 Kg. Pėdos lenkiamųjų raumenų statinė MVJ prieš pramankštą buvo 119,2 ± 19, 8 Kg, po pramankštos – 121,7 ±24,1 Kg. Atsispiriamosios kojos jėga, izokinetiniame rėžime, prie 600/s buvo 88,70 ±3,95 Nm, mojamosios kojos –87,94. ±7,13 Nm. Prie 1200/s atsispiriamosios kojos –82,74±4,11 Nm, mojamosios kojos –72,75±3,36 Nm. Prie 1800/s. atsispiriamosios kojos buvo 71,79±3,32 Nm, Mojamosios... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Aim: to identify the influence of static and dynamic forces to ankle flexion muscles and to the results of jumpers. Objective: the force of ankle flexion muscles. Participants: Two various age groups of women – long jumpers, high jumpers, triple jumpers and pole vaulters. The first age group consisted of 12 women. The age mean: 19,3 ± 2,5 years, height: 168,6 cm ± 3,8 cm, weight: 54, 70 kg ± 2,3 kg. The second age group consisted of 11 women. The age mean: 17,9 ± 3,9 years, height: 172.9 cm ±9,1 cm, weight: 60, 5 kg±6 kg. Methods: dynamometry, statistical analysis, pedagogical testing. Process of the study: The first group took part in the maximum contraction force (MCF) test in order to measure the static force of the ankle flexion muscles. We have used MCF test before and after the warm-up with the knee fix at 900 angle and the ankle fixed at 700. The second group was tested in isokinetic regime using the 600/s, 1200/s, 1800/s peak torque. In addition, the participants also took part in vertical standing high jump, the 10cm drop jump, and standing long jump tests. Results: the result of the main leg: 120,08 ±22 Kg, the result of the other leg: 114,21± 22 Kg. The MCF result before the warm-up: 119,2 ± 19, 8 Kg, and after the warm-up: 121,7 ±24,1 Kg. The test result of the main leg force in isokinetic regime using 600/s was 88,70 ±3,95 Nm, the result of the other leg: 87,94. ±7,13 Nm. Using 1200/s, main leg: 82,74±4,11 Nm, the other leg: 72,75±3,36 Nm. Using 1800/s, the... [to full text]

<p>Bol je subjektivno, neprijatno opažanje i osećaj. Čovek često oseća bol u delu tela koji<br />je znatno udaljen od mesta nastanka bola. U istraživanju je primenjena transverzalna<br />metoda, jednokratnog merenja. Ispitivanjem je obuhvaćeno 136 ispitanika, aktivnih<br />fudbalera, starosti 18-35 (20.49&plusmn;3.73) godina. Sva merenja su vr&scaron;ena od 2006. do<br />2016.godine. Ispitanici su ispunili anketu o postojanju bola u leđima, pre samog<br />početka testiranja, gde su intenzitet bolnosti subjektivno procenili Rolandovom skalom<br />bola). Celokupan uzorak je stratifikovan proporcionalnom tehnikom u pet grupa na<br />osnovu subjektivnog osećaja bola u leđima. Multivarijantnom metodom varijanse<br />utvrđivane su razlike na generalnom sistemu uzorkovanih varijabli, prilikom čega je<br />ustanovljeno da postoji statistički značajna razlika između navedenih grupa ispitanika<br />podeljenih na osnovu subjektivnog osećaja bola u leđima u izokinetičkim varijablama<br />koje su uzete u obzir ovim istraživanjem dok su Univarijantnom analizom varijanse<br />utvrđene razlike u pojedinačnim varijablama. Iz navedenih empirijskih saznanja i<br />relevantnih podataka iz stručne literature dobija se uvid u faktore koji utiču na bolno<br />stanje određene regije, disfunkciju i slabost pojedinih mi&scaron;ićnih grupa, uticaj pojedinih<br />mi&scaron;ićnih grupa na druge, kao i poremećaj u kinetičkom lancu lokomotornog aparata<br />kod fudbalera. Samo istraživanje ukazuju na značaj i potrebu da se standardizuju<br />protokoli i konstrui&scaron;u odgovarajući algoritmi za komparativnu sistematizaciju varijabli<br />dobijenih specifičnim ispitivanjima izokinetičkom dinamometrijom kod ispitanika koji<br />se bave timskim sportom sa loptom (fudbal, kosarka, rukomet i dr). Dobijeni podaci<br />poslužiće jednim delom kao deo monitoringa sportskog treninga, kao i efekata<br />različitih trenažnih protokola na parametre mi&scaron;ićne snage kod fudbalera. Sportskomedicinski značaj na polju testiranja parametara mi&scaron;ićne snage izokinetičkom<br />dinamometrijom se ogleda u prevenciji sportskih povreda ili u brzoj i efikasnoj<br />dijagnostici i terapiji istih, &scaron;to značajno utiče na ekonomski aspekt, s obzirom da je<br />profesionalni sport postao visoko komercijalizovan.</p> / <p>Pain is a subjective, uncomfortable perception and feeling. Human often feels<br />pain in the part of the body that is significantly away from the place of origin of pain.<br />The transversal method was performed during study, with a one-time measurement.<br />The study included 136 subjects, active players, ages 18-35 (20:49 &plusmn; 3.73) years. All<br />measurements were carried out from 2006 to 2016. Before the start of the test,<br />examinee completed the survey on the existence of back pain, where the intensity of<br />the pain was subjectively assessed according to Roland pain scale. The entire sample was stratified by proportional technique into five groups, based on the subjective experience of back pain. Multivariate variance method for detection of differences in the general system of sampled variables, during which it was established that there is a statistically significant difference between the groups of examinee, who were divided on the basis of subjective experience of back pain of the isokinetic variables that are taken into account in this study while the univariate analysis of variance determined differences in the individual variables. From the empirical findings above and relevant information from technical literature, an insight was obtained into the factors that influence the painful condition of a particular region, dysfunction and weakness of certain muscle groups, the impact of certain muscle groups on others, as well as the disruption in the kinetic chain of the locomotor apparatus. The research highlights the importance of and the need to standardize protocols and construct appropriate algorithms for comparative systematization of variables obtained by isokinetic dynamometry specific trials in subjects who are engaged in team sports with a ball (football, basketball, handball, etc.). The data will serve partially as part of the monitoring of sports training, as well as the effects of various parameters of training protocols on muscle strength in football. Sports and medical significance in the field of testing parameters with isokinetic muscle strength dynamometry is reflected in the prevention of sports injuries or in the quick and efficient diagnosis and treatment of the same, which significantly affects the economic aspect, considering that professional sport has become highly commercialized.</p>

Autor: Bc. Veronika Sýkorová Title: Comparative analysis of the effect on disease-modifying drugs and biological therapy in functional ability in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Objective: The aim of the thesis is to compare the effect of disease-modifying drugs and biological therapy on quality of life using the disability index, which is achieved by evaluating the HAQ, grip strength the small muscles of the hand, which is tested a hand dynamometer and standing stability, which is detected by measuring on stabilometric platform. Methods: This is a pilot study using subjective and objective examination. Stabilometric and dynamometric examination and the Czech version of the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire validated by Rheumatology Institute in Prague 2010 were used to the analysis. Evaluation of the collected data was done using two-way analysis of variance with repetition. Results: Biological therapy and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs have significant impact on quality of life, the strength of the small muscles of the hand and standing stability in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs have reached significant results than the biological therapy in quality of life, forces the small muscles of the right hand and standing stability. Biological...