Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T14:17:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 STEFANY_ PEDROTTI 2015.pdf: 2292343 bytes, checksum: 2d00d0ff8c02256c8040bdbd293e6156 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Periodontal disease is characterized by a chronic infection, which may cause systemic inflammation due to high levels of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-&#945;), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and interleukin-18 (IL-18), contributing to the development of endothelial dysfunction in various organs. The impairment of endothelial function can lead to erectile dysfunction, because it is characterized by vascular changes such as occlusion of cavernous arteries by atherosclerosis and reduction vascular reactivity due to decreased release of nitric oxide. In this sense, inflammation associated with periodontal disease may damage the penile endothelial layer, leading to occurrence of erectile dysfunctional. However, the potential role of chronic periodontitis in the pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction remains scarce. Therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate the tissue morphology of periodontal and penis rats associated or not with experimentally induced periodontitis. For this, 18 Wistar rats were obtained and induced periodontal disease in 9 rats, whereas the remaining 9 rats served as controls. After 30 days of induction of periodontal disease, the sexual behavior of rats was recorded and later, the animals were sacrificed to obtain gingival sample, hemimandible and penis to the morphological analysis, morphometric, immunological and radiographic. The results showed that experimental periodontitis contributed to the reduction in the sexual behavior of rats (p<0.05) and caused alveolar bone loss with a significant increase in osteoclastic activity and gingival volume (p<0.05). Moreover, the group with periodontitis had a higher concentration of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 in the gingiva and TNF-&#945; in the penis (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in ventral-dorsal and side-to-side distance of the penis (p> 0.05), however there was a higher thickness and a shorter area statistically significant of penile dorsal artery in the group with experimental periodontitis, as well as a smaller area of vascular spaces of the penile cavernous tissue (p<0.05). Based on these results, it is concluded that the experimental periodontitis caused structural and functional changes in the penis Wistar rats and sexual behavior changes, therefore systemic inflammation caused by periodontal disease can be an important risk factor for erectile dysfunction, that is why is necessary the development of interventions involving many health professionals for prevention and treatment of these two diseases that endanger the health and general well-being of individuals / A doença periodontal caracteriza-se por ser uma infecção crônica, a qual pode causar uma inflamação sistêmica devido aos elevados níveis de citocinas inflamatórias envolvidas, tal como fator de necrose tumoral-alfa (TNF-&#945;), interleucina-6 (IL-6), interleucina-8 (IL-8) e interleucina-18 (IL-18), o que contribui para o desenvolvimento da disfunção endotelial em diferentes órgãos. O comprometimento da função endotelial pode levar à disfunção erétil, pois a mesma é caracterizada por alterações vasculares, como oclusão das artérias cavernosas por aterosclerose e redução da reatividade vascular devido à diminuição da liberação do óxido nítrico. Nesse sentido, a inflamação associada com a doença periodontal pode danificar as camadas endoteliais penianas, induzindo à ocorrência da ereção disfuncional. Contudo, o papel potencial da periodontite crônica na fisiopatologia da disfunção erétil permanece escasso. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a morfologia tecidual do periodonto e pênis de ratos associados ou não com a periodontite induzida experimentalmente. Para isso, foram obtidos 18 ratos Wistar e induzida a doença periodontal em 9 ratos, sendo que os 9 ratos restantes serviram como controle. Aos 30 dias de indução da doença periodontal, foi gravado o comportamento sexual dos ratos e após, os animais foram sacrificados para a obtenção de amostra gengival, hemimandíbula e pênis para as análises morfológicas, morfométricas, imunológicas e radiográficas. Os resultados mostraram que a periodontite experimental contribuiu para a redução do comportamento sexual dos ratos (p<0.05), bem como causou perda óssea alveolar, com significante atividade osteoclástica e aumento de volume gengival (p<0.05). Além disso, o grupo com periodontite apresentou uma maior concentração de citocinas inflamatórias, tal como IL-6 nas gengivas e TNF-&#945; no pênis (p<0.05). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa nas dimensões ventral-dorsal e látero-lateral do pênis (p>0.05), no entanto verificou-se uma maior espessura e menor área estatisticamente significante da artéria dorsal do pênis no grupo com periodontite experimental, assim como uma menor área dos espaços vasculares dos corpos cavernosos (p<0.05). Com base nesses resultados, conclui-se que a peridontite experimental provocou alterações estruturais e funcionais no pênis de ratos Wistar, bem como alterações de comportamento sexual, portanto a inflamação sistêmica causada pela doença periodontal pode ser um importante fator de risco para a disfunção erétil, por isso se faz necessário o desenvolvimento de intervenções envolvendo vários profissionais da saúde para prevenção e tratamento dessas duas patologias que comprometem a saúde e bem-estar geral dos indivíduos

La sénescence endothéliale est une étape précoce menant à la dysfonction endothéliale, laquelle favorise la pathogénèse de maladies cardiovasculaires lors du vieillissement physiologique et, de manière prématurée, chez le sujet diabétique. La première étude indique que le stress oxydant favorise l’induction du système angiotensine local menant à la sénescence et la dysfonction endothéliale dans les cellules endothéliales en culture. La deuxième étude indique que l’expression redox-sensible des co-transporteurs sodium-glucose 2 (SGLT2) entraîne via le système angiotensine la sénescence et la dysfonction endothéliale en réponse au high glucose. De plus, les observations indiquent que l’Empagliflozine, un inhibiteur sélectif de SGLT2, et les anthocyanes du jus de cassis sont capables d’inhiber l’induction de la sénescence endothéliale au glucose. De ce fait, le système angiotensine local et le SGLT2 sont des cibles intéressantes pour retarder le vieillissement vasculaire. / Endothelial senescence is an early step to endothelial dysfunction, known to favor the development of cardiovascular diseases during ageing, or its accelerated form in diabetes. The first in vitro study shows that the activation of the local angiotensin system is favored by the oxidative stress and leads to endothelial senescence and dysfunction. The second study indicates that endothelial senescence and dysfunction in response to high glucose are driven by the redox-sensitive expression of sodium-glucose co-transporters SGLT-2, via the angiotensin system. Moreover, data also indicate that empagliflozin, a SGLT2 selective inhibitor, and anthocyans from black-currant juice can inhibit the glucose-induced endothelial senescence. Therefore, the local angiotensin system and SGLT2 are promising targets to stunt vascular ageing.

Diabetes mellitus is a complex disease characterised by chronic hyperglycaemia due to compromised insulin synthesis and secretion, or decreased tissue sensitivity to insulin, if not all three conditions. Endothelial dysfunction is a common complication in diabetes in which endothelium-dependent vasodilation is impaired. The aim of this study was to examine the involvement of TRPV4 in diabetes endothelial dysfunction. Male Charles River Wistar rats (350-450 g) were injected with 65mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) intraperitoneally. STZ-injected rats were compared with naïve rats (not injected with STZ) or control rats (injected with 10ml/kg of 20mM citrate buffer, pH 4.0-4.5), if not both. Rats with blood glucose concentrations greater than 16mmol/L were considered to be diabetic. As the results revealed, STZ-diabetic rats showed significant endothelial dysfunction characterised by impaired muscarinic-induced vasodilation, as well as significant impairment in TRPV4-induced vasodilation in aortic rings and mesenteric arteries. Furthermore, STZ-diabetic primary aortic endothelial cells (ECs) showed a significant reduction in TRPV4-induced intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) elevation. TRPV4, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and caveolin-1 (CAV-1) were also significantly downregulated in STZ-diabetic primary aortic ECs and were later significantly restored by in vitro insulin treatment. Methylglyoxal (MGO) was significantly elevated in STZ-diabetic rat serum, and nondiabetic aortic rings incubated with MGO (100μM) for 12 hours showed significant endothelial dysfunction. Moreover, nondiabetic primary aortic ECs treated with MGO (100μM) for 5 days showed significant TRPV4 downregulation and significant suppression of 4-α-PDD-induced [Ca2+]i elevation, which was later restored by L-arginine (100μM) co-incubation. Incubating nondiabetic aortic rings with MGO (100μM) for 2 hours induced a spontaneous loss of noradrenaline-induced contractility persistence. Moreover, MGO induced significant [Ca2+]i elevation in Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing rat TRPM8 channels (rTRPM8), which was significantly inhibited by AMTB (1-5μM). Taken together, TRPV4, CAV-1, and eNOS can form a functional complex that is downregulated in STZ-diabetic aortic ECs and restored by insulin treatment. MGO elevation might furthermore contribute to diabetes endothelial dysfunction and TRPV4 downregulation. By contrast, MGO induced the loss of contractility persistence, possibly due to MGO's acting as a TRPM8 agonist.