The shopping centre has evolved into an integral part of modern day society. New generations especially are unable to imagine a world without shopping centres. In 2008 a world wide economic down turn emphasized the competition to attract a buying market to shopping centres, some centres thrived and some centres struggled. The need to understand what creates these different responses to highly competitive scenarios is discussed in this study, with particular attention given to the tenant mix that exists in different shopping centres. Criteria that determine an optimum tenant mix are examined and the constraining factors are discussed. A literature review of shopping centres is discussed and the evolution of the shopping centre to our current day understanding of the term shopping centre is examined. Accepted definitions and categorisations of shopping centres along with a brief history of the shopping centre, as revealed by the literature, is presented. To create a tenant mix the body of tenants needs to be divided into sub- categories and various ways to achieve this are examined. The objectives of this study are to determine what strategic approaches to managing the tenant mix exists in the literature and what factors determine the formulation of this mix. Furthermore the study examines to what extent these or other strategic approaches are used in practice and finally makes recommendations to promote the optimum tenant mix in shopping centres. A literature review was conducted to determine what the theory reveals about the shopping centre industry. This was followed by an empirical survey conducted in the Port Elizabeth area of the Nelson Mandela Metropole. Finally the findings and theory were compared to make conclusions and suggest recommendation to achieve synergy in shopping centres through a optimum tenant mix.

This study examines the spatial characteristics of specialized (high order) retail trade within Vancouver, B.C. Conclusions arrived at are presumed applicable to most contemporary North American cities of a similar size range. Literature is examined in order to sift out existing generalizations concerning this class of retailing activities. The most persistent notions in the literature suggest: (i) that specialized (high order) retail businesses depend upon the infrequent purchases of a large threshold population for support, i.e. on an intra-city scale such businesses are oriented to a city-wide market for potential or eventual customers and their market hinterlands are thus presumed to be city-wide, embracing nests of lower order hinterlands; (ii) as a result, specialized, (high order) businesses are seen to be located centrally within the city since this is seen to be the point maximally accessible from across the entire city, and thus the optimum location for businesses depending on customers presumed scattered across the whole city. These ideas are basic to analysis of intra-city retail spatial organization in terms of distance minimizing theories, such as ecological theory and central place theory. However, close examination of the operating characteristics of specialized retail businesses questions these accepted concepts and their theoretical underpinnings. Especially it is stressed: (i) that specialized (high order) retailing tends towards monopolistic competition, since merchants attempt to attract customers through "product differentiation!' and "image projection". It is argued that this permits locational flexibility, not central fixation for specialized (high order) retail businesses: (ii) the normal background for retail activity in North America is a pluralistic socio-economic environment. Consequently, retail stores - especially specialized (high order) stores - are likely to appeal to socially distinctive and areally localized groups for custom. It is argued that this results in selective and morphologically sectoral (not indiscriminantly city-wide) market hinterlands for specialized (high order) stores. Recognition of these characteristics, and the subsequent welding of traditional geographical theories (ecological and central place theories) with insights from economic theory and sociological theory, enriches traditional geographical ideas in a context where existing ideas had hitherto been obscure or misleading. The same recognition also emphasizes that such traditional theories best explain the geography of low order retailing rather than high order retailing. The argument developed permits certain deductions about the locational and hinterland characteristics of specialized (high order) retail businesses to be made, which are phrased as hypotheses for test. Hypotheses are tested in Vancouver in terms of a number or stores identified as "high order". Hypotheses concerning the locational attributes of such stores are tested by interviews with store merchants and managers, to establish reasons for the choice of particular store locations and to discuss methods of business operation. Hypotheses concerning the hinterland characteristics of such stores are tested by the analysis of store hinterlands using credit record, sales slip and questionnaire derived data. This programme of interview and hinterland analysis yields a large number of case studies which are analysed in terms of hypotheses outlined. Many of these case studies are reported, with examples being chosen to cover all possible ramifications of the argument and a "spectrum" of "orders of good" being discussed in order to demonstrate changes in the geography of retail activities with changes in the "order of good" variable. Reporting of these case studies makes up the bulk of the study, and the evidence reported tends to confirm the hypotheses suggested and the arguments on which they rest. On the basis of the merchant interview programme, it is suggested that analysis of the cultural background and behavioural motives of merchants usefully illuminates patterns of location of high order retail businesses, now shown to be disparate, not centrally fixed. A verbal model is presented which systematizes the process of intracity retail site selection by business men, and which emphasizes this behavioural approach, to analysis of store location. Further implications of the argument concerning the internal structure of the city - especially in terms of the role of the C.B.D. in the contemporary city - are drawn out and made explicit as the study proceeds. One of these suggests that the C.B.D. may have lost its accessibility monopoly in the modern city, that centrality may have lost its value to certain traditionally core located activities, and that the historic market place in the centre of the city may have been replaced by a territorially larger area of the city (the "inner city market area") which now shares the accessibility advantages once enjoyed only by the C.B.D. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

Many changes have occurred in retailing practices in Canada in recent years. These changes have been caused, in part, by socio-economic and demographic shifts in Canada's population. The movement of population to urban areas, increased disposable incomes and the mobility of the consumer have caused the retailers to respond to the changes with a number of innovations. Among the innovations are the development of the supermarket, the shopping centre and the discount house. Particular attention is focused in the thesis on the progress and adaptability of consumer co-operatives to the changes taking place in retailing in Canada. A second area studied is that of efficiencies possible through the integration by co-operatives of the functions of retailing, wholesaling and manufacturing. The response of consumer co-operatives to change is assessed first, in terms of the long-established co-operatives in Great Britain, Sweden and the United States and, secondly, with respect to the operation of consumer co-operatives in Canada. British and Swedish consumer co-operatives carry out substantial portions of the retail trade of Great Britain and Sweden while the American consumer co-operatives are a minor factor of the retail trade of the United States. The British co-operatives recognized the need to assess their operations and appointed a commission of inquiry. The Swedish co-operatives have recently been re-organized, particularly with respect to the operation of department stores. A detailed analysis of consumer co-operatives in Canada indicates that the main source of sales has been in farm supplies and consumer goods in rural areas. Progress is being made, particularly in Western Canada, in the development of consumer co-operatives in urban areas. Two co-operative wholesale societies are discussed from the point of view of the integration of co-operative enterprises. It would appear that there is a possibility that the British Columbia Co-operative Wholesale Society and Federated Co-operatives Limited could achieve a higher degree of integration than now exists. A study of the Sherwood Co-operative Association in Saskatchewan indicates that this co-operative has radically altered both its facilities and the product lines offered over a thirty-year period. An analysis of a sample of member-purchasers showed that the co-operative relies on a small minority of members for the bulk of its sales volume. A further sample was developed in order to analyze the residential location of the membership. The latter sample indicated that although the membership of the co-operative in the period up to 1944 was essentially rural, in more recent years there has been an increased participation by people in metropolitan Regina. A mail survey of British Columbia co-operatives resulted in a response from nineteen co-operatives, of which nine were vendors of food products. The nine consumer co-operatives in food products expended over one million dollars for improvement and construction of facilities in the previous five years. Projects totalling over $750,000 are planned for 1962. Three general conclusions were reached in the study. 1. Consumer co-operatives are making progress and adapting to changes in retailing in Canada. 2. Benefits of integrated operations through co-operative wholesale societies are possible but in some instances are not fully realized by the consumer co-operative associations. 3. Consumer co-operative development in the large metropolitan areas is necessary for any substantial growth in consumer co-operative sales in the future. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

The Lean concept arises from Toyota Production Syste (TPS). Then, the concept of leanness includes Value, Waste and Continuous Improvement. An organization with high level of leanness creates higher value to customers with lower level of waste within a continuous improvement environment. The examination of these diploma theses determines a new approach of lean measurement. Although, the use of ethnography is new in Lean management, it opens new possibilities to understand the behavior of the people about the organizational leanness.

M.Comm. / Franchising is growing in stature as one of the most powerful business methods. Fifty percent of retail sales in the USA are generated through franchised chains. Franchising happens when an entrepreneur seizes a viable business opportunity. A system is developed to extract the maximum value and the rights to use the business system are sold to a franchisee to operate a business along the same principles and systems as the original opportunity. The franchisee and franchisor work together as a team or alliance to build and maintain the brand. In order to exploit the business opportunity in a meaningful manner, it is important for the franchisor and the franchisee to understand and to analyse the different relationships in the franchising model. The franchise relationship model developed by Spinelli et al is very useful and provides a sensible approach in analysing and identifying the different relationships in a franchised business. The most important aspect of the franchise relationship model is the relationship with the customer. The service delivery system is created by the franchisor and franchisee to provide the best service or to deliver the product in the most effective way to the customer. The service delivery system is the blue print of the franchise operation and outlines the flow of tasks and transactions in the franchise model. In order for franchisors and franchisees to ensure that uniformity and standards are maintained across the franchised business, it is important for them to have a system through which franchisees can be monitored. The main focus of the monitoring system is to prevent shirking, free riding or to avoid that franchisees erode the brand of the business. An important tool in the monitoring process is the franchise agreement. The franchise agreement is a specialised agreement that outlines the relationship between the franchisor and the franchisee. Other important tools used in the monitoring function are field visits, external service audits, peer review, analytical tools, customer feedback and mystery shopping. Transactional analysis is used to determine which tasks are to be carried out by whom in the franchise relationship. The service delivery system tasks are defined and different tasks awarded to either the franchisee or the franchisor. As an example of this method, the real estate function is analysed indicating what the essential tasks are when executing this function and who is responsible for it.

Magíster en Gestión de Operaciones / En este trabajo se presenta el análisis de los impactos relativos de los canales de un retailer online en la tasa de llegada del sitio web. Se analizan las visitas de 20 mil clientes escogidos aleatoriamente, realizadas en un periodo de 10 meses, los cuales realizan compras de materiales de construcción y productos para el hogar, permitiendo incluir en el modelo las actividades de conversión y micro conversión realizadas durante este periodo. Se presenta un análisis separando acciones de comprar una o más veces y las acciones solicitar una o más veces muestras y/o cotizaciones. De esta forma, el estudio toma en cuenta de manera separada tres tipos de tendencias en el comportamiento de los clientes: de navegación, de micro conversión y de conversión. Se desarrollan 4 modelos diferenciados por: la cantidad de parámetros (9K, 2K+1,3K+1 y 3K+2) y la inclusión de probabilidades de transición. Estas probabilidades son calculadas en torno a la información de los canales visitados o acciones realizadas y se incorporan para filtrar un proceso de poisson, el cual modela los eventos realizados por los clientes en torno al sitio web. De esta forma se definen tasas de llegada en función de parámetros que cuantifican carácterísticas de los canales y acciones. Se identifica la importancia de algunos canales y acciones en el proceso de compra de un cliente y se marca la diferencia entre canales que son más efectivos incrementando la propensión de navegación. Se resaltan comportamientos típicos de clientes que compran con frecuencia y que utilizan las micro conversiones como una herramienta para recibir información más especializada. Se comenta el potencial de las muestras en mantener al cliente navegando y de las cotizaciones como un punto de decisión clave en el proceso de compra. Se plantea un modelamiento en dos fases; en la primera el cálculo de probabilidades de transición y en la segunda el cálculo de parámetros dentro de la función de log verosimilitud, condicionados a los resultados de la primera fase. Además se toma en cuenta tasas de llegada al sitio web diferenciadas por procesos de inter sesión e intra sesión, los cuales son sesiones en las que el cliente puede realizar multiples contactos en un tiempo relativamente corto o largo respectivamente. En torno a esto se encuentra que la inclusión de parámetros que diferencian dichas sesiones, tienden a realizar un mejor ajuste. Resaltamos canales que son de gran importancia para el retailer en torno al funcionamiento, así encontramos canales que ayudan a posicionar la imagen de la compañía en la mente del cliente y otros canales que se convierten de mayor importancia una vez que el retailer está posicionado. Se proponen métricas de Engagement, Atracción, Fidelidad, Persistencia, Redirección y Retención. Esto se convierte en un punto destacado en la investigación, para el cual se utilizan únicamente información calculada en la primera fase, es decir con las probabilidades de transición. Se plantea una combinación de dichas carácteristica para cuantificar la efectividad de los canales, sin embargo se resalta el hecho que existen canales que són más efectivos dependiendo el objetivo buscado. El documento presenta un apartado de pronóstico de la distribución de los eventos en los distintos canales/acciones y se presentan las métricas de ajuste de los modelos. Se finaliza con la sección de concluiones en donde se comenta y retoma la importancia de las micro conversiones como un beneficio para el cliente (y para el retailer). Se alienta, a futuras investigaciones, en la importancia de poder incluir información obtenida de las probabilidades de transición y se genera una discusión sobre posibles usos de las métricas en modelos de optimización para la toma de decisiones de inversión.

Limited access to, and availability of, fresh, healthy, and affordable food is a major concern in several communities across the United States of America. Such conditions have long perpetuated a wide variety of negative health outcomes that include, but are not limited to, obesity, diabetes, and other heart-related disease and illness, not to mention socio-economic immobility. Furthermore, the prevalence of limited food access and food insecurity is well researched and documented as an issue that disproportionately affects non-white, lower-income communities. The following research paper aims to better understand the characteristics of food deserts, the communities that are most affected by them, and the challenges that food deserts present to the local community. Additionally, the following research paper seeks to explain why most conventional grocery stores and supermarkets do not enter underserved markets. As such, it discusses the financial difficulties associated with grocery anchored retail developments in underserved markets, and examines why such communities struggle to attract investment in general. / 0 / SPK / specialcollections@tulane.edu

The shopping center has held an important place in the American economy for decades. However, the concept has seen multiple revolution in terms of format. The most recent shopping center concept to gain rapid popularity is the lifestyle center – an outdoor shopping mall made to resemble a pleasant main street setting, with a tenant mix emphasizing dining and entertainment. In other words, the lifestyle center concept is geared toward selling consumers things to do, versus things to buy. This thesis studies the geography of lifestyle centers in the United States in both the large-scale and small-scale view. Results show that lifestyle centers are concentrated into larger urban areas, often with a population of over 1 million. An analysis of spatial agglomeration revealed that lifestyle centers are often several miles away from the nearest traditional mall, indicating that developers do not feel the need to build near established shopping districts where traditional malls lie. Finally, results concerning trade area characteristics show the characteristics of consumers in areas where lifestyle centers have been built. Findings in this study indicate that developers are utilizing a unique approach when selecting sites for lifestyle centers compared to traditional indoor malls.

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Marketing / El principal objetivo de este estudio es poder graficar a través del ejemplo de un retailer chileno del mejoramiento del hogar como las variables de las diversas campañas de marketing pueden en cierta medida ayudar a explicar la performance de las mismas. En este estudio se trabajó en concreto sobre la venta incremental, la principal medida utilizada para evaluar el desempeño de las campañas de marketing, que este busca evaluar si es que la existencia o no de esfuerzos de marketing provocaron venta adicional o no en la compañía gracias a las campañas llevadas a cabo, de existir venta incremental, el monto obtenido refleja cuanta más venta se obtuvo debido a los esfuerzos de marketing. Por lo tanto se evaluó en las campañas de la compañía cuales eran las variables más relevantes que influenciaban la venta incremental durante los años 2015, 2016, 2017 y 2018 a través de tres tipos de variables dependientes las cuáles son variables que tienen que ver con pertenencia a la campaña en sí misma, variables que tienen relación a los medios masivos y variables que tienen que ver con temporalidad. Dentro de los principales resultados que se obtuvieron podemos señalar que los avisos publicitarios de prensa escrita son los que mayor relación tienen con la venta incremental, por sobre la televisión que es el medio que recibe mayor inversión y que ninguna campaña por sí sola es capaz de atribuirse venta incremental sin impulsos de marketing. Además se verifico que la cantidad de fin de semanas que tenga una campaña tiene influencia sobre el resultado final de la campaña y que hay sucesos como las elecciones de puestos de representación que afectan negativamente la venta incremental, y otros eventos como los eventos deportivos globales que afectan de manera positiva la venta incremental.

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