Excavations conducted at Indian Sands (35-CU-67C), located along Oregon's southern coast, during 2002 and 2003 identified two discreet, artifact-bearing stratigraphic units. The uppermost unit is a deflated surface containing burnt shell and lithic artifacts associated with early Holocene ¹⁴C dates, while the underlying unit contained only lithic tools and debitage, some of which were associated with a ¹⁴C date of 10,430 ± 150 RCYBP. The late Pleistocene lithic assemblage at 35-CU-67C provides the earliest evidence for human presence on the Oregon coast to date. Analysis performed on the late Pleistocene assemblage addresses the validity of existing hypotheses regarding the nature of early Oregon coastal hunter-gatherer technological and subsistence strategies. These hypotheses are focused on whether early populations on the Oregon coast practiced a generalist-forager or collector subsistence strategy. Using theoretical approaches that deal with the organization of hunter-gatherer technology, analyses were conducted on the lithic tool and debitage assemblages at 35-CU- 67C in order to infer past hunter-gatherer behavior. Through the implementation of multiple tool and debitage analysis methodologies, issues of hunter-gatherer mobility, raw material procurement, stages of lithic reduction, tool production, and site function are presented. The data generated by the late Pleistocene lithic assemblage at 35-CU-67C are compared with the overlying surficial assemblage, additional early sites along the North American Pacific coast, and to contemporaneous sites located further inland within the Pacific Northwest region. Results of the lithic analyses at 35-CU-67C show distinct similarities in debitage trends between the assemblages of each stratigraphic unit. However, when tool assemblages from these units are compared, discrepancies in the types and amount of tools are found. Reasons for intra-site variability and similarity are explained through raw material studies and site function at 35-CU-67C. Additionally, similarities between the early tool assemblage at 35-CU-67C and those found in early tool assemblages on the extended Pacific coast and interior Pacific Northwest regions are discussed. This thesis demonstrates that early southern Oregon coastal populations had a tendency towards high mobility and used a generalized toolkit organization. Early lithic technology used at 35-CU-67C emphasized multidirectional core technology and biface manufacture in the form of preforms and leaf-shaped projectile-points. This type of technological organization is to be expected from hunter-gatherers practicing a generalist-forager subsistence strategy. Based on the 10,430 ± 150 RCYBP date and technological organization at 35-CU-67C, early Oregon coastal occupation is seen as encompassing a generalist-forager subsistence strategy most likely adapted to both coastal and terrestrial environments. / Graduation date: 2005

This work aimed to develop in a two-step strategy the deoxygenation of benzoic acid as a new probe reaction of the oxidation catalysts "at work". This choice was based on the experimental fact that the distribution of the potential main products, namely benzaldehyde, toluene and benzene depends on the presence and the mutual disposition of oxygen vacancies at the surface of the oxide catalysts. Indeed, it is claimed in the literature that single oxygen vacancies selectively produces benzaldehyde, twin oxygen vacancies (i.e. two oxygen vacancies separated by about 2Å) induce the formation of toluene while the benzene production does not need the presence of any oxygen vacancies. Two molybdenum based catalytic systems were chosen to test the new probe reaction : the molybdenum (sub)oxides and the metal molybdates. By the way of a new and original coupling between the probe reaction and the oxidation of propylene, we planned to correlate in real time the formation of the superficial oxygen vacancies monitored by the deoxygenation of benzoic acid and the activity in an oxidation reaction. Such an experimental coupling is a promising and a powerful tool which allows the fine characterization of the active catalytic site at work in an oxidation reaction.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Alberta, 2002. / Adviser: Charles Schweger. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.A.)--Oregon State University, 1982. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 97-105). Also available on the World Wide Web.

The Hartley site (FaNp-19) is a Late Precontact Period multicomponent habitation and bison kill and processing site located on the periphery of a sand dune environment surrounded by grasslands. The Hartley site, located within the Saskatoon city limits, was originally identified by Ken Cronk and members of the Saskatoon Archaeological Society in the 1950s. Subsequent excavations by Millenium Consulting Ltd., the University of Saskatchewan, Western Heritage Services Inc., and Stantec Consulting Ltd. have all added to the database of knowledge pertaining to this site. Radiometric dates and the recovery of artifacts characteristic of the Avonlea Horizon, the Old Womens Phase, and the Mortlach Phase have demonstrated that this region was a popular place for occupation and bison procurement during the Late Precontact Period. <p>A detailed analysis of the faunal remains recovered from the area known as the Wooded Hollow has demonstrated that this assemblage differs significantly from the remains recovered from the previously researched Brushy Depression. It appears that bison were being heavily harvested and that the use of secondary faunal sources was extremely limited. Determination of seasonality is based on cluster and discriminant function analysis of carpal, tarsal, longbone and phalange data. The resulting herd structure of almost equal numbers of males and females suggests an occupation during the rut, or the fall months. Some immature elements and non-bison remains suggest occupation may have occurred in the spring. It is therefore possible that this region was utilized over a period of time for the purposes of procuring animals from the spring to the fall months. The complete lack of foetal bone in this region suggests that, unlike in the Brushy Depression, the Wooded Hollow was not occupied during the winter months. <p>Taphonomic factors were considered in performing a complete faunal analysis of this thesis. Non-human agents and associated processes suggest that the assemblage was buried quickly after the site was vacated. The extremely fragmented nature of the assemblage, however, suggests that humans had a greater effect on the assemblage than the non-human agents. Based on breakage patterns it is determined that these remains were being processed for the purposes of both marrow and grease extraction. Application of a site determination model also suggests that it is likely that both kill and processing activities occurred in this area. <p>Location of the Hartley site within a dune environment is linked to the activities that occurred at this site. A review of ethnographic accounts of bison pounding and surrounding activities has revealed that availability of ecological resources such as wood and necessary topographic features characteristic of dune environments were essential to the success of bison procurement. Although it has been suggested that settlement of these regions is also linked to the variety and stability of resources in ecotones, or areas of resource overlap, between grassland and sandhill environments, a review of several faunal assemblages from various similar Northern Plains assemblages reveals that bison was by far the dominant species exploited. Variety in terms of faunal resources may not have been a factor at all. It is therefore suggested in this thesis that settlement on the periphery of sandhill environments is linked to the presence of bison in the surrounding grassland region, as well as to the stability of the resources in wetland areas supported by high water tables in the dune environments. Also known as ecological islands these regions may have been more stable in terms of essential resources such as wood and other botanical resources, in addition to providing areas of shelter during the colder winter months. It is concluded that settlement and large scale bison procurement activities in several sandhill environments on the Northern Plains is tightly linked to availability of bison, the availability of wood, a conducive topographic setting, and the stability of resources in these ecological islands.

Ce mémoire présente une analyse sur l'état du patrimoine archéologique péruvien et plus particulièrement des vestiges architecturaux datant de l'époque inca. Il a pour objectif de déterminer si les actions posées par les acteurs impliqués dans sa mise en valeur ont assuré son intégrité par l'application de mesures adéquates de conservation. Pour atteindre cet objectif, ce mémoire s'attarde sur la matérialité des vestiges archéologiques. Des définitions et explications des diverses catégories de biens culturels sont proposées dans le chapitre I afin de faciliter la compréhension du sujet. Les auteurs impliqués dans la gestion et la protection de ce patrimoine sont présentés au chapitre II alors que les principaux enjeux qui empêchent un respect maximal de ces biens nationaux sont exposés au chapitre III. Les trois derniers chapitres renferment des études de cas, lesquelles énoncent les actes de patrimonialisation et de mise en valeur de trois sites incas: le Sanctuaire de Pachacamac, le Parc archéologique de Sacsayhuaman (PAS) et le Sanctuaire historique de Machu Picchu (SHMP). Pour évaluer leurs conditions physiques, l'approche historiographique met en évidence les étapes de mise en patrimonialisation de chacun d'eux et souligne l'histoire autochtone qui leur est rattachée. L'approche sociologique contribue, quant à elle, à questionner la responsabilité des acteurs sociaux dans la conservation des sites mentionnés. Ce mémoire est le fruit d'une étude de terrain, de recherches assidues dans divers lieux de documentation et d'entretiens avec des individus qui participent à la mise en valeur et à la protection de ces sites. Tous ces éléments rassemblés en conclusion permettent la formulation de recommandations qui contribuent à soutenir l'importance de la conservation du patrimoine bâti péruvien de l'époque précolombienne par l'accentuation de la participation populaire, l'implantation d'un programme éducatif en vue de sensibiliser les générations à venir, un remaniement gouvernemental ainsi qu'un appui prononcé à la recherche et à la formation d'une main-d'oeuvre qualifiée. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Pérou, Incas, Patrimoine bâti, Conservation, Politique culturelle, Machu Picchu, Sacsayhuaman, Pachacamac.

The present work is in the area of site and computational investigations dealing with migration of a dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) within a discrete fractures network embedded in a porous rock media at field scale using numerical simulation. The migration of DNAPL in the subsurface is dependent upon surface parameters, subsurface aquifer parameters and other subsurface conditions. Generally, these aquifer parameters govern the temporal and spatial variability of a DNAPL. To understand the source zone architecture and dissolved plume movement in the subsurface, characterization of these relevant subsurface parameters is required with respect to space and time. The present study focuses on a systematic investigation and characterization of fluid and transport parameters at highly contaminated fractured-porous media site located at Smithville, Ontario, Canada. Data used to characterize the Smithville site include site geology, ground surface elevation, historical hydraulic head, hydraulic parameters from packer tests such as hydraulic conductivity, porosity, analyses performed on borehole core samples, pumping rates from recovery wells, and contaminants transport parameters such as DNAPL concentration data. Geostatistical and statistical analysis have been used to generate information on groundwater flow direction, vertical hydraulic gradients, contaminant plume migration and source zone architecture. TCE concentrations and pumping rates have been used to estimate TCE mass removal from the site. Important parameters for use in the multiphase model have been developed, including capillary pressure curves and relative permeability curves for rock matrix and fractures, and pore throat radius of the rock matrix. DNAPL behaves differently in fractured-porous media than it does in porous media. To understand DNAPL behaviour in fractured-porous media, site specific conceptual model development to describe geological, hydrogeological, fracture network, and DNAPL occurrence is required. Prediction of the impact of source mass depletion at highly contaminated fractured-porous media site for achieving regulatory goals, as a contaminant concentration at a down gradient compliance boundary was evaluated using multiphase compositional model CompFlow. The results demonstrate that a large amount of non-aqueous phase DNAPL is present in the Vuggy Dolostone and the Tight Dolostone (23-28m, Low Vinemount) and a small amount is present in Permeable Dolostone (Eramosa). The peak concentration at the compliance boundary is much greater than the maximum acceptable concentration (MAC) for TCE of 0.005 mg/L for drinking water.

The Hartley site (FaNp-19) is a Late Precontact Period multicomponent habitation and bison kill and processing site located on the periphery of a sand dune environment surrounded by grasslands. The Hartley site, located within the Saskatoon city limits, was originally identified by Ken Cronk and members of the Saskatoon Archaeological Society in the 1950s. Subsequent excavations by Millenium Consulting Ltd., the University of Saskatchewan, Western Heritage Services Inc., and Stantec Consulting Ltd. have all added to the database of knowledge pertaining to this site. Radiometric dates and the recovery of artifacts characteristic of the Avonlea Horizon, the Old Womens Phase, and the Mortlach Phase have demonstrated that this region was a popular place for occupation and bison procurement during the Late Precontact Period. <p>A detailed analysis of the faunal remains recovered from the area known as the Wooded Hollow has demonstrated that this assemblage differs significantly from the remains recovered from the previously researched Brushy Depression. It appears that bison were being heavily harvested and that the use of secondary faunal sources was extremely limited. Determination of seasonality is based on cluster and discriminant function analysis of carpal, tarsal, longbone and phalange data. The resulting herd structure of almost equal numbers of males and females suggests an occupation during the rut, or the fall months. Some immature elements and non-bison remains suggest occupation may have occurred in the spring. It is therefore possible that this region was utilized over a period of time for the purposes of procuring animals from the spring to the fall months. The complete lack of foetal bone in this region suggests that, unlike in the Brushy Depression, the Wooded Hollow was not occupied during the winter months. <p>Taphonomic factors were considered in performing a complete faunal analysis of this thesis. Non-human agents and associated processes suggest that the assemblage was buried quickly after the site was vacated. The extremely fragmented nature of the assemblage, however, suggests that humans had a greater effect on the assemblage than the non-human agents. Based on breakage patterns it is determined that these remains were being processed for the purposes of both marrow and grease extraction. Application of a site determination model also suggests that it is likely that both kill and processing activities occurred in this area. <p>Location of the Hartley site within a dune environment is linked to the activities that occurred at this site. A review of ethnographic accounts of bison pounding and surrounding activities has revealed that availability of ecological resources such as wood and necessary topographic features characteristic of dune environments were essential to the success of bison procurement. Although it has been suggested that settlement of these regions is also linked to the variety and stability of resources in ecotones, or areas of resource overlap, between grassland and sandhill environments, a review of several faunal assemblages from various similar Northern Plains assemblages reveals that bison was by far the dominant species exploited. Variety in terms of faunal resources may not have been a factor at all. It is therefore suggested in this thesis that settlement on the periphery of sandhill environments is linked to the presence of bison in the surrounding grassland region, as well as to the stability of the resources in wetland areas supported by high water tables in the dune environments. Also known as ecological islands these regions may have been more stable in terms of essential resources such as wood and other botanical resources, in addition to providing areas of shelter during the colder winter months. It is concluded that settlement and large scale bison procurement activities in several sandhill environments on the Northern Plains is tightly linked to availability of bison, the availability of wood, a conducive topographic setting, and the stability of resources in these ecological islands.

Nuclear protein KLIP1 cooperates with myeloid leukemia factor 1 (MLF1) to inhibit the programmed cell death resulting in tumor formation. It also inhibits the activity of thymidine kinase promoter of Kaposi¡¦s sarcoma-associated Herpes Virus. KLIP1 functions as a centromere protein, hence acquires its name as CENP-U or CENP-50, to regulate the separation of sister-chromatids during mitosis. These results indicate that KLIP1 plays important roles in regulation of transcription and cell cycle. In this study, six potential SUMO modification sites, K33, K63, K126, K127, K185 and K210, were identified bioinformatically using SUMOplot. Many reports address that SUMO modification alters the transcriptional activity, protein-protein interaction, the subcellular localization and stability of its target protein. Recent data suggest that SUMO is required for centromere binding protein to mediate proper mitotic spindle attachment to the kinetochore, and previous research suggest that there has a SUMO-interaction motif (SIM) in KLIP1 protein sequence. To reveal the interaction between KLIP1 and SUMO-1, and study its effects on KLIP1 function, we co-express GFP-KLIP1 and His-tagged SUMO-1 in HEK 293 cells. After affinity purification of SUMOylated proteins from transfected cells using nickel conjugated beads and subsequent western blotted with anti-GFP. The results indicated the interaction between KLIP1 and SUMO-1 in co-transfected cells. Our confocal microscopy imaging also found colocalization of GFP-KLIP1 with RFP-SUMO-1 nuclear foci. In addition, we failed to detect the interaction between SUMO-1 and mutant KLIP1-M6 ,whose six potential SUMO modified lysine residues were mutated to arginine. Furthermore, we found a distinct nuclear localization of GFP-KLIP1-M6 as compared to the image of wildtype GFP-KLIP1, which show a significant higher frequency of colocalization with RFP-SUMO-1 foci. Taken together, our data suggest the interaction between KLIP1 and SUMO-1 may be related to these six potential lysine residues, which upon mutation blocks its colocalization with SUMO-1 in nuclear foci. The biological significance of their interaction are awaits for further investigation.

Nitrous oxide is a greenhouse gas produced in large quantity by several industrial processes. Efficient means of eliminating N2O are therefore of interest. The denitrification enzyme nitrous oxide reductase (N2OR), which reduces N2O to N2 and water , has recently been shown to contain an unprecedented [Cu4-&#x00B5;4S] active site. Multinuclear copper sulfide compounds are known but have not been studied in the context of modeling N2OR or as N2O reduction catalysts. The synthesis of new tetranuclear [Cu4-&#x00B5;4S] compounds is proposed to model the N2OR active site.The purpose of our research is to synthesize [Cu2-&#x00B5;2S] complex, which original compound of [Cu4-&#x00B5;4S] complex. This can be groundwork for mimicking the copper protein active site.