A comparing study of planting spots and terrain impact in different types of terrain.

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Class of 2012 Abstract / Specific Aims: The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the time of vancomycin pre-operative surgical site infection prophylaxis administration relative to other scheduled antibiotic therapy at a tertiary care, academic medical center. The secondary purpose was to characterize the incidence of adverse events post-surgery that were associated with vancomycin therapy in patients who received both pre- operative scheduled vancomycin therapy and vancomycin for surgical site infection prophylaxis Methods: This descriptive study was a retrospective medical chart review of all patients over the age of 28 days who received vancomycin for surgical site infection prophylaxis between February 2011 and May 2011 at a tertiary care, academic medical center. This study was approved be the Institutional Review Board. The subject population included patients admitted to the hospital for at least 72 hours who received at least 48 hours of scheduled vancomycin (IV), daptomycin or linezolid therapy before index surgery and subsequently received surgical site infection prophylaxis with vancomycin. Main Results: Of the 20 subjects who meet the study inclusion criteria, 18 (90%) subjects received scheduled vancomycin doses within 48 hours prior to surgery, 5 (25%) subjects within 4 hours, and 4 (20%) subjects within 2 hours. No surgical site infections were reported. Conclusions: This was a pilot study to evaluate the timing of vancomycin surgical site infection prophylaxis doses with scheduled vancomycin, linezolid, and daptomycin. No adverse effects associated with surgical site infection prophylaxis were reported but the sample size is small and likely inadequate to detect this potential issue.

This thesis presents the results of geoarchaeological investigations of several archaeological sites along the Elm Fork of the Trinity River in north central Texas. Archaeological data recorded from mitigation excavations in Denton and Cooke counties were analyzed to understand the geologic impacts on faunal preservation resulting from site formation processes. The faunal assemblages are highly fragmented, even in settings known for good preservation. A combined approach using geoarchaeological and taphonomic techniques was implemented to examine how fragmentation, evidence of soil weathering, and differential preservation were impacted by differing geologic conditions throughout the river basin. Intrasite and intersite results of the sites show that a great deal of variability of faunal preservation is present at difference scales of analysis.

Master of Landscape Architecture / Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning / Jon D. Hunt / Design tools (the method of making a designer uses to conceptualize or communicate the assembly of an object) are not simply secondary instruments to communicate designs through, but are the primary media through which designers contemplate and process design problems. Designers should utilize tools, whether digital or analog, with an awareness of each tool’s limitations and advantages and the possibilities they provide to each step of the design process. The intent of this report is to study how site inspired making methods can be used to observe and reveal information about a site, and thus contribute to the site analysis phase of design. Site inspired making methods are developed in this report through an exploratory research process. Exploratory research is a qualitative method used to provide flexibility in developing knowledge about a topic. An exploratory process was chosen to allow my focuses to shift as I make and reflect so my findings arise as I conduct the studies, not just from an initial hypothesis. Through an exploratory research process of making and reflecting this report answers the question: How do various methods of making develop and document my understanding of the site? Exploratory methods of drawing and sculpting are used to observe and reveal site information, and develop site-inspired artistic works. The site is a small, wooded lot and cove of Tuttle Creek Lake located northwest of Manhattan, Kansas. The research process is divided into an investigation phase in which I explored initial drawing and sculpting methods and an application phase in which I created a sculpture and series of drawings inspired by the site. I documented site conditions through observational drawing; revealed patterns and textures by drawing with and on site materials; developed parametric studies of balancing sculptures; discovered crystallization patterns by splattering ink on a frozen lake; designed a balancing sculpture inspired by the motion of ice sheets and driftwood on water; and created frost drawings by applying ink to soaked and frozen watercolor paper. Each method revealed different site qualities and informed my understanding of the site.

The aim of this study is to investigate how well the wind stress is described in the regional climate model RCA (Rossby Centre Atmospheric model). The model data is compared with measurements taken at Östergarnsholm, an island located east of Gotland in the Baltic Sea. The investigation covers the period October 1997 to September 2000. Compared with the measurements RCA underestimates the wind speed over ocean in most cases. When the wind speed is studied in monthly mean it was found that the wind speed is consistently underestimated in the model, especially during summer and early winter. The wind stress is also underestimated during the year except during late winter and in October when it is overestimated. When wind speed from the model and measurements were studied it was found that lower wind speed is overestimated in the model. This contributes to overestimation of the wind stress for lower wind speeds. For higher wind speeds both wind speed and wind stress is underestimated in RCA. If the model would have a correct wind speed the wind stress would be overestimated with 20-30 % for all wind speeds compared to the measured. This is probably due to miscalculations of wind stress in the model. RCA fail to capture the stability in a satisfactory way. The model describes most of the times a different stratification than the measurements do. Separate studies over modeled and measured wind speed and wind stress was made. RCA is found to represent stable condition well. During unstable stratification modeled wind speed and wind stress are underestimated. Investigation of the measured wave age shows that the model underestimates both wind speed and wind stress for growing sea and mature sea. For the situations when the measured wave age was defined as swell the model overestimated wind speed and wind stress.2 / Den här studien tar upp hur väl friktionen över havsytan beskrivs i den regionala klimatmodellen RCA (Rossby Centre Atmospheric model). Modelldata jämförs med mätningar gjorda på Östergarnsholm, en ö belägen öster om Gotland i Östersjön. Studien spänner över tidsperioden oktober 1997 till september 2000. RCA underskattar i många fall vindhastigheten på 10 m över havsytan jämfört med mätningarna. Då månadsmedelvärden studeras visar det sig att modellen genomgående underskattar vindhastigheten, särskilt på sommaren och på vintern. Friktionen överskattas under sen vinter och för oktober månad. För alla andra månader underskattas friktionen. Studier över vindhastigheterna visar på att de lägre vindhastigheterna överskattas i modellen. Detta bidrar till överskattning av friktionen för de lägre vindhastigheterna. För högre vindhastigheter underskattar RCA vindhastigheterna och därmed även friktionen. Om modellen skulle ge en korrekt vindhastighet skulle resultatet istället visa på en överskattning av friktionen med 20-30 % för alla vindhastigheter. Detta beror troligen på felaktigheter i beräkningen av friktionen i modellen. Stabiliteten visar sig vara dåligt beskriven i RCA. I de flesta fall är skiktningen i modellen och mätningarna helt olika. Jämförelser mellan separata studier mellan modelldata och mätningar visar att vindhastigheten och friktionen beskrivs bra under stabila förhållanden, men i samband med instabil skiktning underskattas vindhastigheten och friktionen i modellen. Studier över den uppmätta vågåldern visar att modellen underskattar både vindhastigheten och friktionen för växande och fullvuxen sjö. Då det råder dyning överskattar modellen både vindhastigheten och friktionen.

Thesis advisor: Kian L. Tan / Chapter 1. We reported the first synthesis of all-carbon quaternary centers via hydroformylations using a catalytic directing group. With the ability of reversibly and covalently binding to a substrate, and coordinating to a metal center, scaffolding catalyst 1.1 is able to direct the branch-selective hydroformylation of 1,1-disubstituted olefins under mild temperature. Chapter 2. We have designed and synthesized a chiral organocatalyst 2.11. This catalyst is able to covalently bind to one hydroxyl, and utilize the induced intramolecularity to stereoselectively functionalize the other hydroxyl within a cis-1,2-diol via electrophile transfer. Catalyst 2.11 was used in the desymmetrization of meso-1,2-diols under mild conditions (4 C to room temperature), leading to high yields and selectivities for a broad substrate scope. Chapter 3. Catalyst 3.1 and 3.6 were demonstrated to selectively bind to primary hydroxyls over secondary hydroxyls. By combining the binding selectivity with asymmetric catalysis, these scaffolding catalysts were shown to promote the selective silylation of secondary hydroxyls within terminal (S)-1,2-diols. The reversal of substrate bias was further applied to a regiodivergent kinetic resolution of racemic terminal 1,2-diols, producing secondary protected products in synthetically practical levels of enantioselectivity (>95:5 er) and yields (≥40%). Time course studies of this reaction further revealed the optimal condition to form the primary silylated product in high s-factor. Chapter 4. Based on the previous understanding of catalyst 4.5 and 4.6, the exclusive catalyst recognition of cis-1,2-diols within polyhydroxylated molecules was further discovered. This unique functional group display recognition was further allied with the catalyst's ability to stereoselectively differentiate hydroxyls within cis-1,2-diols, enabling the site-selective protection, functionalization, and activation of the inherently less reactive axial hydroxyl groups within carbohydrates. This methodology also enables the selective functionalization of multiple complex molecules, including digoxin, mupirocin, and ribonucleosides, demonstrating the potential power of scaffolding catalysis in the rapid access to valuable synthetic derivatives of polyhydroxylated compounds. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2013. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Chemistry.

by Chan Wah Lun. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 252-260). / Acknowledgments --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Contents --- p.vi / Naming of TCS mutants and modified TCS protein --- p.x / Abbreviations --- p.xi / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Physical and chemical properties of Trichosanthin --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Biological activities of Trichosanthin --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Renal tubular reabsorption and nephrotoxicity of Trichosanthin --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4 --- Objective and strategies of study --- p.11 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Materials and methods --- p.19 / Chapter 2.1 --- General Techniques --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2 --- Site directed mutagenesis of Trichosanthin --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3 --- DNA sequencing --- p.37 / Chapter 2.4 --- Overexpression of modified Trichosanthin in E. coli --- p.42 / Chapter 2.5 --- Purification of modified Trichosanthin --- p.43 / Chapter 2.6 --- Breaking of Disulphide bridge between modified TCS --- p.44 / Chapter 2.7 --- Coupling of DX T40 to modified Trichosanthin --- p.44 / Chapter 2.8 --- Biological activities of modified Trichosanthin and Dextran-modified trichosantin conjugates --- p.46 / Chapter 2.9 --- Immunogenicity of modified Trichosanthin and Dextran-trichosanthin conjugates --- p.50 / Chapter 2.10 --- Nephrotoxicity of Trichosanthin and Dextran-trichosanthin conjugates --- p.53 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Construction of TCS mutants --- p.61 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.61 / Chapter 3.2 --- Method --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.62 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Construction of K173C mutant --- p.62 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Construction of R29C mutant --- p.64 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Construction of K173C R29C double mutant --- p.65 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.66 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- "Expression,Purification and Ribosome- inactivating activities of Modified Trichosanthin proteins" --- p.87 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.87 / Chapter 4.2 --- Method --- p.87 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.88 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- "Expression, purification and ribosome-inactivating activity of K173C" --- p.88 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- "Expression ,purification and ribosome-inactivating activity of R29C" --- p.89 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- "Expression, purification and ribosome-inactivating activity of K173C R29C" --- p.90 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.91 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Coupling of Dextran T40 to modified Trichosanthin --- p.108 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.108 / Chapter 5.2 --- Method --- p.109 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results --- p.109 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Coupling of R29C --- p.109 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Coupling of K173C --- p.111 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Coupling of R29CK173C --- p.111 / Chapter 5.4 --- Discussion --- p.111 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Biological Activities of modified Trichosanthin and Dextran-modified trichosanthin conjugates --- p.128 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.128 / Chapter 6.2 --- Method --- p.128 / Chapter 6.3 --- Results --- p.130 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- In vivo Biological activity- Mid-term abortifacient activity --- p.130 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- In vitro biological activities / Chapter 6.3.2a --- Ribosome-inactivating activity --- p.131 / Chapter 6.3.2b --- Anti-tumour activity --- p.132 / Chapter 6.4 --- Discussion --- p.133 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Immunogenicity of Dextran-modified trichosanthin conjugates --- p.156 / Chapter 7.1 --- Introduction --- p.156 / Chapter 7.2 --- Method --- p.157 / Chapter 7.3 --- Results / Chapter 7.3.1 --- Immunogenicity without denaturation of protein --- p.158 / Chapter 7.3.2 --- Immunogenicity with denaturation of protein --- p.161 / Chapter 7.4 --- Discussion --- p.162 / Chapter Chapter 8 --- Nephrotoxicity of Trichosanthin and Dextran-Trichosanthin conjugates --- p.199 / Chapter 8.1 --- Introduction --- p.200 / Chapter 8.2 --- Method --- p.202 / Chapter 8.3 --- Results --- p.202 / Chapter 8.3.1 --- Functional study on nephrotoxicity of Trichosanthin --- p.202 / Chapter 8.3.2 --- Morphological study on the nephrotoxicity of Trichosanthin --- p.203 / Chapter 8.3.3 --- The effect of coupling of Dextran T40 on the nephrotoxicity of Trichosanthin --- p.206 / Chapter 8.4 --- Discussion --- p.207 / Chapter Chapter 9 --- General Discussion --- p.244 / References --- p.252