The task of this thesis is to test different adhesives uses in electrical drives for high performance applications. The purpose is to investigate possible replacements to the current used adhesive which will be obsolete in short term. This task is approached by first doing a literature search for typical testing methods for adhesives and which ones are appropriate for Moog. Then, a test rig is designed to accomplish the tests. Finally, the tests are evaluated and analysed to find out the best replacement adhesive.

In this thesis you will be able tofollow the design work of a drumtest. A tool that by having a rotatingdrum with equally positioned obstacleswill simulate the conditions a mountainbike rim will pass through.Initially there is a specification ofsome parameters and requirements thatthe design had to fulfill. There is alsosome brief background information aboutwhy a drum test is required for abicycle rim manufacturers and about thecompany Innolite Design AB that thisthesis is done for. After that itfollows an extract from conceptgeneration with the chosen concepts andsolutions but also some of the conceptsthat were not chosen.The thesis also contain a part where thereader cangain a deeper understanding of how thedesign works as well as some moredetailed facts about how the choice ofmaterials, their thicknesses, etc. havebeen made. Finally, one finds the actualresults of this thesis. A complete setof drawings and the information requiredfor building a drum test. The annexesalso include a cost and weightspreadsheet where you easily can seewhich parts costs, and weighs the most.

In the pharmaceutical industry uniform flow of powders is one of the most important considerations in solid dosage manufacture. Improper feeding of powders from storage hoppers into dye-presses can lead to inconsistent product quality, causing economic and health impacts. Investigation into the properties affecting powder flow is crucial. There were four objectives of the current research: 1. To determine the effect of moisture on the flow (Jenike flow index, Hausner Ratio and Carr Index, static and dynamic angle of repose) of selected pharmaceutical powders. 2. To study the effect of particle shape and size on Jenike flow index for selected starch and pharmaceutical powders. 3. To determine the effect of mixture compositions on the Jenike flow index of ordered mixtures of selected pharmaceutical powders. 4. To develop a novel flowability tester based on electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) that measures the dynamic angle of repose of powders.<p>To address the first objective, to determine the effect of moisture content on the flow of four pharmaceutical powders; an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), aspartame, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and Respitose® ML001 were selected. The API and Respitose® powders were found to be nonhygroscopic and were tested at near zero moisture contents only (in this case 0.31% and 0.19% respectively). Aspartame was tested at moisture contents of 0%, 2%, 5% and 8% and HPMC at moisture contents of 0%, 2%, 5% and 10%. Powder flowability was measured using the Jenike shear index, the Hausner Ratio, the Carr Index and the static and dynamic angles of repose. The Jenike flow index of aspartame increased from 0.885 to 3.65 with an increase in moisture content, which was attributed to the formation of large, round agglomerates. The Jenike flow index of HPMC decreased from 3.28 to 2.65 with an increase in moisture content, which was attributed to the increasing strength of liquid bridges. The Jenike flow index was the only flowability indicator to capture this complex behaviour. <p>In order to address the second objective, five starches (cow cockle, barley, rye, rice and tapioca), as well as four pharmaceutical ingredients (an API, aspartame, HPMC, and Respitose® ML001), were characterised for size and shape, and then tested for flowability. Powder flowability was measured using the Jenike shear test, the most widely accepted flowability standard in the pharmaceutical industry. It was found that the Jenike flow index decreased linearly with decreasing aspect ratio and decreasing roundness for the powders investigated. It was also determined that particle shape had a greater impact on flowability than size for powders under 30 microns in diameter. <p>To address the third objective, ordered mixtures of pharmaceutical powders were examined to determine their flowability. Six combinations of Respitose® ML001, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in varying concentrations were selected for investigation. Powder flowability was measured using the Jenike shear test, the most widely accepted flowability standard in the industry. The Jenike flow indices of the ordered mixtures were indistinguishable from the Jenike flow index of pure Respitose® at the alpha = 0.1 level.<p>The fourth objective, to develop a novel flowability tester using electrical capacitance tomography to measure the dynamic angle of repose, was investigated at the same time as the effect of moisture content. It was determined that the results of the novel dynamic angle of repose tester did not correlate well with the Jenike shear test. More development is needed before the novel flowability tester is ready for industrial use. The Jenike shear cell remains the only acceptable flow test for complex flow behaviour.

Verbbenämning innebär förmågan att benämna en bild utifrån den aktivitet som bilden illustrerar. I tidigare studier har det visat sig att barn tidigt i språkutvecklingen har svårare för verbbenämning än substantivbenämning (Gentner, 1982; Kauschke, Lee &amp; Pae, 2007). Detta förklaras delvis av att verb är mer lingvistiskt komplexa än vad som är fallet för substantiv (Gentner &amp; Boroditsky, 2001), samt att de är svårare att illustrera (Masterson, Druks &amp; Gallienne, 2008). För att undersöka benämningsförmåga används oftast bildbenämningstest och för verb saknas ett svenskt test för barn. Föreliggande studie syftade till att undersöka verbbenämningsförmågan hos svenska barn samt att utröna om den svenska översättningen av Action Naming Test (ANT) är tillämplig på svenska barn. Deltagarna testades både med ANT samt Boston Naming test (BNT), för att få ett mått på de deltagande barnens benämningsförmåga av såväl verb som substantiv, och för att möjliggöra en jämförelse dem emellan. I den föreliggande studien deltog 116 barn i åldern 3;6 till 5;5 år uppdelade i fyra åldersgrupper. Resultaten på ANT visade att barnen fick högre testpoäng med stigande ålder. En felsvarsansalys visade att de vanligaste felsvaren var semantiskt relaterade (ord tillhörande samma eller en överordnad semantisk kategori) eller perceptuellt relaterade (visuell feltolkning) till målordet. En jämförelse av resultaten på ANT och BNT visade genomgående högre andel rätta svar på ANT. Det finns flera tänkbara förklaringar till detta. En förklaring är att barnen har passerat den ålder då substantiv är lättare att benämna än verb. En annan förklaring är att de helt enkelt har lättare att benämna verb än substantiv. Mer troligt är att testresultaten inte är jämförbara med varandra. Med några ändringar kan ANT bli ett användbart verbbenämningstest för svenska förskolebarn. / Verb naming comprises the ability to name an activity illustrated in a picture. Previous studies have shown that pre-school children have more difficulties in the naming of verbs than in naming of nouns (Gentner, 1982; Kauschke, Lee &amp; Pae, 2007). This is explained as being partly due to the greater linguistical complexity of verbs compared to nouns (Gentner &amp; Boroditsky, 2001) and that verbs are more difficult to illustrate (Masterson, Druks &amp; Gallienne, 2008). Picture naming tests are frequently used in order to investigate naming ability but today a verb naming test is not available for Swedish children. The present study aimed to investigate naming ability of verbs in Swedish children, and to evaluate if the Swedish translation of the Action Naming Test (ANT) is applicable on children. In addition, all participants were tested with both ANT and the Boston Naming Test (BNT) in order to evaluate the participating children’s naming ability of verbs and nouns in order to make a comparison between the two of them. In the present study 116 children aged 3;6 to 5;5 years divided into four age groups participated. The results on the ANT showed continuously higher scores with increasing age. The error analysis showed that the most frequently occurring error categories were either semantically related (words within the same or superordinate category) or perceptually related (misinterpretation of the picture). When comparing the results between the ANT and the BNT higher scores were shown on the ANT in all age groups. This could imply that the participating children are beyond the age when nouns are easier to name than verbs, or that unlike previous studies, verbs are easier to learn. More likely, the test results are not comparable with each other. With some adjustments, the ANT is considered applicable for Swedish pre-school children.

Väl etablerade normativa data för äldre individer är av stor betydelse för att särskilja mellan normalt åldrande och tecken på demenssjukdom. Kortversioner av Boston Naming test och Token test ingår i screeningbatterier och används ofta vid neuropsykologiska undersökningar. Dock är befintliga normativa data för BNT30 och Token test begränsade vad gäller antalet individer över 80 år och inbegriper endast optimalt friska deltagare med hög utbildningsgrad. Denna tvärsnittsstudie inkluderar 213 kognitivt intakta 85-åringar. Syftet var att undersöka resultaten av benämningsförmåga och språkförståelse mätt med kortversioner av Boston Naming test (BNT30) och Token test (deltest V) samt att jämföra resultaten från denna studie med befintliga normativa data för BNT30 och Token test. Alla deltagare rekryterades ursprungligen till Linköping Screening Assessment (ELSA-85) projektet, en populationsbaserad studie med 85-åriga invånare i Linköping, Sverige. De resultat som erhållits i den aktuella studien avseende BNT30 (M = 24,71 ±3,13) och Token test (M = 4,88  ±1,05), visar på lägre resultat, med större variation, än vad som rapporteras i befintliga normativa data. Samband mellan demografiska variabler och prestation på testen undersöktes också. Data tyder på att utbildning och genus påverkar benämningsförmågan, mätt med BNT30. De normativa data från denna studie omfattar det hittills största urvalet individer över 80 år och är mer demografiskt varierade än i tidigare studier. Därför är de normer som denna studie presenterar mer representativa för kognitivt intakta 85-åringar. Dock ifrågasätter vi validiteten av den version av Token test som ingår i KSB (Kognitiva Screening Batteriet). / Well-established normative data for elderly adults is of great importance in order to distinguish between normal aging and signs of dementia. Short versions of Boston Naming test and Token test are included in screening batteries and frequently used in neuropsychological examinations. However, existing normative data for BNT30 and Token test include few individuals aged 80 years and above and are limited regarding to only include optimally healthy participants with high education level. This cross-sectional study includes 213 cognitively intact 85-year-olds. The aim was to examine their results of naming performance and language comprehension measured with short versions of Boston Naming test (BNT30) and Token test, subtest V, then to compare the results of the present study with existing normative data for BNT30 and Token test. All participants were initially recruited in the Elderly in Linköping Screening Assessment (ELSA-85) project, a population-based study of 85-year-old residents of Linköping, Sweden. The results obtained in the present study regarding BNT30 (M = 24.71 ±3.13) and Token test (M = 4.88 ±1.05), show lower test scores with greater variance than those reported in existing normative data. Association between demographic variables and performance on the tests was also examined. Data presented in the study revealed that education and gender influence naming performance measured with BNT30. The normative data gathered from this study includes the largest sample so far of individuals over the age of 80 and is more demographically diverse than in previous studies. Therefore the norms provided in this study are more representative for cognitively intact 85-year-olds. However, we question the validity of the version of Token test included in CAB (Cognitive Assessment Battery). / Elsa85

Polyurethane network binders were synthesized using polyethylene glycol (PEG) prepolymers, cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), curative [Desmodur N100 (N100) or Desmodur N3200 (N3200)], and catalyst [dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL)]. Triacetin (TA) was added as plasticizer before the reaction. Polyurethanes were prepared by varying the molar ratio of ¡VNCO/-OH, weight ratio of TA/PEG, molecular weight of PEG, the amount of catalyst, the order of adding catalyst and curative, and the stirred time. Synthesized polyurethanes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), tensile tests, and swelling tests to study their reaction, degradation, thermal, and mechanical properties. When the ratio of ¡VNCO/-OH was between 1.2 and 1.4, polyurethane gave the best mechanical properties. Additionally, the quenched polyurethane had a lower degree of crystallinity When the weight ratio of TA and PEG was bigger than 2, crystallization of polyurethane could be minimized during the tensile testing or after quenching. In this study, it was found that PEG with molecular weight of 4000 yielded the best mechanical properties. These results indicate that better and uniform mechanical properties can be obtained by using enough stirring time via varying the amount of catalyst and adding catalyst before curing agent.

Over the past years, there are many studies discusses different modes of die cracking and improvement. Die cracking is one of the crucial issues that influence the reliability of flip chip assemblies. Die cracking depends on a combination of several factors, such as residual bending stresses generated in the package due to mismatches in the coefficients of thermal expansion(CTE) of the various materials in the assembly or wafer dicing process . In this study, the stresses in the chip of a FCBGA (Flip-Chip Ball Grid Array) induced by the temperature raising and by the mechanical load of different pressures on an automatic test handler are investigated by using commercial finite element software ANSYS, while the FCBGA is subjected to the high temperature electrically test. The causes and precautions corresponding to the die cracking are studied in order to improve the reliability of products.

The joint strength and fracture surface of Sn80¢HAu20¢H and Sn20¢HAu80¢H solders in laser diode package under thermal aging testing were studied experimentally. The AuSn thin film solders were coated on the substrate by electro-plating technique. The Sn80¢HAu20¢H solder was melting point at 210¢J,while the Sn20¢HAu80¢Hsolder was melting point at 280¢J. During the processes of bonding substrate and Al2O3 together, the N2 and H2 gases were used to achieve the bonding. Then the specimens were aged at 150¢J for one, four, nine, sixteen, twenty-five, thirty-six and forty-nine days. We investigated the bonding strength, voids, IMC thickness and microstructure of the Sn80¢HAu20¢H and Sn20¢HAu80¢H solders. In addition, we also studied the comparison with the process of flux and fluxless. Under the forty-nine days of aging, the bonding strength of Sn80¢HAu20¢Hand Sn20¢HAu80¢H solders decreased from 34.3¢V to 26.0¢V and from 54.96¢V to 47.06¢V,respectively. Moreover,the IMC thickness of Sn80¢HAu20¢H and Sn20¢HAu80¢H solders increased from1.07£gm to 2.85£gm and from 0.83 £gm to 1.08 £gm, respectively. The Sn20¢HAu80¢H solders showed a better joint strength performance than Sn80¢HAu20¢H due to the less grown of IMC and superior mechanical properties of Au. The fluxless process exhibited the better joint strength performance due to the less grown of voids. In the study, by using the lead-free and fluxless process, the reliability of laser module package may be improved.

ABSTRACT In package, it¡¦s easy to have defects in the solder joint, for the request of environment protection, lead-free solder research is one of the most important topics now. In soldering, the adhesion, diffusion barrier, and wettability of the interface between UBM and a lead-free solder, and the caused IMC structure that are important elements to influence long-term reliability tests. The thesis is aimed to investigate the combination of pure tin/Al-NiV-Cu UBM/STD Au substrate under reliability tests. The samples are bare dies in which the combination is pure tin/ Al-NiV-Cu UBM and packages of is pure tin/Al-NiV-Cu UBM/STD Au substrate. The goals are to realize the mechanical properties under multiple reflows and long term HTST tests with different temperatures and the operational life. We also uses SEM to observe the growth of IMC and the failure modes that help us to realize the connection between failure modes and IMC. The results of experiment can be concluded as follows. In a bare die, 260¢Jmultiple reflows test causes delamination between IMC and die, but doesn¡¦t affect the mechanical properties of it, and HTST test lowers the bump shear strength of it. In package, multiple reflows test and HTST test lower the mechanical properties significantly, the result also means that the adhesion between bump and die will drop significantly as tests go on. In HTOL test with the conditions of 150¢J and 320mA, the average stable service time of the package is 892 hours, and the average ultimate service time of the package is 1,053 hours, most probable failure site is in R1 joint.

In general, to compute the modular inverse is very important in information security, many encrypt/decrypt and signature algorithms always need to use it. In 2007, Liu, Horng, and Liu proposed a variation on Euclidean algorithm, which can calculate the modular inverses as simple as calculate GCDs. This paper analyzes another type of left-shift binary GCD algorithm, which is suitable for the variation and that needs the fewer bit-operations than LSBGCD, which is analyzed by Shallit, and Sorenson.