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<p>Environment and sustainable development are very current topics in today's society, both</p><p>national and international. The government's bill 2004/05:150 ”Swedish environment objectives - a common commission” contains several environmental quality objectives, that in turn is divided up in smaller secondary objectives. One of the secondary objectives says: “Latest year 2010 shall at least 35% of the food waste from households, restaurants, largescale kitchens and shops be recycled through biological treatment. The objective intends source separated food wastes to composting at home as central treatment”.</p><p>The aim with the project is to investigate which initiatives are required in order for Halmstads municipality to achieve the secondary objective concerning 35% recycling of food wastes. During the sorting of household combustible waste in Halmstads municipality today, there is no sorting of food waste. This means that only food waste from restaurants and large-scale kitchens are collected for further biological treatment. Systems for handling waste are</p><p>complex and many factors play a part when choosing the most favourable collection system for each municipality.</p><p>An inventory shows that recycling of 5500 tons of food waste is required in order to fulfil the secondary objective. There are several different solutions to collect this amount. My proposal is to use a two vessel system in households, restaurants and large-scale kitchens. This means that the waste is separated into two different containers. The waste will be sorted into sealed plastic vessels of which one is for biological waste, and the other for combustible. In order to keep the two vessels a part, two different colours could be used. For example, a brown vessel for biological waste and a green one for combustible. The households should also be able to use home composting as a complement. At restaurants and large-scale kitchens there should be the possibility to an alternative collection through a garbage disposal unit with a container. When the vessels are emptied, the combustible waste goes to incineration and the food waste is taken to a biogas facility.</p>

Halogenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (X-PAHs) are ubiquitous contaminants that are thought to be generated by processes such as chemical industries and incomplete combustion, including waste incineration and electronic waste (e-waste) burning. X-PAHs are a concern for environmental and human health because they are toxic, mutagenic, and are expected to be more lipophilic than the parent compounds. To study these compounds in the environment, an analytical method was developed, utilizing large-volume injection via a programmable temperature vaporizing (PTV) inlet, using environmental samples from an e-waste area and in Guangzhou, China. The concentrations of 26 X-PAHs were measured in atmospheric particulate matter (PM), house dust (HD), and sediment. In general, the X-PAH concentrations in PM were low, with concentrations ranging from <0.078 to 41.81 pg/m³. There was no significant difference in X-PAH concentrations in PM between the e-waste area and Guangzhou. These concentrations are of the same order of magnitude as previous studies of X-PAHs in PM. These data suggest that e-waste activities are not a significant source of X-PAHs in atmospheric PM. The concentrations of X-PAHs in HD samples ranged from <0.0372 to 3575 pg/g dry weight. In general, there was no significant difference between E-waste and Guangzhou HD concentrations. The profiles of X-PAHs in PM and HD were different, suggesting that there are additional sources for X-PAHs inside homes other than outdoor air. The concentrations of X-PAHs in sediment samples from an e-waste site ranged from <104 to 2890 pg/g dry weight. The X-PAH profile in sediment more closely resembled the X-PAH profile of PM. / Graduation date: 2011

Graduation date: 1995

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 1970. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 140-145). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 1980. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the World Wide Web.

The staggering levels of growth and development resulting in a more populous and affluent society that Vietnam is experiencing have resulted in greater levels of consumption and environmental damage from agricultural intensification (over-use of chemical fertilizers) and solid waste pollution. A traditional method touted as a modern solution is organic solid waste recycling and composting. This thesis seeks to determine the potential of compost use in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam based on a decentralized community-based composting scheme. In recent decades, in Vietnam and other developing countries, there has been an emphasis on large-scale, mechanized composting processes using mixed waste as the input material and technologies that are inappropriate for use in a developing country. These processes face high operational costs and a lower quality final product, leading to more problems than they promise to cure. This study examines three institutional models currently advocated in the literature to mange organic waste in developing countries: decentralization, privatization, public-private partnerships. This thesis focuses on how to redefine the manner in which organic waste is composted and concludes in favour of small-scale community-based composting. A small-scale community-based model currently in use in Quy Nhon, in central Vietnam is examined to determine its applicability in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The major contribution of this thesis is the use of institutional models (community-based management, decentralization, privatization, and public-private partnerships) to further understand the system of composting using municipal solid waste in developing countries. This understanding is used to present a framework that outlines the necessary institutional change to facilitate the development of initiatives that would manage organic solid waste.

IKEA of Sweden decided to set a target to keep the amount of waste low, by minimizing the amount of combustible waste to 8% of the total waste amount. IKEA Gothenburg has been having troubles with the target, since their amount of combustible waste has been twice and trice as much as the goal. Research have been done by interviews, questionnaire, random controls in the recycling area, IKEA’s own environmental education (E-learning) and observations of the everyday work. These researches have lead to a couple of suggestions and ideas. Issues that have been discussed is mainly the possibilities of changing and improving of the recycle area, engagement within the management as well as the staff, responsibility distribution and to make the profits in economics and environment visible. / IKEA Sverige har satt upp mål om att hålla avfallsnivån så låg som möjligt, genom att andelen brännbart avfall maximalt får vara 8% av den totala avfallsmängden. IKEA Göteborg har haft problem, då halten av deras brännbara avfall har legat på det dubbla respektive tredubbla i de båda varuhusen. Genom en grundlig undersökning, med hjälp av intervjuer, enkäter, stickprovskontroller i ÅVC, miljöutbildning (E-learning) samt observationer av det dagliga arbetet har en rad förslag och slutsatser dragits. Bland annat diskuteras möjligheterna till förändrat och förbättrat upplägg i ÅVC, engagemang hos ledning och personal, ansvarsfördelning, utbildning samt synliggörning av ekonomiska och miljömässiga vinster.

The staggering levels of growth and development resulting in a more populous and affluent society that Vietnam is experiencing have resulted in greater levels of consumption and environmental damage from agricultural intensification (over-use of chemical fertilizers) and solid waste pollution. A traditional method touted as a modern solution is organic solid waste recycling and composting. This thesis seeks to determine the potential of compost use in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam based on a decentralized community-based composting scheme. In recent decades, in Vietnam and other developing countries, there has been an emphasis on large-scale, mechanized composting processes using mixed waste as the input material and technologies that are inappropriate for use in a developing country. These processes face high operational costs and a lower quality final product, leading to more problems than they promise to cure. This study examines three institutional models currently advocated in the literature to mange organic waste in developing countries: decentralization, privatization, public-private partnerships. This thesis focuses on how to redefine the manner in which organic waste is composted and concludes in favour of small-scale community-based composting. A small-scale community-based model currently in use in Quy Nhon, in central Vietnam is examined to determine its applicability in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The major contribution of this thesis is the use of institutional models (community-based management, decentralization, privatization, and public-private partnerships) to further understand the system of composting using municipal solid waste in developing countries. This understanding is used to present a framework that outlines the necessary institutional change to facilitate the development of initiatives that would manage organic solid waste.