Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2017-01-12T12:04:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1183163 bytes, checksum: 0b6d8fdf81146ee021d2a73b3c9b3898 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-12T12:04:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1183163 bytes, checksum: 0b6d8fdf81146ee021d2a73b3c9b3898 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-02-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Ensino Superior / Avaliou-se cinco testes de Progênies de Eucalyptus urophylla com 363 progênies, com uso do procedimento REML/BLUP (máxima verossimilhança restrita / melhor predição linear não viesada) e um teste de Eucalyptus grandis com 265 progênies de treze procedências, visando a seleção com base no DAP (diâmetro à altura do peito), dos indivíduos portadores dos maiores valores genéticos preditos. Os testes de Eucalyptus urophylla foram instalados separados por procedência, em blocos ao acaso com cinco repetições e parcelas lineares de oito plantas, no espaçamento 3 x 2 metros e avaliados aos 48 meses de idade. Nas populações de melhoramento, Pomar de Sementes por Mudas (PSM), de Eucalyptus urophylla o ganho genético variou de 9,5 a 25,3 % e tamanho efetivo populacional de 58 a 224. Para a população de produção, Pomar de Sementes Clonal, o ganho genético estimado variou de 15,2 a 26,8 % com a seleção de 21 indivíduos para a recombinação. O teste de progênies Eucalyptus grandis foi instalado em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com cinco repetições e parcelas lineares de seis plantas, no espaçamento 3 x 2 metros, com as progênies aleatorizadas dentro de cada bloco independentemente das procedências. A seleção com base no DAP (diâmetro à altura do peito) propiciou um ganho genético de 16,1 % e tamanho efetivo populacional de 897 no estabelecimento do Pomar de Sementes por Mudas (PSM) e variou de 12,7 a 22,3 % para o Pomar de Sementes Clonal estabelecido com 29 indivíduos na recombinação. Visando a produção de híbridos interespecíficos foram selecionados 100 genitores de Eucalyptus urophylla e 100 de Eucalyptus grandis para cruzamentos em dialelos circulantes. Os cruzamentos entre os pares de indivíduos portadores das maiores distâncias genéticas conduzirão a um ganho genético estimado variando entre 35,7 a 38,5 %. / Five tests were carried out with 363 Eucalyptus urophylla progenies from Indonesia, and one a test with 265 Eucalyptus grandis progenies from thirteen provenances in Guanhães- MG, in order to estimate the genetic values and parent selection for the production of interspecific hybrids in controlled crosses. A complete randomized block design was used, with five replications and row plots of six Eucalyptus urophylla and eight Eucalyptus grandis plants, in a spacing of 3.0 x 2.0 m. The genetic parameters were estimated with mixed models, using the REML/BLUP procedure (restricted maximum likelihood / best linear unbiased prediction) and minimum squares, for the diameter at breast height (DAP), total height (ALT) and individual volume (VOL) characteristics. The genetic values were predicted only for the iameter at breast height (DAP) characteristics, which was aim of the selection. Heritability estimates in the restricted sense of 0.28 and accuracy in a range of 61% in Eucalyptus urophylla and of 0.23 and accuracy of 53% in Eucalyptus grandis. Were obtained the election of the 100 parents of each species individually indicates genetic gains of 20.6 % in Eucalyptus urophylla and 16.4 % in Eucalyptus grandis. The genetic gain for the diameter at breast height characteristics around 35.0% can be obtained after crosses among the first 10 plants selected from each species that are carriers of the greatest genetic divergences. / Não foi localizado o currículo lattes do autor.

Submitted by Nathália Faria da Silva (nathaliafsilva.ufv@gmail.com) on 2017-07-11T13:35:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 512543 bytes, checksum: bd3a89a27c9299a9713aef6b4a12a1c1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-11T13:35:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 512543 bytes, checksum: bd3a89a27c9299a9713aef6b4a12a1c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000-09-11 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Foram avaliados o crescimento, as relações hídricas e a qualidade da madeira de plantas de Eucalyptus grandis submetidas a diferentes intensidades de desrama da copa viva (0%, 12,5%, 25%, 50% e 75%) aos 11 meses de idade, na região de Dionísio, MG. A altura total e o diâmetro a 1,30 m de altura (DAP) foram determinados aos 11, 20, 33, 55, 81 e 92 meses de idade. Foram ajustadas equações de regressão em função da idade para o crescimento em diâmetro, altura e incremento volumétrico. O potencial hídrico, condutância estomática, transpiração, área foliar, temperatura da folha e radiação fotossinteticamente ativa foram avaliados em quatro estratos da copa, por ocasião da aplicação da desrama. A qualidade da madeira foi avaliada aos 92 meses, sendo que, para as toras, foram estudados os defeitos de crescimento (conicidade, encurvamento e achatamento) e fendas e, na madeira serrada (tábuas), os defeitos de crescimento, nodosidades, corte limpo, fendas e bolsas de resina. O crescimento em diâmetro, altura e volume foram maiores para o controle, associando-se inversamente com a intensidade de desrama, tendo sido observada redução de 26,76% para diâmetro, 28,09% para altura e 45,16% para volume, aos 92 meses, quando se comparou o controle com a desrama de 75% da copa viva da planta. A área foliar e a perda de água por transpiração na metade da copa viva para baixo correspondeu a aproximadamente 80% do total, indicando que a maior perda de água ocorre na base da copa da árvore. Desta forma, a eliminação parcial de galhos da base da copa das árvores pode favorecer a sobrevivência das plantas em regiões de défice hídrico. A qualidade da madeira foi avaliada antes (toras) e após o desdobro (tábuas). Não houve defeitos significativos de crescimento nas toras e tábuas, de acordo com a norma brasileira de classificação de madeira serrada, porém, houve tendência de redução da conicidade das toras com o aumento da intensidade de desrama. O número de fendas nas toras decresceu com o aumento da intensidade de desrama da copa (3,67 fendas no controle e 2,13 fendas nas toras com desrama de 75%) enquanto não foi observada diferença significativa entre o número de fendas na base e topo da tora. A desrama foi eficiente para a redução de nós vivos e mortos nas tábuas; o corte limpo também aumentou substancialmente com a intensidade da desrama (65,14 cm para o controle e 165,50 cm para a desrama de 75%). As fendas, as bolsas de resina e o encurvamento das tábuas reduziram com a intensidade da desrama, ao passo que o arqueamento não foi afetado. / The growth, water relations and wood quality of Eucalyptus grandis were studied in plants submitted to different intensities of live crown pruning (0%, 12.5%, 25%, 50% and 75%) at the age of eleven months, in southeastern Brazil. Total height and diameter at breast height (DBH) were measured at the age of 11, 20, 33, 55, 81 and 92 months. Water potential, stomatal conductance, transpiration, leaf temperature, active photosynthetic radiation and leaf area were measured in four crown strata at the time of pruning. Wood quality evaluation was undertaken from logs of 3.60 or 4.00 m lenght and for sawnboards. The following characteristics were analysed: growth defects (taper, bow and flatness) and rifts in sawlogs and growth defects, cracks, clear cut, live and dead knots, number and size of the knots and pitch pockets in boards. The growth in diameter at breast (DBH), height and volume were larger for the control, being inversely associated with tree pruning intensity. It was observed reduction of 26.76% for DBH, 28.09% for height and 45.16% for volume, at the age of 92 months, when plants which had 75% of the live crown pruned were compared to control. Leaf area and transpiration of leaves on the base of the live crown (50% of total live crown height) corresponded, approximately, to 80% of the total, indicating that the greatest loss of water happens at the base of the live crown of the tree. Wood quality was evaluated before (logs) and after sawning (boards). Significant growth defects were not observed in logs and boards, however, there was a tendency of reduction of the taper in logs with increasing pruning intensity. The number of cracks in logs decreased with the intensity of the tree crown live pruning (3.67 cracks in the control and 2.13 cracks in the logs from trees with 75% crown live pruning). There was no significant difference for number of cracks at the base and top of the log. Pruning was efficient to reduce live and dead knots in boards; the clear cut also increased substantially with pruning intensity (65 cm for the control and 165 cm in trees wich had 75% of live crown pruning). The cracks, pitch pockets and board flatness reduced with the intensity of pruning, while the bow was not affected.

Submitted by Nathália Faria da Silva (nathaliafsilva.ufv@gmail.com) on 2017-07-14T12:03:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.PDF: 569083 bytes, checksum: 35693ca619d39da2f6814f39b945b072 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-14T12:03:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.PDF: 569083 bytes, checksum: 35693ca619d39da2f6814f39b945b072 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-10-10 / O País produziu em 1999 cerca de 3,5 milhões de toneladas das principais resinas termoplásticas, e, desse total, mais de 65% foram destinados às indústrias de embalagens plásticas. Estas embalagens, após absorvidas pelo mercado consumidor, são descartadas como resíduos pós-consumo e, por não serem biodegradáveis, tornam-se um sério problema ambiental. Este material rejeitado, após recuperado, poderia ser utilizado, em associação com a madeira, como matéria-prima para produção de chapas aglomeradas. Com o propósito de avaliar essa possibilidade, foi objetivo do presente estudo produzir chapas de partículas em camada única por meio da combinação desses materiais. Assim, empregando- se três níveis de poliestireno (PS) (0, 25 e 50%), dois níveis da mistura contendo poliestireno e polietileno tereftalato (PET/PS) (5/20 e 10/40%), três níveis de adesivo (0, 4 e 6%) à base de uréia-formaldeído e fenol-formaldeído e três níveis de solução de poliestireno em tolueno (0, 4 e 6%), combinados com três níveis (0, 50 e 75%) de partículas de madeiras de Pinus elliottii e Eucalyptus grandis, foram produzidas 164 chapas com dimensões aproximadas de 400 x 400 x 10 mm e de densidade final desejada igual a 0,60 g/cm³, geradas a partir de 82 tratamentos com duas repetições visto que para cada espécie de madeira foram produzidas seis chapas sem adesivo. As chapas produzidas tiveram as suas propriedades físicas e mecânicas determinadas em conformidade com a norma ASTM D-1037-91. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com os mínimos exigidos pela norma ANSI/A 208.1-1993 (Wood Particleboard). Os valores experimentais, das propriedades mecânicas, com exceção daqueles das chapas produzidas sem adesivos, demonstram, quase que integralmente, que os produtos elaborados ultrapassam os valores mínimos requeridos, tornando-se, assim, aptos a serem comercializados. Quanto á absorção de água e inchamento em espessura, após 24 horas de imersão, todas as chapas à base de madeira/plástico excederam o valor máximo proposto pela norma. As chapas nas quais se aplicou a solução de poliestireno em tolueno foram, de modo geral, as que apresentaram os melhores valores para todas as propriedades. / In 1999 the Country (Brazil) produced around 3.5 million of tons of the main thermoplastic resins, and, of this total, more than 65% were used by the plastic containers industries. After being used by the consuming market, these containers are discarded as post-use residues and, since they are not biodegradable, they represent a serious environmental problem. This rejected material after being recovered, could be used, associated with wood, as raw material to produce particleboards. In order to evaluate this possibility, the objective of this study was to produce particleboards with a single layer by means of the combination of these materials. Thus, using three levels of polystyrene (PS) (0, 25 and 50%), two levels of the mixture containing polystyrene and polyethylene tereftalate (PET/PS) (5/20 and 10/40%), three levels of adhesives (0,4 and 6%) based on urea-formaldehyde and phenol- formaldehyde, and three levels of polystyrene in toluene solution (0,4 and 6%), combined with three levels (0, 50 and 75% of particles of wood of Pinus elliottii and Eucalyptus grandis, 164 boards with sizes around 400 x 400 x 10 mm and with a desired final density of 0.60 g/cm³ were produced from 82 treatments with two repetitions since for each wood species six boards were produced without adhesive. The boards had their physical and mechanical properties determined according to the standard ASTM D-1037-91. The results obtained were compared with the minimum requirements of the standard ANSI/A 208.1-1993 (Wood Particleboard). The experimental values of mechanical properties, except those of boards produced without adhesive, showed, in almost all cases, that the products surpass the required minimum values, this be coming suitable to be commercialized. However, the values of water absorption and thickness swelling, after 24 hours of immersion, of all boards based on wood/plastic exceeded the maximum value proposed by the standard. The boards treated with the solution of polystyrene in toluene were, in a general way, those that presented the best values for all properties.

Orientador: Iraê Amaral Guerrini / Banca: Roberto Lyra Vilas Bôas / Banca: Cássio Hamilton Abreu Junior / Resumo: O uso de lodo de esgoto como fertilizante orgânico, além de ser uma alternativa para a destinação final desse resíduo, pode melhorar as propriedades do solo, já que é um material rico em nutrientes e matéria orgânica, podendo favorecer o desenvolvimento das plantas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito da aplicação de doses de lodo de esgoto e composto de lodo no desenvolvimento inicial de um híbrido Eucalyptus. grandis x E. urophylla. O experimento foi conduzido em estufa plástica, sem controle ambiental, e foi composto por 48 vasos contendo 50L de Latossolo textura média. Trata-se de um experimento fatorial, com dois fatores: fertilizante orgânico (lodo de esgoto e composto de lodo - ambos sem adição de calcário) e dose (10, 20, 30, 40 e 50 Mg ha-¹ + K), além de dois tratamentos adicionais (controle e adubação inorgânica indicada para a espécie). Cada tratamento foi composto por quatro repetições. A altura, diâmetro do colo e índice de cor verde foram medidos mensalmente, durante seis meses e a área foliar, massa de matéria seca, nutrição das plantas e fertilidade do solo foram avaliadas ao final do experimento (seis meses após plantio). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, complementado com testes de comparações múltiplas e com ajustes de modelos de regressão polinomial para avaliar o efeito das doses, ao nível de 5% de significância. Tanto o lodo de esgoto, como o composto, nas doses de 40 e 50 Mg ha-1, forneceram quantidades de nutrientes, às pla... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The use of sewage sludge as an organic fertilizer, besides being an alternative for the final disposal of such waste, it may improve the soil properties, since it is a material rich in nutrients and organic matter, which may favor the development of plants. The objective of this work was to verify the effect of doses of sewage sludge and sludge compost in the initial development of a hybrid of Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla. The experiment was conducted in plastic greenhouse, without environment control, and was composed of 48 vessels containing 50L of dystrophic medium texture. It is a factorial experiment with two factors: organic fertilizer (sewage sludge and sludge compost - both without limestone) and dose (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 Mg ha-¹ + K), plus two additional treatments (absolute control and mineral fertilization indicated to the species). Each treatment was composed by four repetitions. The height, stem diameter and index of green color were measured monthly, during six months and leaf area, dry matter mass, plant nutrition and soil fertilizer were evaluated at the end of the experiment. The data were subjected to analysis of variance, complemented with tests of multiple comparisons and adjustments of polynomial regression models to evaluate the effect of doses, at 5% level of significance. Both sewage sludge and sludge compost, in the doses of 40 e 50 Mg ha-1, provided quantities of nutrients to plants and soil, higher than absolute control and greater than or equal to inorganic fertilization but never lower than it, what explain the improvements in the soil fertilizer and in the plants development like higher height, diameter, leaf area and production of dry matter mass when they received these quantities of both of organic fertilizers. So, the sludge and the sludge compost, when used in doses of 40 and 50 Mg ha-1 provided enough quantities of nutrients for plants of Eucalyptus to have... / Mestre

Cellulose is the most important component of paper and pulp products and increased cellulose biosynthesis in commercially important trees like Eucalyptus spp. could greatly benefit paper and pulp industries. Cellulose in plants occurs mostly in the secondary cell walls together with lignin and hemicellulose. It is biosynthesised by membrane-bound rosette-shaped protein complexes. The rosette complexes are believed to be comprised of six sub-units each containing six cellulose synthase (CESA) proteins. The CESA proteins utilise UDP-glucose to polymerize growing glucan chains that coalesce to form cellulose microfibrils. Three distinct CESA proteins form the rosette complexes during primary cell wall formation and three different CESA proteins form complexes during secondary cell wall deposition. The exact means by which the CESA proteins interact within a rosette complex remains unknown. Elucidating rosette protein complex assembly and better characterization of CESA protein activity is required in order to increase cellulose biosynthesis in commercially important trees. Because of the difficulties to characterise genes and proteins in tree species, Arabidopsis thaliana has been used to study xylogenesis. Although it is a herbaceous weed, Arabidopsis has been shown to undergo secondary growth under certain conditions. A literature study of cellulose biosynthesis in plants has highlighted several scientific questions: Will over-expression of a heterologous secondary cell wall CESA protein in Arabidopsis lead to increased cellulose biosynthesis? What effect will the over-expression of a heterologous protein have on the growth and development of Arabidopsis? Will it have an effect on cell wall chemistry in stem tissues? What effect will expression of the transgene have on endogenous Arabidopsis gene expression? The aim of this M.Sc study was to functionally characterise the Eucalyptus secondary cell wall associated cellulose synthase gene, EgCesA1, in Arabidopsis. The EgCesA1 coding sequence was constitutively expressed in wild-type Arabidopsis plants. Three transgenic lines expressing EgCesA1 was generated. Hypocotyl and inflorescence vascular cell wall phenotypes were compared between transgenic and wild-type plants. Chemical analysis of inflorescence tissues were performed to detect changes in monosaccharide and lignin content of transgenic plants compared to wild-type plants. Transcript levels of EgCesA1 and endogenous Arabidopsis genes involved in cell wall biogenesis were quantified and compared between wild-type and transgenic lines. No significant changes in cell wall morphology could be detected, despite small alterations in inflorescence cell wall chemical composition in transgenic plants. Expression of EgCesA1 did not appear to have a statistically significant effect on endogenous gene transcript levels. It was concluded that constitutive expression of a single transgenic CesA gene is insufficient to increase cellulose biosynthesis. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Genetics / unrestricted

Orientador: Cláudio Angeli Sansígolo / Banca: Adriano Wanger Ballarin / Banca: Gustavo Ventorim / Resumo: Muito há que ser estudado sobre as espécies amazônicas, dentre tantas variedades podem haver espécies com excelentes características para produção de papel e celulose que ainda não tiveram seu potencial tecnológico revelado. A Cecropia palmata é uma espécie nativa da Amazônia, que inicialmente apresenta excelentes características para produção de polpa celulósica. Com isso, este trabalho teve por objetivo o estudo da qualidade da madeira nativa da Amazônia Cecropia palmata para produção de papel e celulose, por meio de estudo comparativo com a espécie E. grandis, com o intuito de fornecer às indústrias de produção uma nova opção de matéria-prima fibrosa. Foram selecionadas 10 árvores e determinado os parâmetros dendrométricos, densidade básica e composição química (holocelulose, lignina e extrativos). Na polpação Kraft, foram necessários dois cozimentos, (14 e 16% álcali ativo). Com a celulose foi determinado o rendimento, teor de rejeitos, Kappa e consumo específico de madeira (CEM). As fibras de celulose foram classificadas em classificador Bauer McNett, a morfologia foi determinada no FQA (Fiber Quality Analyzer) e a celulose foi refinada em moinho centrífugo Jokro Mühle. Testes físico-mecânicos foram realizados nos papéis de celulose refinada. A C. palmata mostrou baixa produtividade e elevada percentagem de casca (16,1%), com diferença estatística em todos os parâmetros dendrométricos quando comparados com o E. grandis. A densidade básica foi considerada moderadamente leve (0,389 g/cm³) e inferior ao E. grandis (0,455 g/cm³). Na composição química a espécie nativa apresentou melhores resultados que o E. grandis, com menor teor de lignina (20,81%) e elevado teor de holocelulose (76,51%). Porém o teor de extrativos para a C. palmata mostrou-se superior (4,05%). Na polpação a imbaúba apresentou melhores resultados no segundo cozimento (16% a.a) ... / Abstract: Much remains to be studied on the Amazonian species, among many varieties can be species with excellent characteristics for the production of pulp and paper that have not yet had their technological potential revealed. The Cecropia palmata is native to the Amazon, which initially presents excellent characteristics for pulp production. Therefore, this study aimed to study the quality of the native wood Cecropia palmata Amazon for the production of pulp and paper, through a comparative study with the species E. grandis, in order to provide the production industries a new option fibrous raw material. Were selected 10 trees and determined the dendrometric parameters, basic density and chemical composition (holocellulose, lignin and extractives). In Kraft pulping, required two cooks, (14 and 16% active alkali). With cellulose was determined the yield, reject content, Kappa and specific wood consumption (SWC). The cellulose fibers were classified into Bauer McNett classifier, the morphology the fibers were determined on FQA (Fiber Quality Analyzer), and the pulp was refined in Jokro Mühle centrifugal grinder. Physical and mechanical tests were carried out in refined cellulose papers. C. palmata showed low productivity and high proportion of bark (16.1%), with statistically significant differences in all parameters dendrometric compared with the E. grandis ... / Mestre

Life histories, trophic dynamics , abundances, and microdistrubution of Trichptera were investigated in the Flathead River, Montana, from January 1977 through August 1979. Thirty-six Trichoptera species representing 9 families were collected from 5th order tributaries and the 6th order Mainstream River.

La Madera es un material natural utilizado en elementos estructurales dentro del ámbito de la Ingeniería Civil. Por tratarse de un biomaterial, tiene características complejas y variables. Particularmente, la madera proveniente de la especie Eucalyptus grandis cultivado en la Mesopotamia Argentina es una de las aceptadas para el uso estructural en el país por el Reglamento Argentino de Estructuras de Madera CIRSOC 601. Las piezas de este material presentan una gran variabilidad en sus propiedades en relación a otros materiales de uso estructural, la cual puede ser explicada tanto por las características de su micro y macro estructura, la incidencia del clima y el suelo, los procesos de producción, y la presencia de defectos que afectan su comportamiento mecánico. Dentro de estos últimos, de singular importancia para el uso estructural de este material, se destacan la presencia de médula y los nudos. Ambos, se encuentran limitados en los métodos de clasificación por resistencia de piezas estructurales. Debido a estos factores, la cuantificación de los efectos de la variabilidad de las propiedades materiales en la respuesta estructural es de interés dentro del ámbito del diseño ingenieril. Para ello, en el presente trabajo, se combinaron tres ejes temáticos principales: el material, el modelado estocástico y el modelado numérico. Estos ejes temáticos fueron empleados en la construcción de modelos numérico-estocásticos aplicables a elementos estructurales desarrollados en el entorno del Método de los Elementos Finitos. Estos modelos han sido calibrados y validados con resultados experimentales existentes mediante simulaciones realizadas a través del Método de Monte Carlo. Luego, fueron utilizados para la realización de estudios de propagación de incertidumbres en la respuesta estructural. Se muestra que un modelo estocástico del material que representa la variabilidad longitudinal de las propiedades del mismo provee una respuesta estructural más próxima a la observada en resultados experimentales. Además, como complemento al desarrollo numérico, se realizaron nuevos ensayos experimentales, dinámicos y estáticos, tanto en tablas como en vigas aserradas de dimensiones estructurales. Con el objetivo de validar las hipótesis asumidas para el desarrollo de los modelos estocásticos. Sumado a esto, dado que no se conocen valores precisos para este material se obtuvieron coeficientes de amortiguamiento, los cuales son necesarios para el estudio de la respuesta estructural bajo acciones dinámicas. Finalmente, y a los efectos de aplicar el modelo desarrollado a una estructura, se realizó un estudio numérico sobre un modelo de puente peatonal de madera con vigas laminadas bajo cargas dinámicas determinísticas y estocásticas producidas por peatones. El mismo, se llevó a cabo para el estudio de las condiciones de servicio. La cuantificación de incertidumbre pretende ampliar la información resultante en la predicción de la respuesta así como la sensibilidad de la misma a la variación de uno o más parámetros del sistema. En esta investigación, esto se logra a través del desarrollo y aplicación de modelos numérico-estocásticos aplicables a elementos estructurales y estructuras de madera aserrada. / Timber is a natural material employed for structural elements in the field of the Civil Engineering. Being a biomaterial, it has complex and random characteristics. Particularly, the Eucalyptus grandis cultivated in the Mesopotamic provinces of Argentine is one of the timber species accepted for the structural use by the Argentinean Standard of Timber Structures CIRSOC 601. The pieces of this material have a high variability in their properties in relation to other materials for structural use, which can be explained by the characteristics of its micro and macro structure, the incidence of the climate and soil, the production processes, and the presence of defects that affect its mechanical behavior. Within the latter, of singular importance for the structural use of this material, the presence of pith and knots are emphasized. Both types of defects are limited in the strength grading classification methods of structural elements. Due to these factors, the quantification of the influence of the timber material properties variability in the structural response is an important issue in the structural design. In order to quantify this influence, three thematic areas are combined: the material, the stochastic modelling and the numerical modelling. These areas were employed in the construction of numerical-stochastic models applicable to structural elements developed in the environment of the Finite Element Method. These models have been calibrated and validated with existing experimental results through simulations performed through the Monte Carlo Method. Then, they were used to carry out uncertainty propagation studies on the structural response. It is shown that a stochastic model of the material which represents the longitudinal variability of the properties provides a structural response closer to the experimental results. In addition, as a complement to the numerical development, new experimental dynamic and static tests were performed in beams and boards of structural dimensions. The aim of these tests is the validation of the assumptions taken into account in the development of the stochastic models. In addition to this, since no precise values are known for this material, damping coefficients were obtained, which are necessary for the study of the structural response under dynamic actions. Finally, and in order to apply the developed model to a structure, a numerical study of the structural behaviour of a timber footbridge under the action of deterministic and stochastic models of walking loads induced by pedestrians was performed. It was carried out in order to evaluate the serviceability conditions. The uncertainty quantification aims to extend the information resulting in the prediction of the response as well as the sensitivity to the variation of one or more parameters of the system. In this work, this is achieved through the development and application of numerical-stochastic models applicable to structural timber elements and structures.

O lodo de esgoto aplicado em sistemas florestais pode aumentar a produção de madeira e manter a sustentabilidade do ecossistema. Porém, faltam pesquisas para avaliar o aproveitamento dos nutrientes do lodo e para definir um manejo adequado para sua aplicação ao solo usando complementação via adubo mineral, sem causar prejuízos ao sistema solo-planta pelos elementos potencialmente tóxicos que podem estar presentes no lodo. O objetivo do presente tratabalho foi avaliar os efeitos das doses de lodo de esgoto e das doses de adubos nitrogenados e fosfatados sobre a produção de matéria seca e a produtividade de madeira, aos 43 meses após o plantio, e os teores de Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni e Pb no sistema solo-eucalipto-serapilheira. Um experimento foi conduzido em área comercial da Suzano, em Itatinga - SP, aplicando 4 doses de lodo (0; 7,7; 15,4 e 23,1 Mg ha-1, base seca), 4 doses de adubo nitrogenado (0; 46,9; 95,1 e 142 kg ha-1) e 4 doses de adubo fosfatado (0; 27,7; 55,9 e 84 kg ha-1, P2O5) em delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 4x4x4 e com duas repetições. Devido ao baixo teor de potássio (K) no lodo, foi aplicado 175 kg ha-1 de K2O em todas as parcelas. Os teores dos elementos potencialmente tóxicos nas amostras de solo e planta foram determinados por ICP-MS (espectrometria de massa com plasma). Aos 4 e 34 meses após o plantio, as amostras de solo foram coletadas nas camadas de 0-0,10; 0,10-0,20 e 0,20-0,40 m de profundidade. Os elementos foram extraídos das amostras de solo por solução de DTPA e por digestão com ácidos (HNO3 + HCl) em microondas. Os elementos potencialmente tóxicos foram extraídos das amostras de folhas, aos 4 e 43 meses após o plantio, das amostras de lenho e casca e das amostras de folha e galho das árvores colhidas aos 43 meses, e das amostras de serapilheira, aos 46 meses após o plantio, pela digestão com ácidos (HNO3 + H2O2) em microondas. A altura e o diâmetro na altura do peito (DAP) das árvores foram medidos aos 43 meses após o plantio para determinar o volume de madeira com casca. A aplicação dos fertilizantes minerais nitrogenado e fosfatado não alterou os teores dos elementos potencialmente tóxicos no solo e na planta. Os teores de Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni e Pb no solo e na planta aumentaram com as doses de lodo aplicadas. Além disso, também o acúmulo dos elementos na biomassa total (lenho, casca, folha e galho) e na biomassa total de serapilheira aumentou em função das doses de lodo. A aplicação de lodo aumentou a produção de matéria seca de lenho, casca, folha e galho, e combinado ou não com adubo nitrogenado e, ou, fosfatado, aumentou o volume de madeira com casca de 139 a 177 m3 ha-1, em comparação ao adubo NPK que produziu 150 m3 ha-1. O lodo de esgoto não causou a contaminação do sistema solo-planta. A dose 7,7 Mg ha-1 de lodo, recomendada pelo critério de N, reduziu a aplicação com adubo nitrogenado e fosfatado em 100 e 66 %, respectivamente, associado com aumento de 8 % no volume de madeira com casca, em relação ao adubo NPK convencional / The application of sewage sludge in forest systems can increase wood production and maintain the sustainability of ecosystems. However, researches are lacking to evaluate the potential of nutrients occurring in the sewage sludge and to define adequate mangement systems for its application on soil using mineral fertilizer supplements without causing harmful effects on the soil-plant system due to potential toxic elements which may occur in this residue. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different sewage sludge doses and different doses of nitrogen and phophate mineral fertilizers on dry matter content and wood production 43 months after planting as well as on the Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni e Pb contents in the soil-eucalyptus-litter system. An experiment was carried out in a commercial area of Suzano, Itatinga, SP by applying 4 doses of sewage sludge (0; 7,7; 15,4 e 23,1 Mg ha-1, dry base), 4 doses of nitrogen fertilizer (0; 46,9; 95,1 e 142 kg ha-1), 4 doses of phosphate fertilizer (0; 27,7; 55,9 e 84 kg ha-1 P2O5), in a randomized block design, in factorial design of 4x4x4, with two repetitions. Due to low contents of potassium (K) in the sewage sludge, 175 kg ha-1 of K2O was applied at all plots. The contents of potential toxic elements in soil and plant samples were determined by using by ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) After 4 and 34 months of planting, soil samples were taken in the 0-0,1; 0,1-0,2 e 0,2-0,4 m layers. The elements were extracted from soil samples by using DTPA solution and digested with acids (HNO3 + HCL) in a microwave. Potential toxic elements in leaf samples, after 4 and 43 months of planting, in wood and bark samples and in leaf and branch samples of felled trees after 43 months, as well as in litter samples after 46 months were digested with acids (HNO3 + H2O2) in a microwave. The height and the diameter at breast height (DBH) of the trees were measured after 43 months of planting to determine the volume of wood with bark. After application of mineral nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer no changes in the contents of potential toxic elements in soil and plant were found. However, the contents of Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb in soil and plant increased with increasing doses of sewage sludge applied. Moreover, also the accumulation of elements in the total biomass (wood, bark, leaves and branches) and in the litter fraction increased as a function of the doses. The application of sewage sludge increased the dry matter content of wood, bark, leaves and branches and, combined with or without nitrogen fertilizer e/ou phosphate fertilizer, increased the volume of wood with bark from 139 to 177 m3 ha-1, compared to conventional NPK fertilization with a production of 150 m3 ha-1. Sewage slugde application did not cause a contamination of the soil-plant system. A dose of 7,7 Mg ha-1 of sewage sludge reduced the application of mineral nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer about 100% and 66%, respectively, associated with an increase of 8 % of the volume of wood and bark compared to conventional NPK fertilization

Orientador: Elias Taylor Durgante Severo / Banca: Claudio Angeli Sansígolo / Banca: Geraldo Bortoletto Junior / Abstract: The present study to have to do as aim to determine the log steaming time its involvement on the sawing process and on the drying of Eucalyptus grandis wood. In order to do it so, were used logs with diameter of 20 at <25, 25 at <30 and 30 at <35 cm, from the Horto Florestal, Manduri, São Paulo. The logs were heated during 20 hours at 90ºC of temperature and 100% of relative humidity. For the adaptation of the logs heating general model developed by Steinhagen to make use of thermocouples fixed it logs center and a datalogger recorded the time and real temperature at each minute. Later the logs were sawing for width tangential system and measuring of the defects resulted from the growth stress were performed with intention to evaluate the effect of steaming treatment and the growth stress behavior with logs diameters. The sawn wood was dry in the dry-kiln and were available the dry defects of the sawn wood deriving as much the control logs as the steamed logs. The results indicate that: the log steaming time determination general model developed by Steinhagen don't is applied for eucalypts and that are necessary the use of the adjustment factors that provided the used them model for studied kind; the logs steaming provided the release of a great part of the growth stress, without, however, eliminate them completely, showing, nevertheless, that this treatment to be feasible and advisable for the growth stress relief; there are among the boards a difference on the growth stress magnitude with the logs diameters showing that the bigger logs to produce boards to be inclined cracks and that logs with diameter smaller to develop biggest boards opening during the sawing process; across of the drying schedules used so much boards provided of the control logs as the heated logs don't to presented collapse e that the warping and end checks were smaller in the heated material; the boards provided... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre