This dissertation explores cathodic electrodeposition mechanisms that describe the synthesis of redox-active electrode materials. Several interesting elements are known to deposit at negative potentials (e.g., Mo, Re, Se), and by extending this work, we can tailor the growth of new binary systems (e.g., MoxRe₁₋xOy, MoxSe₁₋xOy) that have enhanced optical and electronic properties. To grasp the subtleties of deposition and understand how the growth of a particular phase is influenced by other species in solution, several analytical methodologies are used to thoroughly characterize film deposition, including chronocoulometry, voltammetry, nanogravimetry, UV-Visible spectroelectrochemistry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). Chapter 1 is a general introduction that discusses the growth of redox-active metal oxides and alloys with an emphasis on tuning the composition to enhance material performance. Chapter 2 proposes a mechanistic pathway for the deposition of rhenium films from an acidic perrhenate (ReVIIO₄⁻) solution containing both metallic and oxide components. Unlike many other metal anions, it was observed that ReVIIO₄⁻ adsorbs to the electrode surface prior to reduction. As such, ReVIIO₄⁻ is ideally situated to be a redox-active mediator for other electrochemical reactions, and in Chapter 3, this dissertation explores how ReVIIO₄⁻ increases the deposition efficiency of Mo oxide deposition. Depth profiling XPS supported by electrochemical studies demonstrated that Mo and Re deposit separately to form an inhomogeneous material, MoxRe₁₋xOy (0.6 < x ≤ 1.0). Over a limited potential range from –0.3 V to –0.7 V (vs Ag/AgCl) the rhenium mole fraction increases linearly with the applied voltage. Chapter 4 explores the deposition of MoxSe₁₋xOy, and in this case, the incorporation of Mo species in solution shifts the deposition of Se⁰ to more positive potentials. Depending on the applied potential used, voltammetry experiments suggest that a small amount of Mo (<5%) reduces to the zero-valent phase to yield the photosensitive alloy, MoxSey. Chapter 5 discusses future work and presents preliminary data describing the deposition of Se⁰ on ITO using adsorbed ReVIIO₄⁻ as a redox mediator. / text

Buvo tiriama Co(II) ir Ni(II) įvairių kompleksų elektroredukcija chloridiniuose, sulfatiniuose, citratiniuose, pirofosfatiniuose bei pirofosfatiniouose-amoniakiniuose tirpaluose, Ni ir Co lydinių su W ir Mo elektronusodinimas, gautų dangų sudėtis ir paviršiaus morfologija, struktūra bei korozinės savybės. W ir Mo lydiniai buvo nusodinami iš citratinių - boratinių ir pirofosfatinių – amoniakinių elektrolitų, o koroziniai tyrimai atlikti sulfatiniuose tirpaluose. Tiriant Co(II) ir Ni(II) elektroredukciją nustatyta, kad voltamperinių kreivių forma primena būdingas mišriai kinetikai voltamperines kreives, jose yra ryškus persilenkimas. Tačiau tyrimai EIS metodu parodė, kad šio persilenkimo negalima sieti su difuziniais apribojimais. Padaryta prielaida apie elektrochemiškai aktyvaus Co arba Ni komplekso lėtą adsorbciją ant elektrodo. Nustatyta, kad Ni elektonusodinimo greitis iš pirofosfatinių tirpalų be amonio jonų yra labai mažas. Pridėjus (NH4)2SO4 ir taip formuojant amoniakinius nikelio kompleksus tirpale, labai pagreitėja Ni elektronusodinimas. Šis efektas labai gerai koreliuoja su didėjančia apskaičiuotų įvairių Ni (II) kompleksų su amonio jonais frakcija. Tačiau amonio jonų buvimas praktiškai neturi įtakos Co elektronusodinimo greičiui. Iš gautų duomenų daroma išvada, kad elektrochemiškai aktyvus Ni ir Co kompleksai yra skirtingi, t.y. CoOH+ ir Ni(NH3)162+ yra krūvį pernešančios dalelės pirofosfatiniuose – amoniakiniuose tirpaluose. Tiriant Co-Mo ir Co-Mo-P lydinius... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Electroreduction of various Ni(II) and Co(II) complexes in chloride, sulfate, citrate, pyrophosphate and pyrophosphate –ammonia solutions, electrodeposition of Ni and Co and their alloys with W and Mo and composition of obtained coatings and surface morphology, structure and corrosion properties have been studied. W and Mo alloys were electrodeposited from citrate – borate and pyrophosphate –ammonia solutions, and the corrosion behavior of obtained alloys was investigated in sulfate solutions. The shapes of voltammetric curves obtained for Co(II) and Ni(II) electroreduction are similar to the typical shapes of curves for processes occurring under mixed kinetics, and clear plateau presences in voltammogram. However, based on the data obtained by the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was confirmed that the obtained plateau does not attribute to the diffusion limitations. A slow adsorption stage of electrochemicaly active complex of Co and Ni on the electrode was assumed. It was determined that Ni electrodeposition rate from pyrophosphate baths without ammonia is relatively small. Adding of (NH4)2SO4 and further forming of Ni(II) complexes with ammonia in the solution accelerates sufficiently the rate of Ni electrodeposition. The effect well correlates with increasing the calculated molar fraction of various ammonia complexes with Ni(II). Based on the received data we conclude that electrochemicaly active Ni and Co complexes are different, i.e. CoOH+ and Ni(NH3)162+... [to full text]

Electroreduction of various Ni(II) and Co(II) complexes in chloride, sulfate, citrate, pyrophosphate and pyrophosphate –ammonia solutions, electrodeposition of Ni and Co and their alloys with W and Mo and composition of obtained coatings and surface morphology, structure and corrosion properties have been studied. W and Mo alloys were electrodeposited from citrate – borate and pyrophosphate –ammonia solutions, and the corrosion behavior of obtained alloys was investigated in sulfate solutions. The shapes of voltammetric curves obtained for Co(II) and Ni(II) electroreduction are similar to the typical shapes of curves for processes occurring under mixed kinetics, and clear plateau presences in voltammogram. However, based on the data obtained by the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was confirmed that the obtained plateau does not attribute to the diffusion limitations. A slow adsorption stage of electrochemicaly active complex of Co and Ni on the electrode was assumed. It was determined that Ni electrodeposition rate from pyrophosphate baths without ammonia is relatively small. Adding of (NH4)2SO4 and further forming of Ni(II) complexes with ammonia in the solution accelerates sufficiently the rate of Ni electrodeposition. The effect well correlates with increasing the calculated molar fraction of various ammonia complexes with Ni(II). Based on the received data we conclude that electrochemicaly active Ni and Co complexes are different, i.e. CoOH+ and Ni(NH3)162+... [to full text] / Buvo tiriama Co(II) ir Ni(II) įvairių kompleksų elektroredukcija chloridiniuose, sulfatiniuose, citratiniuose, pirofosfatiniuose bei pirofosfatiniouose-amoniakiniuose tirpaluose, Ni ir Co lydinių su W ir Mo elektronusodinimas, gautų dangų sudėtis ir paviršiaus morfologija, struktūra bei korozinės savybės. W ir Mo lydiniai buvo nusodinami iš citratinių - boratinių ir pirofosfatinių – amoniakinių elektrolitų, o koroziniai tyrimai atlikti sulfatiniuose tirpaluose. Tiriant Co(II) ir Ni(II) elektroredukciją nustatyta, kad voltamperinių kreivių forma primena būdingas mišriai kinetikai voltamperines kreives, jose yra ryškus persilenkimas. Tačiau tyrimai EIS metodu parodė, kad šio persilenkimo negalima sieti su difuziniais apribojimais. Padaryta prielaida apie elektrochemiškai aktyvaus Co arba Ni komplekso lėtą adsorbciją ant elektrodo. Nustatyta, kad Ni elektonusodinimo greitis iš pirofosfatinių tirpalų be amonio jonų yra labai mažas. Pridėjus (NH4)2SO4 ir taip formuojant amoniakinius nikelio kompleksus tirpale, labai pagreitėja Ni elektronusodinimas. Šis efektas labai gerai koreliuoja su didėjančia apskaičiuotų įvairių Ni (II) kompleksų su amonio jonais frakcija. Tačiau amonio jonų buvimas praktiškai neturi įtakos Co elektronusodinimo greičiui. Iš gautų duomenų daroma išvada, kad elektrochemiškai aktyvus Ni ir Co kompleksai yra skirtingi, t.y. CoOH+ ir Ni(NH3)162+ yra krūvį pernešančios dalelės pirofosfatiniuose – amoniakiniuose tirpaluose. Tiriant Co-Mo ir Co-Mo-P lydinius... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

This work aims to study the variation in electrical and optical properties of nanoscale Schottky diodes by varying their dimensions in the nanoscale. Experimental conditions for fabricating porous alumina with varying pore diameters and inter-pore distances were first optimized by anodizing Aluminum tape with variable currents. Cadmium Sulfide nanowires were then synthesized inside the membranes by dc electrodeposition. Finally a high work function metal was deposited on top as a contact for the metal-semiconductor Schottky diode junction. As a comparative study, Schottky diodes fabricated using the same metals and Cadmium Sulfide thin films deposited on conducting glass substrates using electro-deposition and annealed in different ambient were also studied. Device characterizations were carried out by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), current voltage (I-V) measurements, ultraviolet-visual (UV-Vis) absorption spectroscopy and X-Ray diffraction.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2017-11-21T21:46:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Hugo Yves Cordeiro Eulálio - Dissertação PPG-CEMat - 2016..pdf: 9966635 bytes, checksum: 5ea265c58dad0db100d0e913e7338764 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-21T21:46:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hugo Yves Cordeiro Eulálio - Dissertação PPG-CEMat - 2016..pdf: 9966635 bytes, checksum: 5ea265c58dad0db100d0e913e7338764 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / Um dos desafios da atualidade está em encontrar métodos simples, rápidos e seletivos para determinações específicas de compostos variados nas mais diversas aplicações. Um componente fundamental para os biossensores, tratase do transdutor, responsável por transformar e conduzir os sinais gerados devido as reações entre analito alvo e biorreceptor. Em testes iniciais viu-se que a deposição se soltava facilmente da superfície do eletrodo então com o intuito de melhorar a condutividade dos eletrodos foi realizado eletrodeposições do composto Sb/Sb2O3 nas superfícies dos suportes metálicos e visando uma melhor adesão do eletrodepositado nos metais foram realizadas eletrocorrosões nestes suportes com solução de HCl. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o comportamento de suportes metálicos para transdutores, submetidos a eletrodeposição de antimônio e de óxido de antimônio (Sb/Sb2O3) e ao processo de eletrocorrosão ácida, para o emprego em biossensores. Com a finalidade de identificar qual composto estava sendo depositado no metal, para visualizar a morfologia e o recobrimento e, ainda, confirmar essa possível melhor adesão realizou-se caracterizações como: microscopia eletrônica de varredura, difração de raios x, análise gravimétrica das amostras, análise da rugosidade superficial e testes de adesividade do depositado. A partir dos difratogramas foi possível observar a eletrodeposição do Sb metálico na superfície metálica. As imagens obtidas por MEV mostraram morfologias distintas que variaram dependendo do metal utilizado, da metodologia utilizada, porém todos apresentaram uma característica pulverulenta, pois são facilmente arrancados da superfície. O teste de gravimetria acusou que o cobre é mais sensível a corrosão que o aço inox. O teste de adesão mostrou que na média o cobre obteve uma maior adesão, porém a amostra que teve maior adesão foi utilizando uma fita de aço. Conclui-se que dentre os dois suportes metálicos escolhidos, levando em consideração apenas o tratamento superficial e a metodologia utilizada, o aço inox é o melhor suporte a ser empregado. / One of nowadays' challenges is to find simple, fast and selective methods for specific determinations of various compounds in various applications. A key component to the biosensor, is the transducer, responsible for transforming and lead the signals generated due to reactions between the target analyte and biorreceptor. In initial tests it was seen that the deposition easily let go of the electrode surface then, to improve the conductivity, they were conducted electrodeposition compound Sb / Sb2O3 on the surfaces of metal brackets and to better adhesion of the electroplated in metals were performed electroerosions on these stands with HCl solution. The aim of this study was to analyze the metal brackets behavior for transducers subjected to electrodeposition of antimony and antimony oxide (Sb / Sb2O3) and acid electroerosion process, for use in biosensors. In order to identify which compound was being deposited on the metal, to see the morphology and the coating and also confirm this possible better adhesion some characterizations were done, as scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, gravimetric analysis of the samples, analysis of surface roughness and deposited adhesion tests. From the XRD patterns was observed only the electrodeposition of Sb metallic on the metal surface. The images obtained by SEM showed distinct morphologies that varied depending on the metal used, the methodology used, but all had a powdery characteristic, because they are easily torn from the surface. The gravimetric test showed that copper is more sensitive to corrosion than stainless steel. The adhesion test showed that the average copper obtained an increased adhesion, but the sample had adhesion was greater using a steel tape. It is concluded that among the two metal supports chosen, taking into account only the surface treatment and the methodology used, the stainless steel is the best support to be used.

abstract: Soft magnetic alloys play a significant role for magnetic recording applications and highly sensitivity magnetic field sensors. In order to sustain the magnetic areal density growth, development of new synthesis techniques and materials is necessary. In this work, the effect of oxygen incorporation during electrodeposition of CoFe alloys on magnetic properties, magnetoresistance and structural properties has been studied. Understanding the magnetic properties often required knowledge of oxygen distribution and structural properties of the grown films. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was a powerful tool in this study to correlate the oxygen-distribution nanostructure to the magnetic properties of deposited films. Off-axis electron holography in TEM was used to measure magnetic domain wall width in the deposited films. Elemental depth profiles of Fe, Co, O were investigated by secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). Magnetic properties have been determined by superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) measurements. Oxygen content in the CoFe deposited films was controlled by electrolyte composition. Films were deposited on Si 100 substrates and on other substrates such as Cu and Al. However, a good film quality was achieved on Si substrate. Electron energy loss and x-ray spectroscopies showed that the low oxygen films contained intragranular Fe2+ oxide (FeO) particles and that the high oxygen films contained intergranular Fe3+ (Fe2O3) along grain boundaries. The films with oxide present at the grain boundary had significantly increased coercivity, magnetoresistance and reduced saturation magnetization relative to the lower oxygen content films with intragranular oxide. The differences in magnetic properties between low oxygen and high oxygen concentration films were attributed to stronger mobile domain wall interactions with the grain boundary oxide layers. The very high magnetoresistance values were achieved for magnetic devices with nanocontact dimension < 100 nm and oxide incorporation in this nanoconfined geometry. The content of oxide phase in nanocontact was controlled by concentration of the Fe3+ ions in the electrodeposition solution. Magnetic device integrity was improved by varying amount of additive into plating solution. These results indicated that electrodeposited CoFe nanocontact is a novel class of materials with large application for magnetic field sensors. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Materials Science and Engineering 2012

Magister Scientiae - MSc (Chemistry) / Electrochemical platforms were developed based on pencil graphite electrodes (PGEs) modified electrochemically with reduced graphene oxide metal nanoparticles (ERGO-metalNPs) composite and used for the high-sensitivity determination of Bisphenol A (BPA) in water samples. Synergistic effects of both reduced Graphene Oxide sheets and metal nanoparticles on the performance of the pencil graphite electrode (PGE) were demonstrated in the oxidation of BPA by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). A solution of graphene oxide (GO) 1 mg mL-1 and 15 ppm of metal stock solutions (1,000 mg L-1, atomic absorption standard solution) (Antimony or Gold) was prepared and after sonication deposited onto pencil graphite electrodes by cyclic voltammetry reduction. Different characterization techniques such as FT-IR, HR-SEM, XRD and Raman spectroscopy were used to characterize the GO and ERGO-metalNPs. Parameters that influence the electroanalytical response of the ERGO-SbNPs and ERGO-AuNPs such as, pH, deposition time, deposition potential, purging time were investigated and optimized. Well-defined, reproducible peaks with detection limits of 0.0125 ?M and 0.062 ?M were obtained for BPA using ERGO-SbNPs and ERGO-AuNPs respectively. The rGO-metalNPs-PGE was used for the quantification of BPA in tap water sample and proved to be suitable for the detection of BPA below USEPA prescribed drinking water standards of 0.087 ?M. / 2021-12-31

Magister Scientiae - MSc (Chemistry) / Electrochemical platforms were developed based on pencil graphite electrodes (PGEs) modified electrochemically with reduced graphene oxide metal nanoparticles (ERGO–metalNPs) composite and used for the high-sensitivity determination of Bisphenol A (BPA) in water samples. Synergistic effects of both reduced Graphene Oxide sheets and metal nanoparticles on the performance of the pencil graphite electrode (PGE) were demonstrated in the oxidation of BPA by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). A solution of graphene oxide (GO) 1 mg mL-1 and 15 ppm of metal stock solutions (1,000 mg L-1, atomic absorption standard solution) (Antimony or Gold) was prepared and after sonication deposited onto pencil graphite electrodes by cyclic voltammetry reduction. Different characterization techniques such as FT-IR, HR-SEM, XRD and Raman spectroscopy were used to characterize the GO and ERGO–metalNPs. Parameters that influence the electroanalytical response of the ERGO–SbNPs and ERGO–AuNPs such as, pH, deposition time, deposition potential, purging time were investigated and optimized. Well-defined, reproducible peaks with detection limits of 0.0125 μM and 0.062 μM were obtained for BPA using ERGO–SbNPs and ERGO–AuNPs respectively. The rGO-metalNPs–PGE was used for the quantification of BPA in tap water sample and proved to be suitable for the detection of BPA below USEPA prescribed drinking water standards of 0.087 μM.

O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar um processo com qualidade suficiente para produzir revestimentos de zinco a partir de banho ácido à base de cloreto de potássio, por meio de comparação de resultados. O estudo foi realizado comparando dois tipos de banhos disponíveis no mercado, através da caracterização das amostras produzidas em um protótipo da linha de galvanização, projetada para simular o processo industrial. Neste trabalho, foram avaliados parâmetros operacionais e a influência dos aditivos e formulação básica. Na avaliação da qualidade do depósito, além da determinação da espessura de camada, foram avaliadas sua uniformidade através do ensaio de Preece e a morfologia por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. O desempenho em corrosão foi comparado em ensaio de corrosão acelerada em câmara úmida e espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica. A influência dos aditivos na polarização dos banhos foi avaliada no ensaio de voltametria. As análises permitiram determinar o banho com melhor e mais estável resultado no produto, conhecer a influência das condições operacionais e dos aditivos no depósito, além do melhor desempenho em corrosão. / The goal of this study is to determine a process with sufficient quality to produce zinc coatings from acid bath of potassium chloride, by comparison of results. This study was conducted comparing two types of baths available in the market through the characterization of the samples produced in a prototype in-line galvanizing, designed to simulate the industrial process. In this work, were assessed operational parameters and the additives and basic formulation influence. In the assessment of deposit quality, in addition to determining the layer thickness, its uniformity was evaluated by Preece test and morphology by Scanning Electronic Microscopy. The performance in corrosion was compared by accelerated corrosion test in a moist chamber and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. The additives influence in the baths polarization was evaluated in the Voltammetry test. The analysis allowed to determine the bath with better and more stable results in the product, knowing the influence of operating conditions and additives on the deposit, in addition to better performance in corrosion.

O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar um processo com qualidade suficiente para produzir revestimentos de zinco a partir de banho ácido à base de cloreto de potássio, por meio de comparação de resultados. O estudo foi realizado comparando dois tipos de banhos disponíveis no mercado, através da caracterização das amostras produzidas em um protótipo da linha de galvanização, projetada para simular o processo industrial. Neste trabalho, foram avaliados parâmetros operacionais e a influência dos aditivos e formulação básica. Na avaliação da qualidade do depósito, além da determinação da espessura de camada, foram avaliadas sua uniformidade através do ensaio de Preece e a morfologia por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. O desempenho em corrosão foi comparado em ensaio de corrosão acelerada em câmara úmida e espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica. A influência dos aditivos na polarização dos banhos foi avaliada no ensaio de voltametria. As análises permitiram determinar o banho com melhor e mais estável resultado no produto, conhecer a influência das condições operacionais e dos aditivos no depósito, além do melhor desempenho em corrosão. / The goal of this study is to determine a process with sufficient quality to produce zinc coatings from acid bath of potassium chloride, by comparison of results. This study was conducted comparing two types of baths available in the market through the characterization of the samples produced in a prototype in-line galvanizing, designed to simulate the industrial process. In this work, were assessed operational parameters and the additives and basic formulation influence. In the assessment of deposit quality, in addition to determining the layer thickness, its uniformity was evaluated by Preece test and morphology by Scanning Electronic Microscopy. The performance in corrosion was compared by accelerated corrosion test in a moist chamber and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. The additives influence in the baths polarization was evaluated in the Voltammetry test. The analysis allowed to determine the bath with better and more stable results in the product, knowing the influence of operating conditions and additives on the deposit, in addition to better performance in corrosion.