<p><p>The intention of this thesis project report is to control a servo motor by using Electromyography(EMG) signals in the purpose of learning about bioamplifers and how ATMEL AVR Series microcontrollers work.</p><p>EMG is the a test that is used to record the electrical activity of muscles. In order to fulfill our intention an EMG amplifier, an ADC converter and a servo motor controller is build to be used with the simple mechenical gripper where the control of the gripper is directly related with the amplitude of the EMG signals taken from the hand muscles. In the development and USART serial communication part is also added enabling to see the ADC results in computer.</p></p>

<p>The explosive development of wireless communication services creates a demand for more flexible and cost-effective communication systems that offer higher data rates. The obvious trend towards small-size and ultra low power systems, in combination with the ever increasing number of applications integrated in a single portable device, tightens the design constraints at hardware and software level. The integration of current mobile systems with the third generation systems exemplifies and emphasizes the need of monolithic multi-band transceivers. A long term goal is a software defined radio, where several communication standards and applications are embedded and reconfigured by software. This motivates the need for highly flexible and reconfigurable analog radio frequency (RF) circuits that can be fully integrated in standard low-cost complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technologies.</p><p>In this thesis, the Voltage-Controlled Oscillator (VCO), one of the main challenging RF circuits within a transceiver, is investigated for today’s and future communication systems. The contributions from this work may be divided into two parts. The first part exploits the possibility and design related issues of wide-band reconfigurable integrated VCOs in CMOS technologies. Aspects such as frequency tuning, power dissipation and phase noise performance are studied and design oriented techniques for wide-band circuit solutions are proposed. For demonstration of these investigations several fully functional wide-band multi-GHz VCOs are implemented and characterized in a 0.18µm CMOS technology.</p><p>The second part of the thesis concerns theoretical analysis of phase noise in VCOs. Due to the complex process of conversion from component noise to phase noise, computer aided methods or advanced circuit simulators are usually used for evaluation and prediction of phase noise. As a consequence, the fundamental properties of different noise sources and their impact on phase noise in commonly adopted VCO topologies have so far not been completely described. This in turn makes the optimization process of integrated VCOs a very complex task. To aid the design and to provide a deeper understanding of the phase noise mechanism, a new approach based on a linear time-variant model is proposed in this work. The theory allows for derivation of analytic expressions for phase noise, thereby, providing excellent insight on how to minimize and optimize phase noise in oscillators as a function of circuit related parameters. Moreover, it enables a fair performance comparison of different oscillator topologies in order to ascertain which structure is most suitable depending on the application of interest. The proposed method is verified with very good agreement against both advanced circuit simulations and measurements in CMOS and bipolar technologies. As a final contribution, using the knowledge gained from the theoretical analysis, a fully integrated 0.35µm CMOS VCO with superior phase noise performance and power dissipation is demonstrated.</p>

<p>The aim of this thesis is the design and implementation of a standardized interface to communicate a NC machine with an industrial robot.</p><p>This interface consists of an ‘electronic box’ which includes a powerful board that is perfect for automation projects composed of a microcontroller, serial ports, optocouplers, relays, etc… The main component of this PCB is the microcontroller. The Atmel AT90CAN128 microcontroller is a good choice for this purpose since it is perfectly suited for industrial and automotive applications and it supports CANopen and DeviceNet implementation.</p><p> </p><p>The industrial robot’s communication between the board is performed through CAN bus. In order to communicate the interface with the NC machine it has eight optocouplers that are used as inputs and eight relays are used as outputs. Developments of programs using C language to communicate robots and NC machines have been developed by the software that provides Atmel for 8-bit AVR applications called AVR Studio 4 + WinAVR.</p>

<p>This Master Thesis was conducted by Rikard Eriksson and Vlad Badea for their Master of Science degree in Electronics Design Engineering at the University of Linköping (Linköpings Universitet), Sweden. HTC Sweden AB initialized this Thesis and the Thesis contains a pre study of pseudolite based indoor navigation systems, a design of a simple pseudolite and finally some recommendations of applications.</p><p>The pre study starts off with an introduction of the GPS system. This since pseudolite based systems and GPS have many similarities. Different pseudolites based techniques were then investigated and the pre study is wrapped up with a very short briefing on the Hammerhead chip.</p><p>Some of the pseudolite based techniques were worth some more looking into and a pseudolite was therefore designed and simulated. There was unfortunate not enough time to actually build the pseudolite and verify it.</p><p>Some recommendations to HTC Sweden were given in the last chapter of this thesis. The authors of this thesis recommend some interesting techniques and how the future work could proceed.</p>

<p>There is a lot of literature already available describing well-structured approach for embeddeddesign and implementation of Application Specific Integrated Processor (ASIP) micro processorcore.</p><p>This concept features hardware structured approach for implementation of processor core fromminimal instruction set, encoding standards, hardware mapping, and micro architecture design,coding conventions, RTL,verification and burning into a FPGA. The goal is to design an ASIPprocessor core (Micro architecture design and RTL) which can perform DSP task, e.g., FIR. Thereport is a well structured approach of design and implementation of an ASIP DSP processor forDSP applications like FIR. This report contains design flow starting from Instruction set design,micro architecture design and RTL implementation of the core. Details of the power simulationsof FPGA are also listed and analyzed.</p>

<p>Syftet med examensarbetet var att programmera en viterbiavkodare i VHDL och sedan syntetisera den till en FPGA. Först testades viterbialgoritmen i Matlab och Simulink för att få en förståelse för hur Viterbialgoritmen fungerar. Inom ramen för exjobbet har vi gjort en viterbiavkodare i Matlab samt en VHDL version som vi har simulerat i Modelsim. Avkodaren klarar inte av att avkoda punkterade bitströmmar. Att tillverka själva kodaren för punkterad kodning är enkelt men att sedan avkoda bitströmmen visade sig vara mer komplext. Att avkoda punkterad kod kräver ingen ändring av avkodaren men bitströmmen skall modifieras genom att man stoppar in dummybitar enligt ett givet mönster innan de når avkodaren men efter att mottagaren har tagit emot bitströmmen. Pga. tidsbrist prioriterades inte punkterad kodning och rapporten kom att ändra inriktning så att den snarare ska kunna fungera som starthjälp för kommande examensarbetare eller för andra inom universitetet som har till uppdrag att utveckla en viterbiavkodare.</p>

<p>Abstract</p><p>Aim of this project was to analyse signals and try to localize the position of source of sound. It is done</p><p>with three microphones which have 90 degrees angle to each other. Each microphone detects one part</p><p>of the sound wave. The microphones are connected toan ADC which turns signals from analogue to</p><p>digital shape. After that the three signals are transformed to a computer. As known a computer</p><p>receives only digital signals which are the main reason to use the ADC. The signals are analysed by</p><p>computer with help of special softwares. These softwares are LabVIEW and MATLAB which are used</p><p>in this work. This analysis of the signals is divided in two parts. The first part is the FFT-analyse (Fast</p><p>Fourier Transform) of the signal from the microphones. It means that the signals frequency’s domain</p><p>is showed, in other word it shows which frequency components a signal has. Then the result is showed</p><p>online by a function belonging to LabVIEW which is called Web Publish.</p><p>In second part the position of the signal source is determined by cross correlation. The position is</p><p>determined by the difference of time between two signals from same source which are measured by</p><p>cross correlation and you can determine angle by triangulating which is described in report.</p>

<p>För att kunna styra en motor krävs bland annat ett tändsystem. Detta tändsystem måste klara av att ge rätt energimängd vid rätt tidpunkt. Mekaniska och tidiga elektroniska tändsystem som konstruerats är inte tillräckligt effektiva. För att få möjlighet till enkel men bättre optimering av effektivitet konstruerades ett kapacitivt tändsystem. Detta system använder en mikrokontroller som beräknar tändfördröjningen. Systemet reglerar tändfördröjningen utifrån en nollpunkt och ett varvtal som detekteras med hjälp av en sensor vid motorns svänghjul. Grundidén är att dela upp systemet i tre delar: laddkrets, tändkrets och styrkort. I ett första steg designades, simulerades och konstruerades varje del för sig. Nästa steg var att sammanfoga dessa tre delar till ett fungerande tändsystem. Resultatet blev ett väl fungerande kapacitivt tändsystem.</p> / <p>An ignition system is needed to control an engine. This ignition system has to be able to provide the right energy at the right time. Due to the lack of efficiency in older mechanical and early electronic systems, we planned to design and construct a capacitive discharge ignition system. This system includes a microcontroller that will calculate the spark timing. The system controls the spark timing depending on the engine speed. The engine speed is measured using a sensor mounted near the engine flywheel. The basic idea is to split the system into three subsystems, the charge subsystem, the ignition subsystem and the controller. The first step was to design, simulate and construct each subsystem. The next step was to merge these subsystems into a working unit. The result was a fully functional capacitive ignition system.</p>

<p>Examensarbetet utfördes för Easygamer i Skoghall vilket är ett företag som bl.a. sysslar med modifiering av de flesta av dagens spelkonsoler samt försäljning av olika datorprodukter. Företaget ville att vi skulle göra om en Xbox till en ”studentdator” som de kallade det. Detta för att man ska kunna få en ganska kraftfull dator för inte så mycket pengar. Med en sådan dator skulle man sedan kunna använda ordbehandlingsprogram, lyssna på musik, surfa på Internet m.m. men självklart också kunna använda Xboxen som en vanlig spelkonsol, om så önskas.</p> / <p>The Degree Project was performed at Easygamer in Skoghall which is a company that among other things modifies most of today’s gaming consoles and sells computer products. They wanted us to transform an Xbox to a “student computer”. You will be able to get a quite powerful computer for not that much money. With this kind of computer you will be able to use “office applications”, listen to music, use the internet etc. But of course, also use the Xbox as a gaming console, if you want to.</p>

Much experimental research has been performed in the equilibrium regime on individual quantum dots and quantum point contacts (QPCs). The focus of the research presented here is electron transport in the nonequilibrium regime in coupled quantum dot and QPC systems fabricated on AlGaAs/GaAs material using the split gate technique. Near equilibrium magnetoconductance measurements were performed on a quantum dot and a QPC. Oscillations were seen in the conductance of the sensor which corresponded to Aharonov-Bohm oscillations in the quantum dot, to our knowledge the first such observation. Sudden jumps in the conductance of the QPC were observed under certain gate biases and under certain magnetic fields. When the gate biases and magnetic field were held constant and the conductance was observed over time, switching was observed with the form of a random telegraph signal (RTS). RTS switching is usually attributed to charging of a single impurity. However, in this case switching may have been due to tunneling via edge states in the dot. Nonequilibrium transport in single quantum dots was investigated. A knee or kink was observed in the current-voltage characteristics of two dots on different material. The bias conditions under which the knee occurred point to electron heating as the physical mechanism for the observed behavior. However, the data can not be fit accurately over all bias ranges with an energy balance hot electron model. Modifications to the model are needed to accurately represent the devices studied here. Finally, the effect of nonlinear transport through a one dimensional (1D) QPC on the equilibrium conductance of an adjacent OD quantum dot was explored. This was the first attempt to observe Coulomb drag between a OD and 1D system. It was observed that the equilibrium conductance peaks in the quantum dot were broadened as the current in the QPC increased. This apparent electron heating effect in the dot can be explained by a simple ballistic phonon model. However, reasonable phase coherence times can be estimated from peak fitting using a Breit- Wigner formula which points to a Coulomb interaction. More detailed numerical calculations should illuminate the dominant scattering processes. / Graduation date: 1999