Xylem is an inherent feature of all vascular plants and functions in water transport and mechanical support. In order to efficiently transport water, xylem cells are reinforced by secondary walls before they undergo programmed cell death and their cell contents are removed by autolysis to create a hollow tube. During their differentiation, xylem cells express various hydrolytic enzymes, such as proteases, nucleases and lipases, but only in a few examples has their role in xylem cell death been characterized. This thesis focuses on the regulatory aspects of xylem cell death and the autolytic cell clearance in vessel elements and fibers of hybrid aspen (Populus tremula L. x tremuloides Michx.) and in vessel elements of Arabidopsis thaliana. Using comparative transcriptomic analysis, candidate genes for fiber-specific cell death processes were identified. Further, a hypothesis is presented on the regulation of thermospermine levels in the vasculature by a negative feedback-loop involving auxin and the class III Homeodomain-Leucine Zipper (HD-ZIP III) transcription factor HOMEOBOX8 (PtHB8). The role of the Arabidopsis METACASPASE9 (AtMC9) in xylem cell death was characterized using molecular tools, such as reporter lines and fluorescent fusion proteins, and electron microscopy (TEM). This showed that cell death initiation is not controlled by AtMC9. Instead, evidence is presented for the involvement of AtMC9 in the post mortem autolysis of vessel elements that follows tonoplast rupture and leads to the formation of the hollow conduit. Cell death-associated genes were further observed to be expressed during the emergence of lateral roots in Arabidopsis thaliana. This led to the discovery that cells overlying a lateral root primordium undergo cell death, which was demonstrated by detection of DNA degradation and TEM analysis. It is concluded that cell death facilitates emergence of lateral roots through the overlying tissues in a concerted manner with cell wall remodelling. Together, these findings show that although individual hydrolytic enzymes may be dispensable for plant growth and development, their common regulators are the tool for understanding their function and importance. / Xylem är en karakteristisk vävnad i alla kärlväxter som leder vatten och mineraler samt har mekanisk stödfunktion. För att effektivt kunna transportera vatten förstärks xylemceller med sekundära cellväggar innan de dör genom programmerad celldöd. Deras cellinnehåll bryts ner genom autolys för att skapa ett ihåligt rör. Xylemceller uttrycker under sin differentiering olika hydrolytiska enzymer, såsom proteaser, lipaser och nukleaser, men bara för ett fåtal av dessa har funktionen under xylemcelldöd kartlagts. Denna avhandling fokuserar på reglering av xylemcelldöden och den autolytiska nedbrytningen av cellen, i såväl kärlelement och fibrer av hybridasp (Populus tremula L. x tremuloides Michx.) som i kärlelement av backtrav (Arabidopsis thaliana). Med hjälp av jämförande transkriptomanalys identifierades kandidatgener för fiber-specifika celldödsprocesser i hybridasp. Vidare utvecklades en hypotes om reglering av termosperminnivåer i vaskulaturen genom en negativ feedback-loop, som omfattar auxin reglering och klass III homeodomän-leucinzipper (HD-ZIP III) transkriptionsfaktorn HOMEOBOX8 (PtHB8). Funktionen av Arabidopsis METACASPASE9 (AtMC9) under xylemcelldöd karakteriserades med molekylära verktyg, såsom reporterlinjer och fluorescerande fusionsproteiner och elektronmikroskopi (TEM). Dessa analyser visade att celldödens initiering inte styrs av AtMC9. Istället presenteras bevis för en roll av AtMC9 i autolysen av kärlelement som sker post mortem efter att vakuolen har gått sönder och som slutför bildandet av det tomma kärlet. Genuttryck som associeras med celldöd observerades också under utvecklingen av laterala rötter i Arabidopsis thaliana. Detta ledde till upptäckten att celler som ligger ovanför ett lateralrotprimordium dör en programmerad celldöd och visar tecken på DNA-nedbrytning och autolys i TEM-analyser. Slutsatsen av denna studie är att celldöd i samspel med cellväggsmodifiering underlättar utväxten av laterala rötter genom de överliggande cellagren. Sammantaget tyder dessa upptäckter på att även om enstaka hydrolyserande enzymer inte är nödvändiga för växternas tillväxt och utveckling, så kan deras gemensamma reglering nyttjas för att förstå deras funktion och betydelse.

Problem - A new kind of companies was identified twenty years ago, the BornGlobals (BGs).Those companies tend to go abroad in a very early stage, sometimesright after their inception. Although the Western literature has showed much progressin studying this phenomenon and developing many theories, its Chinese counterparthas not been developed in the same degree. Meanwhile, due to the limitation ofliterature translation and different process of knowledge accumulation, the emergenceof the Chinese BGs raises many questions about its reasons, drive factors andformation mechanism. Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to explore the new phenomenon of BGs inChinese firms, increase a better understanding of relevant theories, and investigate thekey factors of Chinese BGs' emergence. Design - The paper draws on previous studies on Western perspective of BGs. Inorder to be less influenced by Western theories, an inductive approach is used formultiple case study of two Chinese companies. Semi structured interviews wereconducted with the representative from each company through telephone and CMCinterviews. Findings - The main reason of Chinese BGs internationalize very early is to becomedeveloped and strong, so that they can re-enter their domestic market. Their truevision is to go abroad and begin to operate in a less hostile environment than the onein China. Education, prior knowledge, technology and networks were found to be ofsimilar great importance as in the western literature. On the other hand, their growth isalso facilitated by the low costs that exist in China. In the global market, they haveaccess to materials and human resources to allow them to have a competitiveadvantage. At the end, the model representing our findings is developed. Practical implications - This study provides the information on how the founders ofBGs think and act, and which traits characterize them and give a better view on whythese firms became BGs and how they will continue their expansion. As well as, helpmanagers to understand how Chinese BGs will proceed and let them be able to actproactively. Originality/value - The findings of study may develop the BG literature, especially inthe area of China, and confirm or challenge other existing theories. The paperconfirmed the western literature in many points, but also provided new informationabout the vision of these companies in China.

There is a general assumption that permanent teeth in children are emerging into the oral cavity earlier than the dates given in published scientific studies conducted many years ago. In the course of this research a rigorous experimental protocol was devised to provide reliable data collection and analysis methods and give contemporary emergence rate estimations with a strong scientific basis. In addition equations are presented to predict the chronological age of children using only the sex of the child and the number of permanent teeth present. Data was collected between April 1998 and July 2001 from 12,395 children between 4 and 15 years of age, in the Colchester area of the UK. The results show that the ages of emergence of the permanent teeth are later than previously assumed. This research also confirms previous research showing that girl's teeth emerge before boy's teeth, that there is no statistical difference in the age of emergence contra-lateral teeth in the same arch and that there is a statistical difference in the age of emergence of ipsi-lateral teeth in opposing arches.

With the rapid proliferation of carbon nanotube technologies and consumer products comes a need to research the toxicological and ecotoxicological effects of these materials. This research attempted to develop a baseline knowledge of the effects of bulk, unmodified multi-walled carbon nanotubes on commonly studied soil toxicology test organisms: earthworms, springtails, and agricultural plants. In order to minimize confounding factors in the study, a slurry composed of bulk multi-walled carbon nanotubes, silica sand, and water was used to amend test soil without the use of surfactants or functionalization. Analysis of data produced by these experiments showed no significant trends resulting from the exposure of the test organisms to artificial soil amended by the multi- walled carbon nanotube slurry. It was observed, however that carbon nanotubes accumulated in the gut of the earthworm Eisenia andrei and were expelled as castings in the test soil.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--York University, 2005. Graduate Programme in Philosophy. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 227-240). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pNR11615

In this conceptual thesis I explore a paradox inherent in sustainability, namely that to 'sustain' something it needs to be allowed to emerge into something different than it currently is. Moreover, it is not always knowable in advance what that ‘something’ will be. I also argue that education is fundamentally about sustainability, as its role is to allow/encourage a human being to emerge into someone different than he/she currently is. I assert, however, that whilst this is education’s role, it currently, and paradoxically, works against itself by defining the human subject in advance (as a particular ‘ideal’ kind of rational autonomous being), hence closing the matter of what a human can grow into before education even starts. I argue that complexity thinking and what Osberg (2015) calls complexity- compatible thinking, posthumanist/posthuman and feminist thinking provide logics to approach the issue of emergence, including the emergence of what it is to be a human subject. It is through engaging with these logics to keep the abundant possibilities of the future radically open that my thesis makes a contribution to the field of education and sustainability. To make such a contribution I first of all identify that Biesta (2006, 2013) and his ‘pedagogy of interruption’ are working within the logic of complexity thinking. In his theory Biesta identifies how fleeting moments can interrupt existing rational autonomous understandings of human subjectivity. Whilst acknowledging that one cannot programme such ‘fleeting moments’ into education, I draw on ideas from Arendt, Mouffe, Rancière and Masschelein and Simons to encourage the possibility of such moments - moments which open up spaces in which, through acting and speaking with others, who one is as an initium, a beginner can emerge. However, emergence of the new raises the important issue of ethics. I argue that in her two-fold concept of forgiveness and mutual promising Arendt provides a way to develop an immanent ethics arising from horizontal relationships between people speaking and acting together. Finally, I focus on the fleeting moment or event of interruption itself. Drawing on Arendt, Loidolt, Keller and Braidotti I argue that this can be understood as a first-person intersubjective encounter under conditions of plurality. I understand plurality as speaking and acting together with unique others open to the stance one expresses and vice versa. In intersubjective encounters one does not reveal an inner essence to others. Instead who one is emerges intersubjectively, in and through the encounter, creating a surplus, something new that was not in the world before. I also argue how such encounters have the potential to be ethical encounters. I then go beyond Arendt and draw on posthumanist and posthuman thinking to consider the possibility of intersubjective first-being ethical encounters with(in) the wider natural world. I argue that allowing some time for school understood as skholé – a safe space, protected from politicisation by the issues of the day, to reflect and explore who one is, and how one can act in the world – has an important role in encouraging, valuing and reflecting on such encounters. I conclude that education which understands sustainability as an emergent process builds a bridge between education as a sustainable and education as a democratic process. In such an education who one is as a subject appears through intersubjective encounters, bringing into the world the possibility of the emergence of new, unexpected ways of knowing, being and acting essential for sustainability.

abstract: Despite the vast amount of research within the leadership and culture domains, a paucity of research has integrated the two literatures. This dissertation investigates leadership, organizational culture, and the dynamic interplay between them. It is composed of three papers with the objective to integrate leadership and culture research, theoretically and empirically, and generate novel insights about both phenomena. Paper 1 describes how leader-unit interactions foster culture emergence. I integrate insights from social learning theory, self-regulation theory, and event-structure theory to enumerate how leader-unit interactions create values, beliefs, and underlying assumptions that become shared among members in a nascent work unit. Paper 2 integrates team motivation theory with multilevel leadership theory to address CEO task leadership's paradoxical effect on firm performance through intervening social (i.e., organizational culture) and psychological (i.e., TMT engagement) mechanisms. Using data from 106 CEOs and 324 top management team members, structural equation modeling results revealed that CEO task leadership enhanced firm performance through its positive association with task culture, which in turn was positively related to TMT engagement, which positively contributed to firm performance. Conversely, CEO task leadership hindered firm performance through its negative, direct effect on TMT engagement. Paper 3 integrates various approaches to organizational culture bandwidth that have produced a fragmented view of culture and its effects on organizational outcomes. I draw upon organizational culture theory and bandwidth theory to examine the incremental predictive validity of culture configurations and culture dimensions on broad and narrow criteria. Hierarchical linear regression analyses, from data consisting of 567 employees in 130 bank branches, indicated that narrow culture dimensions predicted variance in narrow outcomes whereas configurations explained incremental variance in broad outcomes above and beyond culture dimensions. Through this dissertation, I take an initial step toward illuminating the interrelationship between leadership and culture by identifying mechanisms through which unit leaders foster culture emergence and by examining how organizational culture is a social normative lens through which followers filter leader behavior. Given culture's importance to leadership and organizational outcomes, the conditions in which culture should be examined as a broad or a narrow phenomenon are also enumerated. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Business Administration 2012

Linha de pesquisa: Linguagem, Filosofia e Cultura. / O orientador do trabalho n?o mencionado na lista da Folha de Aprova??o. / Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-03-09T19:59:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) frederico_fernandes_castro.pdf: 783682 bytes, checksum: a56f6fa64634bb8691bbf97f5113d1f0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-03-09T20:23:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) frederico_fernandes_castro.pdf: 783682 bytes, checksum: a56f6fa64634bb8691bbf97f5113d1f0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-09T20:23:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) frederico_fernandes_castro.pdf: 783682 bytes, checksum: a56f6fa64634bb8691bbf97f5113d1f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Cr?tico dos modelos propostos para a Filosofia da Mente, John R. Searle, baseado na tradi??o da Filosofia Anal?tica Contempor?nea e na Filosofia da Linguagem, inicia sua pesquisa sobre o problema da consci?ncia dialogando com as Neuroci?ncias, com a Intelig?ncia Artificial e com as Ci?ncias Cognitivas. Searle defende que a mente ? uma propriedade emergente do sistema nervoso. Com o naturalismo biol?gico ele prop?e respostas acerca do problema mente-corpo aceitas e criticadas por muitos, al?m de apontar algumas falhas recorrentes em outras propostas. Objetiva-se nesta disserta??o, tendo como ponto de partida o conceito de consci?ncia, apontar contribui??es das reflex?es emergentistas sobre o problema da corporeidade da mente baseadas na teoria proposta por Searle. O presente procede pelo estudo de um renomado livro do autor intitulado A redescoberta da Mente. Para an?lise tamb?m foram utilizados alguns interlocutores que lhe s?o contempor?neos e comentadores, dando espa?o para di?logos que se mostram pertinentes ?s elabora??es conceituais de Searle. Metodologicamente esta pesquisa est? fundamentada na an?lise conceitual a qual foi delineada pela Filosofia Anal?tica dos s?c. XIX e XX. Sobre a organiza??o da disserta??o, o no primeiro momento do texto prop?e expor uma breve s?ntese do autor e suas obras, bem como a an?lise do conceito de emerg?ncia. Neste cap?tulo destacam o di?logo entre Searle e Thompson quanto ao termo emerg?ncia. No segundo momento tratamos do problema da consci?ncia e seu lugar no universo atrav?s da exposi??o de teorias sobre a rela??o mente e corpo. Destacaremos as cr?ticas de Searle ?s abordagens que postulam tentativas de solucionar tal problema partindo de princ?pios reducionistas e dualistas. Analisaremos como que a partir destas cr?ticas ele efetua um modo peculiar de conceitualizar a mente. Searle constr?i um aparato te?rico diferente de muitas tradi??es vistas at? ent?o. Analisa-se no terceiro e ?ltimo momento a irredutibilidade da mente. O naturalismo biol?gico refuta argumentos reducionistas, defendendo que a mente n?o pode ser reduzida ? sua estrutura, ao sistema nervoso. Searle refuta tamb?m qualquer possiblidade de compreens?o da mente a partir de preceitos dualistas ou metaf?sicos que buscam a exist?ncia da mente para l? das rela??es causais dos elementos constituintes do enc?falo. De modo geral, do ponto de vista emergentista defendemos que o naturalismo biol?gico n?o perde sua for?a argumentativa, pelo contr?rio, ele se torna ainda mais consistente e abrangente. Destacamos que Searle definindo a mente como uma propriedade emergente do sistema nervoso foge do escopo epifenomenista, mas entende que, a exemplo da rela??o est?mago/digest?o, o c?rebro em sua organiza??o ? capaz da emerg?ncia da consci?ncia. Isto ?, dado os elementos x em uma organiza??o y, ? poss?vel predicar sobre uma propriedade a qual podemos chamar de consci?ncia que emerge da rela??o entre x e y. Este ? um dos pontos mais caros para nosso trabalho, ou seja, entender o naturalismo biol?gico a partir desta possibilidade emergentista. De modo conclusivo, Searle se apresenta bastante crente na possibilidade de definir a mente como uma propriedade ordin?ria de um sistema biol?gico aprofundando-se em uma vis?o naturalista em Filosofia da Mente e, mesmo que n?o tenha tido a vontade de ser descrito como um emergentista, mostramos que seus postulados est?o alinhados com esta abordagem, herdando tanto de seus avan?os quanto de suas limita??es. / Disserta??o (Mestrado Profissional) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Ci?ncias Humanas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017. / Critical of proposed models for the Philosophy of Mind, John R. Searle, based in the tradition of analytic philosophy and the philosophy of language, start his research on the problem of consciousness dialoguing with the Neurosciences, with Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Sciences. Searle argues that mind is an emerging property of the nervous system. With the biological naturalism, he proposes answers to mind-body problem accepted and criticized by many, as well as pointing out some flaws applicants in other proposals. The objective of this dissertation is, taking as starting point the concept of consciousness, pointing contributions of emergence reflections on the problem of embodiment of mind based on the theory proposed by Searle. This makes the study of renowned book by the author entitled Rediscovery of Mind. For the analysis we have also used some contemporary interlocutors and reviewers, giving some place for pertinent conversations on the main conceptual elaborations of Searle. Methodologically this study is based on the conceptual analysis, which was delineated by the analytic philosophy of the 19th century and 20th century. About the organization of the dissertation, the first moment of the text proposes to present a brief summary of the author and his works, as well as the analysis of the concept of emergency. In this chapter they emphasize the dialogue between Searle and Thompson regarding the emergence term. In the second moment we deal with to expose the problem of consciousness and its place in the universe through exposure to theories about the mind-body relationship. We stress the criticism of Searle to approaches that postulate attempts to solve this problem based on reductionist and dualist principles. We propose to analyze here how, from these criticisms, he performs a peculiar way to conceptualize the mind. Searle builds a theoretical apparatus, different from many traditional ones. It is analyzed in the third moment, the irreducibility of mind. The biological naturalism rejects reductionist arguments, arguing that the mind cannot be reduced to its structure, to the nervous system. Searle refutes any possibility of understanding mind from dualistic precepts or metaphysicians seeking the existence of mind beyond the causal relations of the constituent elements of the brain. In the third session the focus will be one of the problems most applicants of philosophy of mind that is the concept of intentionality. In general, from the emergentist point of view we argue that the biological naturalism does not lose its strength of argument, on the contrary, it becomes even more consistent and comprehensive. We emphasize that Searle definition of mind as an emerging property of the nervous system is out of scope for epiphenomenalism. Following the example of the relation stomach/digestion, the brain in its organization is capable of emergence of consciousness. This is because the elements x in an organization y, it is possible to preach on a property which we call consciousness that emerges from the relationship between x and y. This is one of the most important points for this work, i.e., to understand the biological naturalism from the emergence. In conclusive terms, Searle presents itself quite a believer in the ability to set the mind as an ordinary property of a biological system by drilling down a naturalist vision in philosophy of mind and, even if they did not have the desire to be described as an emergentist, we show that its postulates are aligned with this approach, inheriting both of their advances and their limitations.

A indústria de software tem características peculiares, seu produto é imaterial, seu caracter é pervasivo e necessita de mão-de-obra bastante específica, mesmo assim sua indústria se concentra em aglomerações produtivas, muitas em locais sem tradição na indústria tecnológica. Este trabalho tem como propósito inicial investigar a aglomeração de empresas de software que caracterizam estes polos produtivos. Para isso foram pesquisados aglomerações de empresas de software no estado de Santa Catarina. Seguindo a metodologia proposta por Paul Krugman foram localizados 5 polos de software nas cidades de Blumenau, Chapecó, Criciúma, Florianópolis e Joinville. Nestes locais buscou-se os fatores relacionados ao surgimento das primeiras empresas e procurou-se por associações de representação da indústria e empresários pioneiros aos quais foram questionadas variáveis relacionadas a emergência destes polos. A questão da aglomeração das indústrias foi vista considerando elementos da emergência que, entre outras características, apresenta as aglomerações como consequência das micro interações entre os atores que geram um comportamento macro e visível. Levou-se em consideração também questões estruturais relacionadas principalmente a governo, indústria e universidade e suas influências nos processos de consolidação destes polos. O estudo identificou que os primeiros polos tiveram grande parte do seu sucesso relacionado a micro interações entre os atores a partir de empresas pioneiras enquanto que em polos mais novos a importância da Universidade e do fomento governamental foram fundamentais. / The software industry has unique characteristics, her product is immaterial, her character is pervasive and requires rather specific workforce, yet the industry concentrates on productive clusters, many in places with no tradition in the technology industry. This paper aims to investigate the agglomeration of software companies that characterize these production clusters. For this purpose agglomerations of software companies in the state of Santa Catarina were researched. Following the methodology proposed by Paul Krugman five software centers were located in the cities of Blumenau, Chapecó, Criciúma, Florianópolis and Joinville. In these clusters we sought factors related to the appearance of the first companies and look for representation associations, the industry pioneers and entrepreneurs who have been questioned variables related to the emergence of these clusters. The issue of agglomeration of industries was seen considering elements of emergency, that among other characteristics, presents the clusters as a result of micro interactions between the actors that generate a macro and visible behavior. It was taken into consideration also structural issues related primarily to government, industry and university and its influence on the processes of consolidation of these clusters. The study identified that the first’s clusters had much of its success related to micro interactions between the actors from the pioneers at the poles while in the younger clusters the importance of University and government were fundamental.

This thesis examines the expressive culture of urban chicken-keepers in Eugene, Oregon in an attempt to explain why this practice has become so popular in recent years as well as to understand what role it plays in their lives. Data for this project were gathered using ethnographic fieldwork methods such as participant observation in “real life” and in social media outlets, semi-structured interviews with participants encountered at The Eugene Backyard Farmer, and a 54-question anonymous online survey of people who frequented the shop’s social media outlets. Based on an analysis of those data, this thesis contends that this group of people is using urban chicken-keeping as a way to intentionally reframe the future in a more positive light and that this can be seen in the articulation of their values and ideologies and through the way that they are traditionalizing urban chicken-keeping.