A material model capable of reproducing the anisotropic behavior of polycrystalline materials will prove to be useful in simulations in which directional properties are of key importance. The primary contributor to anisotropic behavior in polycrystalline materials is the development of texture through the rotation and alignment of slip systems due to plastic deformation. A large concentration of aligned slip systems will influence the glide of dislocations in the respective global deformation direction resulting in a directionally dependent flow stress. The Evolving Microstructural Model of Inelasticity (EMMI) is modified to account for evolving anisotropy due to the development of texture. Texture is characterized via a second order orientation tensor and is incorporated into EMMI through various modifications to the EMMI equations based on physical assumptions. Evolving anisotropy is captured via a static yield surface through a modification to the flow rule based on the assumption loading is entirely elastic within the yield surface. A separate modification to EMMI captures evolving anisotropy through an apparent yield surface via a modification to the EMMI internal state variable evolution equations. The apparent yield surface is the result of a smaller yield surface translating through stress space and assumes the state of the material is disturbed at stresses much lower than indicated by experimental yield surfaces.

Thesis (M.S.W.)--Smith College School for Social Work, Northampton, Mass., 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 70-72).

Cold spray has seen rapid advancement since its inception and has shown significant potential as a method of additive manufacturing. However, the large plastic deformation and repeated heating/cooling cycles that the material undergoes during the cold spray process can result in gradients in material structure and large residual stresses. The purpose of this study is to extend the existing EMMI material model to include anisotropic material response through the use of orientation distribution functions to predict residual stresses and anisotropy resulting from cold spray and similar additive manufacturing processes. Through the use of a finite element simulation, yield surfaces for a two-step tension problem were generated and analyzed to capture the effects of the four coaxiality parameters that govern the model.

A Educação Infantil tem sido um importante contexto de desenvolvimento para muitas crianças. No caso de bebês, os cuidados, as interações educadora-bebê e os espaços precisam ser pensados para que atendam as necessidades individuais de cada um, considerando o momento delicado do seu desenvolvimento. Deste modo, a presente pesquisa investigou, em dois estudos, as contribuições do Programa de acompanhamento para educadoras de berçário – PROACEB, baseado na abordagem pikleriana, para a promoção da qualidade das interações educadora-bebê. O Estudo 1 investigou, a partir dos relatos de sete educadoras de dois berçários da rede pública municipal de Porto Alegre, as contribuições do PROACEB para a atividade autônoma do bebê, a organização do espaço e a rotina do berçário, bem como as competências das próprias educadoras na interação com o bebê. As contribuições do PROACEB foram examinadas através de entrevistas, realizadas antes e após a intervenção. Já o Estudo 2 apresenta um estudo de caso que investigou os relatos de uma educadora sobre os conteúdos de cada encontro do PROACEB em relação as mesmas categorias de análise, que buscou destacar as impressões da educadora sobre o PROACEB e os diálogos educadora-pesquisadora frente a cada conteúdo apresentado no acompanhamento. Os resultados de ambos os estudos revelaram que o PROACEB propiciou um espaço de escuta e sensibilização para os conteúdos abordados, bem como de troca de conhecimento. Além disto, contribuiu para a promoção da qualidade das interações educadora-bebê, principalmente no que diz respeito ao reconhecimento da autonomia do bebê e organização do ambiente. A abordagem pikleriana, embasadora do PROACEB, se mostrou útil como ponto de partida para abordar conhecimentos e competências importantes para uma interação educadora-bebê de qualidade. / The Early Childhood Education has been an important development context for many children. In the case of infants, the care, the child-educator interactions and the spaces must be designed to meet the individual needs, considering the delicate moment of its development. Thus, this research investigated in two studies, the contributions of the Monitoring Program for Nursery Educators – PROACEB, based on piklerian approach, to promote the quality of child-educator interactions. The Study 1 investigated, from reports of seven educators from two nurseries of the public services of Porto Alegre, PROACEB contributions to the autonomous activity of the child, the organization of space and the routine of the nursery as well as the educators’ skills to interaction with the child. The PROACEB contributions were examined through interviews conducted before and after the intervention. While Study 2 presents a case study which investigated reports of an educator on the contents of each PROACEB meeting, in relation to the same categories of analysis. It sought to highlight the impressions of the educator on PROACEB and educator-researcher dialogues in front of each content approached on the monitoring. The results of both studies revealed that PROACEB provided a space for listening and awareness of the content covered, as well as exchange of knowledge. In addition, it contributed to the promotion of the quality of the child-educator interactions, especially with regard to the recognition of the child's autonomy and organization of the environment. The piklerian approach that based the PROACEB, proved useful as a starting point for addressing important knowledge and skills for a child-educator quality interaction.

A Educação Infantil tem sido um importante contexto de desenvolvimento para muitas crianças. No caso de bebês, os cuidados, as interações educadora-bebê e os espaços precisam ser pensados para que atendam as necessidades individuais de cada um, considerando o momento delicado do seu desenvolvimento. Deste modo, a presente pesquisa investigou, em dois estudos, as contribuições do Programa de acompanhamento para educadoras de berçário – PROACEB, baseado na abordagem pikleriana, para a promoção da qualidade das interações educadora-bebê. O Estudo 1 investigou, a partir dos relatos de sete educadoras de dois berçários da rede pública municipal de Porto Alegre, as contribuições do PROACEB para a atividade autônoma do bebê, a organização do espaço e a rotina do berçário, bem como as competências das próprias educadoras na interação com o bebê. As contribuições do PROACEB foram examinadas através de entrevistas, realizadas antes e após a intervenção. Já o Estudo 2 apresenta um estudo de caso que investigou os relatos de uma educadora sobre os conteúdos de cada encontro do PROACEB em relação as mesmas categorias de análise, que buscou destacar as impressões da educadora sobre o PROACEB e os diálogos educadora-pesquisadora frente a cada conteúdo apresentado no acompanhamento. Os resultados de ambos os estudos revelaram que o PROACEB propiciou um espaço de escuta e sensibilização para os conteúdos abordados, bem como de troca de conhecimento. Além disto, contribuiu para a promoção da qualidade das interações educadora-bebê, principalmente no que diz respeito ao reconhecimento da autonomia do bebê e organização do ambiente. A abordagem pikleriana, embasadora do PROACEB, se mostrou útil como ponto de partida para abordar conhecimentos e competências importantes para uma interação educadora-bebê de qualidade. / The Early Childhood Education has been an important development context for many children. In the case of infants, the care, the child-educator interactions and the spaces must be designed to meet the individual needs, considering the delicate moment of its development. Thus, this research investigated in two studies, the contributions of the Monitoring Program for Nursery Educators – PROACEB, based on piklerian approach, to promote the quality of child-educator interactions. The Study 1 investigated, from reports of seven educators from two nurseries of the public services of Porto Alegre, PROACEB contributions to the autonomous activity of the child, the organization of space and the routine of the nursery as well as the educators’ skills to interaction with the child. The PROACEB contributions were examined through interviews conducted before and after the intervention. While Study 2 presents a case study which investigated reports of an educator on the contents of each PROACEB meeting, in relation to the same categories of analysis. It sought to highlight the impressions of the educator on PROACEB and educator-researcher dialogues in front of each content approached on the monitoring. The results of both studies revealed that PROACEB provided a space for listening and awareness of the content covered, as well as exchange of knowledge. In addition, it contributed to the promotion of the quality of the child-educator interactions, especially with regard to the recognition of the child's autonomy and organization of the environment. The piklerian approach that based the PROACEB, proved useful as a starting point for addressing important knowledge and skills for a child-educator quality interaction.

A Educação Infantil tem sido um importante contexto de desenvolvimento para muitas crianças. No caso de bebês, os cuidados, as interações educadora-bebê e os espaços precisam ser pensados para que atendam as necessidades individuais de cada um, considerando o momento delicado do seu desenvolvimento. Deste modo, a presente pesquisa investigou, em dois estudos, as contribuições do Programa de acompanhamento para educadoras de berçário – PROACEB, baseado na abordagem pikleriana, para a promoção da qualidade das interações educadora-bebê. O Estudo 1 investigou, a partir dos relatos de sete educadoras de dois berçários da rede pública municipal de Porto Alegre, as contribuições do PROACEB para a atividade autônoma do bebê, a organização do espaço e a rotina do berçário, bem como as competências das próprias educadoras na interação com o bebê. As contribuições do PROACEB foram examinadas através de entrevistas, realizadas antes e após a intervenção. Já o Estudo 2 apresenta um estudo de caso que investigou os relatos de uma educadora sobre os conteúdos de cada encontro do PROACEB em relação as mesmas categorias de análise, que buscou destacar as impressões da educadora sobre o PROACEB e os diálogos educadora-pesquisadora frente a cada conteúdo apresentado no acompanhamento. Os resultados de ambos os estudos revelaram que o PROACEB propiciou um espaço de escuta e sensibilização para os conteúdos abordados, bem como de troca de conhecimento. Além disto, contribuiu para a promoção da qualidade das interações educadora-bebê, principalmente no que diz respeito ao reconhecimento da autonomia do bebê e organização do ambiente. A abordagem pikleriana, embasadora do PROACEB, se mostrou útil como ponto de partida para abordar conhecimentos e competências importantes para uma interação educadora-bebê de qualidade. / The Early Childhood Education has been an important development context for many children. In the case of infants, the care, the child-educator interactions and the spaces must be designed to meet the individual needs, considering the delicate moment of its development. Thus, this research investigated in two studies, the contributions of the Monitoring Program for Nursery Educators – PROACEB, based on piklerian approach, to promote the quality of child-educator interactions. The Study 1 investigated, from reports of seven educators from two nurseries of the public services of Porto Alegre, PROACEB contributions to the autonomous activity of the child, the organization of space and the routine of the nursery as well as the educators’ skills to interaction with the child. The PROACEB contributions were examined through interviews conducted before and after the intervention. While Study 2 presents a case study which investigated reports of an educator on the contents of each PROACEB meeting, in relation to the same categories of analysis. It sought to highlight the impressions of the educator on PROACEB and educator-researcher dialogues in front of each content approached on the monitoring. The results of both studies revealed that PROACEB provided a space for listening and awareness of the content covered, as well as exchange of knowledge. In addition, it contributed to the promotion of the quality of the child-educator interactions, especially with regard to the recognition of the child's autonomy and organization of the environment. The piklerian approach that based the PROACEB, proved useful as a starting point for addressing important knowledge and skills for a child-educator quality interaction.

The technology evolution and complexity of new circuit applications involve emerging reliability problems and even more sensitivity of integrated circuits (ICs) to electrostatic discharge (ESD)-induced damage. Regardless of the aggressive evolution in downscaling and subsequent improvement in applications' performance, ICs still should comply with minimum standards of ESD robustness in order to be commercially viable. Although the topic of ESD has received attention industry-wide, the design of robust protection structures and circuits remains challenging because ESD failure mechanisms continue to become more acute and design windows less flexible. The sensitivity of smaller devices, along with a limited understanding of the ESD phenomena and the resulting empirical approach to solving the problem have yielded time consuming, costly and unpredictable design procedures. As turnaround design cycles in new technologies continue to decrease, the traditional trial-and-error design strategy is no longer acceptable, and better analysis capabilities and a systematic design approach are essential to accomplish the increasingly difficult task of adequate ESD protection-circuit design. This dissertation presents a comprehensive design methodology for implementing custom on-chip ESD protection structures in different commercial technologies. First, the ESD topic in the semiconductor industry is revised, as well as ESD standards and commonly used schemes to provide ESD protection in ICs. The general ESD protection approaches are illustrated and discussed using different types of protection components and the concept of the ESD design window. The problem of implementing and assessing ESD protection structures is addressed next, starting from the general discussion of two design methods. The first ESD design method follows an experimental approach, in which design requirements are obtained via fabrication, testing and failure analysis. The second method consists of the technology computer aided design (TCAD)-assisted ESD protection design. This method incorporates numerical simulations in different stages of the ESD design process, and thus results in a more predictable and systematic ESD development strategy. Physical models considered in the device simulation are discussed and subsequently utilized in different ESD designs along this study. The implementation of new custom ESD protection devices and a further integration strategy based on the concept of the high-holding, low-voltage-trigger, silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) (HH-LVTSCR) is demonstrated for implementing ESD solutions in commercial low-voltage digital and mixed-signal applications developed using complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) and bipolar CMOS (BiCMOS) technologies. This ESD protection concept proposed in this study is also successfully incorporated for implementing a tailored ESD protection solution for an emerging CMOS-based embedded MicroElectroMechanical (MEMS) sensor system-on-a-chip (SoC) technology. Circuit applications that are required to operate at relatively large input/output (I/O) voltage, above/below the VDD/VSS core circuit power supply, introduce further complications in the development and integration of ESD protection solutions. In these applications, the I/O operating voltage can extend over one order of magnitude larger than the safe operating voltage established in advanced technologies, while the IC is also required to comply with stringent ESD robustness requirements. A practical TCAD methodology based on a process- and device- simulation is demonstrated for assessment of the device physics, and subsequent design and implementation of custom P1N1-P2N2 and coupled P1N1-P2N2//N2P3-N3P1 silicon controlled rectifier (SCR)-type devices for ESD protection in different circuit applications, including those applications operating at I/O voltage considerably above/below the VDD/VSS. Results from the TCAD simulations are compared with measurements and used for developing technology- and circuit-adapted protection structures, capable of blocking large voltages and providing versatile dual-polarity symmetric/asymmetric S-type current-voltage characteristics for high ESD protection. The design guidelines introduced in this dissertation are used to optimize and extend the ESD protection capability in existing CMOS/BiCMOS technologies, by implementing smaller and more robust single- or dual-polarity ESD protection structures within the flexibility provided in the specific fabrication process. The ESD design methodologies and characteristics of the developed protection devices are demonstrated via ESD measurements obtained from fabricated stand-alone devices and on-chip ESD protections. The superior ESD protection performance of the devices developed in this study is also successfully verified in IC applications where the standard ESD protection approaches are not suitable to meet the stringent area constraint and performance requirement.