The Energy Management Strategy (EMS) has a huge effect on the performance of any hybrid vehicle because it determines the operating point of almost every component associated with the powertrain. This means that its optimisation is an incredibly complex task which must consider a number of objectives including the fuel consumption, drive-ability, component degradation and straight-line performance. The EMS is of particular importance for Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles (FCHEVs), not only to minimise the fuel consumption, but also to reduce the electrical stress on the fuel cell and maximise its useful lifetime. This is because the durability and cost of the fuel cell stack is one of the major obstacles preventing FCHEVs from being competitive with conventional vehicles. In this work, a novel EMS is developed, specifcally for Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles (FCHEVs), which considers not only the fuel consumption, but also the degradation of the fuel cell in order to optimise the overall running cost of the vehicle. This work is believed to be the first of its kind to quantify effect of decisions made by the EMS on the fuel cell degradation, inclusive of multiple causes of voltage degradation. The performance of this new strategy is compared in simulation to a recent strategy from the literature designed solely to optimise the fuel consumption. It is found that the inclusion of the degradation metrics results in a 20% increase in fuel cell lifetime for only a 3.7% increase in the fuel consumption, meaning that the overall running cost is reduced by 9%. In addition to direct implementation on board a vehicle, this technique for optimising the degradation alongside the fuel consumption also allows alternative vehicle designs to be compared in an unbiased way. In order to demonstrate this, the novel optimisation technique is subsequently used to compare alternative system designs in order to identify the optimal economic sizing of the fuel cell and battery pack. It is found that the overall running cost can be minimised by using the smallest possible fuel cell stack that will satisfy the average power requirement of the duty cycle, and by using an oversized battery pack to maximise the fuel cell effciency and minimise the transient loading on the stack. This research was undertaken at Loughborough University as part of the Doctoral Training Centre (DTC) in Hydrogen, Fuel Cells and Their Applications in collaboration with the University of Birmingham and Nottingham University and with sponsorship from HORIBA-MIRA (Nuneaton, UK). A Microcab H4 test vehicle has been made available for use in testing for this research which was previously used for approximately 2 years at the University of Birmingham. The Microcab H4 is a small campus based vehicle designed for passenger transport and mail delivery at low speeds as seen on a university campus. It has a top speed of approximately 30mph, and is fitted with a 1.2kW fuel cell and a 2kWh battery pack.

abstract: Energy performance and efficiency plays of major role in the operations of K-12 schools, as it is a significant expense and a source of budgetary pressure upon schools. Energy performance is tied to the physical infrastructure of schools, as well as the operational and behavioral patterns they accommodate. Little documentation exists within the existing literature on the measured post-occupancy performance of schools once they have begun measuring and tracking their energy performance. Further, little is known about the patterns of change over time in regard to energy performance and whether there is differentiation in these patterns between school districts. This paper examines the annual Energy Use Intensity (EUI) of 28 different K-12 schools within the Phoenix Metropolitan Region of Arizona over the span of five years and presents an analysis of changes in energy performance resulting from the measurement of energy use in K-12 schools. This paper also analyzes the patterns of change in energy use over time and provides a comparison of these patterns by school district. An analysis of the energy performance data for the selected schools revealed a significant positive impact on the ability for schools to improve their energy performance through ongoing performance measurement. However, while schools tend to be able to make energy improvements through the implementation of energy measurement and performance tracking, deviation may exist in their ability to maintain ongoing energy performance over time. The results suggest that implementation of ongoing measurement is likely to produce positive impacts on the energy performance of schools, however further research is recommended to enhance and refine these results. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Construction 2015

abstract: With the rapid rise of distributed generation, Internet of Things, and mobile Internet, both U.S. and European smart home manufacturers have developed energy management solutions for individual usage. These applications help people manage their energy consumption more efficiently. Domestic manufacturers have also launched similar products. This paper focuses on the factors influencing Energy Management Behaviour (EMB) at the individual level. By reviewing academic literature, conducting surveys in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, the author builds an integrated behavioural energy management model of the Chinese energy consumers. This paper takes the vague term of EMB and redefines it as a function of two separate behavioural concepts: Energy Management Intention (EMI), and the traditional Energy Saving Intention (ESI). Secondly, the author conducts statistical analyses on these two behavioural concepts. EMI is the main driver behind an individual’s EMB. EMI is affected by Behavioural Attitudes, Subjective Norms, and Perceived Behavioural Control (PBC). Among these three key factors, PBC exerts the strongest influence. This implies that the promotion of the energy management concept is mainly driven by good application user experience (UX). The traditional ESI also demonstrates positive influence on EMB, but its impact is weaker than the impacts arising under EMI’s three factors. In other words, the government and manufacturers may not be able to change an individual's energy management behaviour if they rely solely on their traditional promotion strategies. In addition, the study finds that the government may achieve better promotional results by launching subsidies to the manufacturers of these kinds of applications and smart appliances. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Business Administration 2016

Este trabalho descreve os requisitos para definição, implantação, manutenção e melhoria de sistemas de gestão de energia no ambiente industrial com um enfoque sistemático no que se refere às rotinas de melhoria contínua para eficiência energética. Para tanto, propôs-se a estruturação de uma plataforma automatizada visando o monitoramento, verificação e gerenciamento de recursos energéticos compatível com um sistema de gestão de energia normatizado, incluindo os requisitos de uso e consumo de energia, além do monitoramento, documentação, comunicação, melhores práticas de projeto, aquisição de equipamentos, sistemas, processos e recursos humanos envolvidos no desempenho energético. A estratégia de análise do uso da energia proposta neste trabalho baseou-se na metodologia de monitoramento e gestão de índices que consiste em uma abordagem sistemática na utilização de recursos energéticos objetivando alcançar o melhor resultado econômico através da gestão permanente do consumo de energia. Além disso, propôs-se a inclusão dessa metodologia como um procedimento na fase de planejamento da norma ISO50001, a qual estabelece os conceitos para a implantação de sistemas de gestão de energia. Visando integrar as ferramentas associadas a este cenário, esta plataforma contempla o uso de um sistema de supervisão associado a um aplicativo (Soft-PLC) que executa a aplicação de controle do uso de energia em um ambiente industrial com automação distribuída compatível com a norma IEC61131. O projeto do aplicativo de controle do uso de energia foi conduzido adotando-se diferentes linguagens de programação definidas na IEC para executar todos os procedimentos de medição, monitoração e gestão exigidos pelo sistema, incluindo análise comparativa com as “melhores práticas”, uso de tecnologias inovadoras, abordagem de produto e serviço, auditoria energética e conformidade com marcos regulatórios. Os resultados decorrentes da adoção de uma plataforma baseada em automação para o gerenciamento energético incluem elevada flexibilidade, adaptabilidade e usabilidade do sistema. Além disso, um projeto de automação neste cenário de plataforma aberta tende a apresentar menores custos de desenvolvimento e implantação. / This work describes the requirements for the definition, implementation, maintenance and improvement of energy management systems in the industrial environment with a systematic approach concerning continuous improvement routines for energy efficiency. For this purpose, it was proposed the establishment of a framework based on automation to implement monitoring, verification and management of energy resources compatible with a standardized energy management system, including requirements for energy use and consumption, in addition to monitoring, documentation, communication, project best practices, equipment acquisition, systems, processes and human resources involved in energy performance. The strategy of energy use analysis proposed in this work is based on the methodology of monitoring and targeting that consists of a systematic approach in the use of energy resources in order to achieve the best economic result through the permanent management of energy consumption. Furthermore, this work includes that system as a procedure in the planning phase of ISO50001 standard which establishes the concepts for energy management systems implementation. In order to aggregate all tools associated to this scenario, this paper proposes the use of a supervisory tool integrated to a real-time software (Soft-PLC) that runs the control application and a factory floor distributed system automation hardware in an IEC61131 compatible environment. The project of the control application of energy use was conducted using different programming languages defined in IEC to perform all the procedures of measurement, monitoring and management required by the system, including comparative analysis with the "best practices", use of innovative technologies, product and service approach, energy audit and compliance with regulatory milestones. The expected results of adopting an automation-based platform for energetic management include system flexibility, adaptability and usability. Besides, a project of automation in this scenario of open platform tends to introduce lower development and deployment costs.

At present time, enterprises differ from each other by the knowledge they have of their business which hives them a competitive advantage. Lack of knowledge or false information may mean losses and even entrepreneurial death. In this scenario energy management with true billing of residential energy is one of the determinant factors of the enterprise success. The existence of 15% losses and the competitive need of enterprises justify the proposal to do a research validating the application of a mathematical model to the consumption of residential energy. This model is based on historic series in a six-year period, from 2001 to 2006. To do this, I made an statistic analysis of possible explicative variables and searched for mathematic models using a projection of the residential energy consumption. The results showed the need to insert economic variables, because of the existence of a great socioeconomic gap among the Cuiabá residences, and it also showed fraud possibilities in energy consumption. / En el momento económico actual, las empresas se diferencian por el conocimiento que tengano que ciertamente les otorgue una ventaja competitiva. La desinformación o falsa información puede significar pérdidas y hasta la muerte empresarial. En este escenario se encuentra la gestión energética con la verdad en la facturación residencial de energía como uno de los factores determinantes del éxito empresarial. La existencia del 15% de pérdidas y la necesidad de competitividad de las empresas justifica la propuesta de investigaciones validando la aplicación de un modelo matemático al consumo residencial de energía. Se basa en series históricas de seis años desde el 2001 al 2006. Para el caso, se hizo un análisis estadístico de variables posiblemente explicativas y se buscó modelos matemáticos como una proyección del consumo residencial de energía. Los resultados reportan la necesidad de insertar variables económicas, pues, la existenciade un abismo socioeconómico entre las residencias de Cuiabá, evidenció también la posibilidad de fraudes en el consumo de energía. / No momento econômico atual as empresas se diferenciam no conhecimento que detêm o quecertamente as colocam em vantagem competitiva. A desinformação ou a falsa informação pode significar perdas e até mesmo morte empresarial. Neste cenário, encontrase a gestão energética com a veracidade da fatura residencial de energia como um dos fatores determinantes do sucesso empresarial. A existência de 15% de perdas e a necessidade de competitividade das empresas justifica a propositura de pesquisas objetivando a aplicação de um modelo matemático ao consumo residencial de energia. Baseado em série históricas de seis anos, cujo período abrange desde 2001 a 2006. Para tal, realizouse análise estatística de variáveis possivelmente explicativas e se buscou modelos matemáticos com a projeção do consumo residencial de energia. Os resultados reportam a necessidade de inserção de variáveis econômicas, a existência de um abismo socioeconômico entre as residências de Cuiabá, evidenciou também a possibilidade de existência de fraudes no consumo de energia.

abstract: The subject of this thesis is distribution level load management using a pricing signal in a Smart Grid infrastructure. The Smart Grid implements advanced meters, sensory devices and near real time communication between the elements of the system, including the distribution operator and the customer. A stated objective of the Smart Grid is to use sensory information to operate the electrical power grid more efficiently and cost effectively. One potential function of the Smart Grid is energy management at the distribution level, namely at the individual customer. The Smart Grid allows control of distribution level devices, including distributed energy storage and distributed generation, in operational real time. One method of load control uses an electric energy price as a control signal. The control is achieved through customer preference as the customer allows loads to respond to a dynamic pricing signal. In this thesis, a pricing signal is used to control loads for energy management at the distribution level. The model for the energy management system is created and analyzed in the z-domain due to the envisioned discrete time implementation. Test cases are used to illustrate stability and performance by analytic calculations using Mathcad and by simulation using Matlab Simulink. The envisioned control strategy is applied to the Future Renewable Electric Energy Distribution Management (FREEDM) system. The FREEDM system implements electronic (semiconductor) controls and therefore makes the proposed energy management feasible. The pricing control strategy is demonstrated to be an effective method of performing energy management in a distribution system. It is also shown that stability and near optimal response can be achieved by controlling the parameters of the system. Addition-ally, the communication bandwidth requirements for a pricing control signal are evaluated. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Electrical Engineering 2013

As condições de vida na terra estão sendo alteradas de forma ainda desconhecida pelo homem. A eficiência energética é apontada como uma das estratégias de mitigação das mudanças climáticas e melhoria da qualidade de vida. De todos os setores de atividade, a indústria é o maior usuário de energia. Assim, este trabalho focaliza a eficiência energética industrial; trata da questão energia e sustentabilidade, e dos respectivos custos; da evolução dos programas de racionalização de energia e do seu marco regulatório no Brasil, dentre outras forças de mercado, como as resultantes da estrutura competitiva, etc. Finalmente, o trabalho define a gestão da energia com seus instrumentos de controle e, baseado na concepção universal de governança e na governança corporativa, propõe um modelo de governança de energia para a indústria sob requisitos de sustentabilidade. / Life conditions on Earth are being changed by ways still unknown to man. Energy efficiency is one of the strategies to mitigate climate change and to improve quality of life. As manufacturing is the greatest energy user, this work studies industrial energy efficiency, examines the energy and sustainability issue, its costs, the evolution of the regulatory framework, the development of energy rationalizing programs and other relevant market forces in Brazil, as those resulting from the competitive dynamic etc. Finally, the work defines energy management, its control instruments and, based on corporate governance concepts, proposes an energy governance model for manufacturing under sustainability requirements.

O presente trabalho visa o desenvolvimento de uma cartilha para balizar planos de Gestão Energética para a pequena e media agroindústria. O trabalho traz o documento Plano de Gestão Energética para a Pequena e Média Agroindústria, com uma linguagem adequada ao usuário final, geralmente empreendedor com pouco conhecimento específico no tema. O plano apresenta ferramentas e meios para a execução de inventário e diagnostico energético de uma unidade agroindustrial de tamanho pequeno a médio empreendimento e conseqüentemente seu gerenciamento e gestão. As abordagens do trabalho são centradas nos principais e mais comuns insumos energéticos da área térmica: calor, envolvido em processos de refrigeração, aquecimento, evaporação e acondicionamento de ar, ar comprimido e acrescido de maneira superficial sobre energia elétrica, além de considerações sobre procedimentos operacionais e culturais com referencia ao tema. O trabalho tem como base as informações adquiridas pelo proponente na vivencia profissional dentro da área, pesquisa bibliográfica sobre o assunto, principalmente de origens não acadêmica, estudos de casos e a utilização do software Mark IV Plus 2.0 como ferramenta operacional de diagnóstico e análise de oportunidades. Como complemento do trabalho é apresentado um estudo de caso exemplificador em uma unidade agroindustrial, compreendendo as etapas de: diagnóstico e análise, proposições de soluções técnicas e operacionais. / The dissertation presents a way of developing an Energy Management Plan for small and medium agribusiness. The work brings the document "Energy Management Plan for Small and Medium Agribusiness," with an appropriate language to the end user, usually entrepreneurs with little specific knowledge on the subject. The plan presents tools and means to implement inventory and diagnosis of agribusines unit energy of small to medium sized enterprise and therefore its management and administration. Approaches to work are centered in the main and most common thermal energy input area: heat involved in the process of cooling, heating, evaporation and air conditioning, compressed air and increased superficially about electricity, and operating procedures and considerations with reference to the cultural theme. The work is based on information acquired by the applicant in professional experience in the area, literature on the subject, especially non-academic sources, case studies and use of software "Mark IV Plus 2.0" as a tool for diagnosis and analysis of operating opportunities. To complement the work is presented a case study exemplifying in an agribusiness unit, comprising the steps of: diagnosis and analysis and proposals for technical and operational solutions.

Since energy meters became more advanced and able to send data remotely, energy suppliers have had a need to keep their data managed. This gave birth to energy management systems which gather data from energy meters. However, for every type of meter there needs to be a specialization in the management system. Smart Metering Language (SML) is a protocol which was created to transfer meter data in as simple way as possible. Implementing the protocol would result in simpler and less vendor-specific solutions for energy management systems. This report follows the process of developing an adaptor between a device using the SML protocol and a system that manages energy meters. The thesis uses different parts of the development process in able to show specializations which were needed by the test device and its vendor.  The result sums up the experience of developing an adaptor and the specializations which are needed in the SML protocol.

Buildings are responsible for a significant portion of energy consumption worldwide. Intelligent buildings have been devised as a potential solution, where energy consumption and building use are harmonised. At the heart of the intelligent building is the building energy management system (BEMS), the central platform which manages and coordinates all the building monitoring and control subsystems, such as heating and lighting loads. There is often a disconnect between the BEMS and the building it is installed in, leading to inefficient operation, due to incongruous commissioning of sensors and control systems. In these cases, the BEMS has a lack of knowledge of the building form and function, requiring further complex optimisation, to facilitate efficient all year round operation. Flawed BEMS configurations can then lead to ‘sick buildings’. Recently, building energy performance simulation (BEPS) has been viewed as a conceptual solution to assist in efficient building control. Building energy simulation models offer a virtual environment to test many scenarios of BEMS operation strategies and the ability to quickly evaluate their effects on energy consumption and occupant comfort. Challenges include having an accurate building model, but recent advances in building information modelling (BIM) offer the chance to leverage existing building data, which can be translated into a form understood by the building simulator. This study will address these challenges, by developing and integrating a BEMS, with a BIM for BEPS assisted predictive control, and assessing the outcome and potential of the integration.