<p>In this study I assessed the effect of objects and odors as environmental enrichment for two captive snow leopards (Uncia uncia) at Kolmården Wildlife Park. Five odors (lavender, lemon balm, cumin, cinnamon and catnip) were used to impregnate four different types of enrichment objects (boomer balls®, tennis balls, ropes, logs). During test sessions, one odorized and one non-odorized enrichment object of the same type were introduced in the snow leopards’ outdoor enclosure. The behavior, activity and location of the snow leopards were recorded and compared to their behavior during baseline sessions. During the test sessions I recorded the number and types of interactions with the enrichment objects. Both snow leopards interacted more often with odorized than with non-odorized enrichment objects. The number of interactions differed markedly between the types of enrichment objects and between the different odors. Both snow leopards interacted most often with boomer balls® and least often with logs. They interacted most often with cinnamon and least often with lemon balm (Brahma) and catnip (Binu). The results suggest that both the type of object and the odor play a role in capturing the interest of the snow leopards. The snow leopards behavioral diversity increased during the study and they could increase their performance of species-specific behavior. I did not see any indications of habituation during the testing period. The results indicate that enrichment objects impregnated with odors can be an effective environmental enrichment for captive snow leopards.</p>

<p>Spider monkeys (<em>Ateles</em> sp.) are common in zoological parks, but rare in scientific publications. Studies on tool use in primates have mostly focused on impressive tool users such as chimpanzees. Spider monkeys fulfill several criteria that are known to be associated with tool use. To be able to give an appropriate environment and enrichment for spider monkeys in captivity more knowledge is needed about their cognitive abilities. In this study we wanted to see if five male spider monkeys kept in a zoo could learn to use tools to reach a reward. Experiment 1 examined the subjects’ ability to learn to use a stick-tool to extract honey from a tube and experiment 2 their ability to learn to use a rake-tool to reach a reward. Each experiment consisted of three parts; A – monkeys got tools and treat next to each other; B – monkeys were shown how to use tool to get treat by a keeper and then got tools and treats next to each other; C – monkeys got tools and treats so they just could pull out the tool and get the treat. In both experiments at least two different spider monkeys succeeded with the zero-order manipulation task to pull out the tool and get treat in part C. Longer studies need to be conducted to be able to say if spider monkeys are able to learn a more complex tool using behavior as needed in part A and B.</p>

<p>Det är vanligt att arbetsgivare missar vikten av att motivera extra anställda. Resultatet av att förbise betydelsen av motivation kan bidra till oengagerad och illojal personal samt ökade kostnader för nyrekrytering. Om arbetsgivaren lägger vikt vid att förstå vad som motiverar personalen kan arbetsgivaren öka glädjen, effektiviteten och därmed lönsamheten i verksamheten.</p><p>Uppsatsens syfte är att belysa extra anställdas motivationsfaktorer och hur viktigt arbetsgivare och arbetstagare anser att motivation är.</p><p>För att bättre försöka förstå vad som driver en individ, har vi med kvalitativ metod genomfört intervjuer. Vi har intervjuat fyra extra anställda och två arbetsgivare på två företag inom branscher där sådan anställning är vanlig. Frågorna har formulerats med öppna svar då vi har varit intresserade av att respondenterna skulle berätta fritt. Vi har ställt frågor enligt en mall då vi har haft som syfte att kunna jämföra svaren mellan de olika individerna. Eftersom vi har erfarenhet inom ämnet som vi inte kunnat bortse ifrån därför har vi tolkat svaren enligt ett hermeneutiskt synsätt.</p><p>Teorin vi har använt är främst job enrichment/enlargement och commitment, dessa två teorier grundas på Maslows och Herzbergs äldre teorier om motivation varför vi även tar upp dessa.</p><p>Med teorierna som grund har vi analyserat informanterna svar och jämfört om det finns likheter eller olikheter mellan dem. Vidare har vi jämfört arbetsgivarens och arbetstagarnas syn på motivation och om dessa överensstämmer med varandra.</p><p>I vår slutsats har vi kommit fram till att lönen är initial för att arbeta extra men den är inte avgörande för motivationen. Arbetstagarna och arbetsgivarnas uppfattningar om motivation skiljer sig åt mellan företagen. På restaurangen är parterna överens om vad som är motiverande och arbetsgivaren arbetar aktivt för att underhålla motivationen. På butiken anser vi att det finns ett glapp mellan arbetstagare och arbetsgivare om vad som är motiverande. Vi tolkar arbetsgivaren som oreflekterade om vad motivation skulle kunna bidra med för att öka arbetsglädjen.</p>

Spider monkeys (Ateles sp.) are common in zoological parks, but rare in scientific publications. Studies on tool use in primates have mostly focused on impressive tool users such as chimpanzees. Spider monkeys fulfill several criteria that are known to be associated with tool use. To be able to give an appropriate environment and enrichment for spider monkeys in captivity more knowledge is needed about their cognitive abilities. In this study we wanted to see if five male spider monkeys kept in a zoo could learn to use tools to reach a reward. Experiment 1 examined the subjects’ ability to learn to use a stick-tool to extract honey from a tube and experiment 2 their ability to learn to use a rake-tool to reach a reward. Each experiment consisted of three parts; A – monkeys got tools and treat next to each other; B – monkeys were shown how to use tool to get treat by a keeper and then got tools and treats next to each other; C – monkeys got tools and treats so they just could pull out the tool and get the treat. In both experiments at least two different spider monkeys succeeded with the zero-order manipulation task to pull out the tool and get treat in part C. Longer studies need to be conducted to be able to say if spider monkeys are able to learn a more complex tool using behavior as needed in part A and B.

Det är vanligt att arbetsgivare missar vikten av att motivera extra anställda. Resultatet av att förbise betydelsen av motivation kan bidra till oengagerad och illojal personal samt ökade kostnader för nyrekrytering. Om arbetsgivaren lägger vikt vid att förstå vad som motiverar personalen kan arbetsgivaren öka glädjen, effektiviteten och därmed lönsamheten i verksamheten. Uppsatsens syfte är att belysa extra anställdas motivationsfaktorer och hur viktigt arbetsgivare och arbetstagare anser att motivation är. För att bättre försöka förstå vad som driver en individ, har vi med kvalitativ metod genomfört intervjuer. Vi har intervjuat fyra extra anställda och två arbetsgivare på två företag inom branscher där sådan anställning är vanlig. Frågorna har formulerats med öppna svar då vi har varit intresserade av att respondenterna skulle berätta fritt. Vi har ställt frågor enligt en mall då vi har haft som syfte att kunna jämföra svaren mellan de olika individerna. Eftersom vi har erfarenhet inom ämnet som vi inte kunnat bortse ifrån därför har vi tolkat svaren enligt ett hermeneutiskt synsätt. Teorin vi har använt är främst job enrichment/enlargement och commitment, dessa två teorier grundas på Maslows och Herzbergs äldre teorier om motivation varför vi även tar upp dessa. Med teorierna som grund har vi analyserat informanterna svar och jämfört om det finns likheter eller olikheter mellan dem. Vidare har vi jämfört arbetsgivarens och arbetstagarnas syn på motivation och om dessa överensstämmer med varandra. I vår slutsats har vi kommit fram till att lönen är initial för att arbeta extra men den är inte avgörande för motivationen. Arbetstagarna och arbetsgivarnas uppfattningar om motivation skiljer sig åt mellan företagen. På restaurangen är parterna överens om vad som är motiverande och arbetsgivaren arbetar aktivt för att underhålla motivationen. På butiken anser vi att det finns ett glapp mellan arbetstagare och arbetsgivare om vad som är motiverande. Vi tolkar arbetsgivaren som oreflekterade om vad motivation skulle kunna bidra med för att öka arbetsglädjen.

In this study I assessed the effect of objects and odors as environmental enrichment for two captive snow leopards (Uncia uncia) at Kolmården Wildlife Park. Five odors (lavender, lemon balm, cumin, cinnamon and catnip) were used to impregnate four different types of enrichment objects (boomer balls®, tennis balls, ropes, logs). During test sessions, one odorized and one non-odorized enrichment object of the same type were introduced in the snow leopards’ outdoor enclosure. The behavior, activity and location of the snow leopards were recorded and compared to their behavior during baseline sessions. During the test sessions I recorded the number and types of interactions with the enrichment objects. Both snow leopards interacted more often with odorized than with non-odorized enrichment objects. The number of interactions differed markedly between the types of enrichment objects and between the different odors. Both snow leopards interacted most often with boomer balls® and least often with logs. They interacted most often with cinnamon and least often with lemon balm (Brahma) and catnip (Binu). The results suggest that both the type of object and the odor play a role in capturing the interest of the snow leopards. The snow leopards behavioral diversity increased during the study and they could increase their performance of species-specific behavior. I did not see any indications of habituation during the testing period. The results indicate that enrichment objects impregnated with odors can be an effective environmental enrichment for captive snow leopards.

To improve biogas production from lignocellulosics, methanogenic microbial enrichments were prepared from moose rumen fluid, beaver droppings, and internal circulation (IC) reactor granules amended with cellulose, pine needles, lignosulphonate, tannic acid, and poplar hydrolysate. Tannic acid delayed methanogenesis compared to cellulose only enrichments, both by reducing initial rates (up to 50% in beaver dropping cultures) and increasing lag times (up to 50 days in moose rumen cultures). Biogas yields from poplar hydrolysate were 56 % by beaver droppings, 51% % by IC granules, and 31 % by moose rumen enrichments. Bacterial community profiles, determined via denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) showed divergent populations between enrichments. Enrichment on pine needles or poplar hydrolysate promoted bioconversion of post extraction wash (PEW), and beaver dropping enrichments fed pine needles equaled the yield (about 23%) from IC granules. Together, the DGGE and PEW results provide evidence of acclimatization to previously recalcitrant feeds.

To improve biogas production from lignocellulosics, methanogenic microbial enrichments were prepared from moose rumen fluid, beaver droppings, and internal circulation (IC) reactor granules amended with cellulose, pine needles, lignosulphonate, tannic acid, and poplar hydrolysate. Tannic acid delayed methanogenesis compared to cellulose only enrichments, both by reducing initial rates (up to 50% in beaver dropping cultures) and increasing lag times (up to 50 days in moose rumen cultures). Biogas yields from poplar hydrolysate were 56 % by beaver droppings, 51% % by IC granules, and 31 % by moose rumen enrichments. Bacterial community profiles, determined via denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) showed divergent populations between enrichments. Enrichment on pine needles or poplar hydrolysate promoted bioconversion of post extraction wash (PEW), and beaver dropping enrichments fed pine needles equaled the yield (about 23%) from IC granules. Together, the DGGE and PEW results provide evidence of acclimatization to previously recalcitrant feeds.

An evaluation of varied enrichment and feeding schedules were conducted on three spices, drill, Pallas’s cat and cheetah, at Parken Zoo in Sweden. Varied schedules of enrichment and feeding are used to prevent the animals from knowing when the administration of these events are going to happen since anticipation can lead to a number of negative changes in the behaviours of the animals. Scan sampling was used to gather behavioural data of the animals and the data was then used to answer a number of questions about the extent of success of the varied schedule: 1.Is the varied schedule experienced as unpredictable for the animals? 2. Are there any negative behaviours associated with the scheduled enrichments? 3. What are the reactions to the enrichment being withheld at certain days? The results showed that the animals did not perceive the scheduled events as predictable; pacing in cheetahs and aggressive behaviours in Pallas’s cats seemed to be directly associated with the events; active behaviours in the drills decreased and aggressiveness increased as an immediate result of withholding enrichment. Implications for the animals and the zoo in light of the results are discussed.

Animals in zoos live in more barren environments than their conspecifics in nature. In nature, elephants spend more than 75 % of the day foraging and have been observed lying down two hours during night. Stereotypies are common in many different species in zoos. Stereotypic behaviors may constitute up to 50 % of the daily activity budget of zoo elephants. Modern zoos try to reduce stereotypic behaviors by means of environmental enrichment. Three elephant cows at Kolmårdens Djurpark were observed during night to map their nocturnal behaviors and see how they changed with feeding enrichment. The elephants were lying down on their sides 25 % of the time observed. With feeding enrichment offered in the morning, the stereotypies was reduced in one individual from 43 % to 13 % (P&lt;0.01) and the foraging was increased in two individuals from 45 % to 80 % (P&lt;0.01) and from 45 % to 64 % (P&lt;0.05). Increased food access increased foraging behavior and as environmental enrichment was able to reduce the stereotypic behaviors in these Asian elephant.