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No. of bitstreams: 1 miyagi_we_me_rcla.pdf: 2345213 bytes, checksum: 181f4a573486a33a82db142470ca14bd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-12 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O presente estudo se propôs a investigar questões relacionadas a validade, reprodutibilidade e sensibilidade de um protocolo alternativo para estimativa do máximo déficit acumulado de oxigênio em apenas uma sessão de esforço supramáximo (MAODALT) em cicloergômetro. Para responder essas questões foram realizados quatro experimentos, que tiveram como objetivos: verificar a validade do MAODALT e a influência da utilização de diferentes intensidades de exercício supramáximo (Experimento 1); verificar possíveis associações entre o MAODALT e as variáveis de desempenho provenientes do teste de Wingate (WAnT) (Experimento 2); verificar a sensibilidade do MAODALT em discriminar indivíduos com diferentes níveis de treinamento (Experimento 3); verificar o efeito da ingestão aguda de cafeína sobre o MAODALT (Experimento 4). No experimento 1, catorze indivíduos moderadamente ativos (26±6 anos) foram submetidos a um teste incremental máximo para determinação do consumo máximo de oxigênio ("V" ̇O2MAX) e da intensidade associada ao "V" ̇O2MAX (i"V" ̇O2MAX), dez exercícios em intensidades submáximas (30-90% da i"V" ̇O2MAX) e oito exercícios em intensidades supramáximas (100-150% da i"V" ̇O2MAX). Ainda, onze ciclistas (28±4 anos) foram submetidos a um teste incremental e a dois esforços supramáximos (teste e reteste) na intensidade que apresentou o melhor nível de concordância com o máximo déficit acumulado de oxigênio determinado de modo convencional (MAODC). No experimento 2, quinze ciclistas de mountain biking do sexo masculino (31±5 anos) foram submetidos a um teste incremental, um esforço supramáximo à intensidade de 115% da i"V" ̇O2MAX e um WAnT. No Experimento 3, cinquenta e cinco sujeitos foram divididos em três grupos: não treinados, recreacionalmente treinados e treinados. Em seguida, foram submetidos ao teste incremental e a um esforço supramáximo. E no Experimento 4, catorze ciclistas do sexo masculino (30±6 anos) foram submetidos a um teste incremental e a dois esforços supramáximos suplementando previamente cafeína (6 mg•kg-1) ou placebo (dextrose) em um desenho duplo cego e cruzado. Como resultados gerais, foi verificado que: 1) MAODALT é um procedimento válido para estimar a capacidade anaeróbia, mas sofre influência da intensidade supramáxima; 2) a intensidade de exercício supramáximo que apresentou o melhor nível de associação com o MAODC correspondeu a 115% da i"V" ̇O2MAX; 3) MAODALT apresentou associações com as variáveis do WAnT; 4) MAODALT parece ser sensível em discriminar indivíduos com diferentes níveis de treinamento; 5) a ingestão aguda de cafeína melhorou o tempo até a exaustão, mas o MAODALT permaneceu inalterado. Conclui-se que o MAODALT é válido para estimativa da capacidade anaeróbia, reprodutível à intensidade de 115% da i"V" ̇O2MAX, apresenta associações com o desempenho em teste anaeróbio, é sensível em discriminar indivíduos com diferentes níveis de aptidão física e permanece inalterado após suplementação aguda de cafeína. / The present study was proposed to verify issues related to the validity, reliability and sensibility of an alternative protocol to estimate the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit using only supramaximal effort (MAODALT) in cycling. In order to answer these questions, four experiments were carried out with the following objectives: to verify the validity of MAODALT and the effect of the use of different supramaximal intensities (Experiment 1); to verify possible associations between the MAODALT and performance in the Wingate test (WAnT) (Experiment 2); to verify the sensibility of MAODALT in to discriminate individuals with different training status (Experiment 3); to verify the effect of caffeine acute ingestion on MAODALT (Experiment 4). In the Experiment 1, fourteen active men (26±6 years) performed a maximal incremental test to determine the maximal oxygen uptake ("V" ̇O2MAX) and the intensity associated to "V" ̇O2MAX (i"V" ̇O2MAX), ten submaximal efforts (30-90% da i"V" ̇O2MAX) and eight supramaximal efforts (100-150% da i"V" ̇O2MAX). In addition, eleven cyclists (28±4 years) were submitted to a maximal incremental test and two supramaximal efforts at intensity that presented the best level of agreement with the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit determined by conventional method (MAODC). In Experiment 2, fifteen mountain biking men cyclists (31±5 years) performed a maximal incremental test, a supramaximal effort at 115% of the i"V" ̇O2MAX and a WAnT. In Experiment 3, fifty-five men were divided in three groups: untrained, recreationally trained and trained. The subjects performed a maximal incremental test and a supramaximal effort. In Experiment 4, fourteen cyclists male (30±6 years) were submitted to a maximal incremental test and two supramaximal efforts previously supplementing caffeine (6 mg•kg-1) or placebo (dextrose) in a double blind and crossover design. Such as results, it was verified that: 1) the MAODALT is a valid procedure to estimate the anaerobic capacity, however suffer influence of the supramaximal effort intensity; 2) The supramaximal intensity that presented the best level of agreement with the MAODC corresponds to 115% of the i"V" ̇O2MAX; 3) the MAODALT expressed in absolute values showed associations with the anaerobic performance evaluated in the WAnT; 4) the MAODALT seems to be sensible in to discriminate individuals with different training status. 5) The caffeine acute ingestion improved the time to exhaustion in the supramaximal effort, however, the MAODALT remained unaltered. Therefore, we concluded that the MAODALT is a valid procedure to estimate the anaerobic capacity, reproducible at 115% of i"V" ̇O2MAX, presents associations with the performance in anaerobic test, remains unaltered after caffeine supplementation and is sensible in to discriminate individuals with different physical fitness. / FAPESP: 2014/02892-5

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Atualmente existe uma forte tendência mundial para o desenvolvimento de testes in vitro que supram o uso de animais em ensaios de avaliação de segurança. Em 1986 a Diretiva Europeia 86/609/EEC induziu a discussão mundial de redução de testes em animais e a 7ª emenda desta Diretiva, publicada em 2004, determinou a transferência dos ensaios para a avaliação de risco para sistema in vitro. Diferentes abordagens foram desenvolvidas para suprir essa necessidade como, por exemplo, a geração de equivalentes de epiderme, que foi considerada a mais promissora e extensamente investigada. Dois modelos de equivalentes de epiderme (EpiDermTM-MATTEK e EPISKINTM LORÉAL) comercialmente disponíveis foram validados pelo ECVAM (Centro Europeu para a Validação de Métodos Alternativos) e outros modelos de epiderme reconstruída estão sendo desenvolvidos em diferentes laboratórios de pesquisa do mundo. Esses dois modelos são recomendados no Guia 431 (Organização para cooperação e desenvolvimento econômico - OECD) que avalia in vitro a corrosão da pele. No Brasil esta prática ainda é inexistente, porém deverá ser implementada rapidamente para que atenda aos conceitos humanitários internacionais. Sendo assim, este projeto teve como objetivo criar, dentro dos princípios do Guia 431, um equivalente de epiderme e posterior otimização deste processo através da incorporação de uma membrana biopolimérica (PET e colágeno I) como suporte celular. O modelo de epiderme humana reconstruída consiste de um tecido epidérmico diferenciado tridimensionalmente a partir de queratinócitos humanos normais cultivados em um meio quimicamente definido na interface ar-líquido. A validação deste modelo para ensaios de avaliação do potencial corrosivo de substâncias foi realizada seguindo os princípios do Guia 431 da OECD, sendo que quatro substâncias da lista indicada pelo Guia foram testadas: duas corrosivas (Ácido Lático e Ácido Octanóico) e duas não corrosivas (2-bromo Etilbenzeno e Benzilacetona), assim como controles positivo (Acido acético) e negativo (NaCl 0,9%). Os resultados de viabilidade celular após 3 minutos e 1 hora de exposição às substâncias teste demostraram que o nosso modelo permite distinguir as substâncias entre corrosivas e não corrosivas, no entanto não permite a subcategorização das corrosivas em 1A ou 1B/C. Assim, nós demonstramos o potencial do nosso modelo como um método de teste relevante e confiável que pode ser usado para pesquisa e investigação de risco químico. Visando a otimização do modelo, testamos a incorporação de uma membrana biopolimérica eletrofiada de PET e colágeno tipo I como suporte para crescimento celular em substituição ao transwell. A análise histológica das membranas demonstrou que as mesmas são biocompativeis, permitindo adequada adesão e proliferação dos queratinócitos e dos fibroblastos, no entanto, não se observou uma diferenciação adequada com a formação de uma epiderme semelhante à humana (estratos basal, espinhoso, granuloso e córneo). Além disso, a falta de uniformidade e reprodutibilidade nos resultados indicam que é necessário uma otimização dos processos de fabricação das membranas e geração do equivalente epidérmico. Em perspectiva, este equivalente epidérmico poderá ser utilizado para pesquisa e avaliação de risco de fármacos, medicamentos, cosméticos, praguicidas, etc., contribuindo para a geração de métodos alternativos aos testes em animais e inserindo o Brasil na tendência internacional do desenvolvimento de testes para avaliação do risco. / Currently there is a strong global trend towards the development of in vitro tests that fulfill the use of animals in safety evaluation tests. In 1986, the European Directive 86/609/EEC led to the discussion of global reduction of animal testing and the 7th amendment of this Policy, published in 2004, ordered the transfer of the tests for risk assessment for in vitro system. Different approaches have been taking into account to achieve this goal, for example, the development of epidermal equivalents models, which have been considered the most promising and widely studied model. ECVAM (European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods) has validated two models of reconstructed epidermis (EpiDermTM - Mattek and EPISKINTM - L\'Oréal) that are commercially available and other models are being developed in different research laboratories in the world. These two models are recommended in Guide 431 (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development - OECD) for in vitro evaluation of skin corrosion. In Brazil, this practice is still lacking, but should be implemented quickly so that meets international humanitarian concepts. Therefore, this project aimed the creation, within the principles of Guide 431, of an epidermal equivalent and the optimization of this process through the incorporation of a biopolymer membrane (PET and collagen I) as cellular support. The reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) consists of a differentiated three-dimensional epidermal tissue reconstructed from normal human keratinocytes in a chemically defined medium and air liquid interface growth. The validation of this model for the assessment of skin corrosion potential of substances was performed following the principles of the OECD Guide 431, hereupon four substances from the list indicated by the Guide were tested: two corrosive (lactic acid and octanoic acid) and two non-corrosive (2-phenylethyl bromide and benzylacetone) and positive (acetic acid) and negative (NaCl 0.9%) controls. The cell viability results after 3 minutes and 1 hour of exposure to the test substances indicates that our model is capable of distinguishing the substances among corrosive and non-corrosive. Although they do not, allow the sub-categorization of corrosive in 1A or 1B/C. Thus, we have demonstrated that our model is a potentially relevant and a reliable test method that could be used in research and specifically for the investigation of chemical hazard. To optimize the model, we tested the incorporation of a biopolymer membrane composed of PET and type I collagen as support for cell growth, as a replacement of the transwell. Histological examination of membranes has shown that they are biocompatible, enabling adequate adhesion and proliferation of keratinocytes and fibroblasts. However, there was no adequate differentiation with the formation of a similar human epidermis (stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum and corneum). Moreover, the lack of uniformity and reproducibility of the results indicates that it is still necessary to optimize the membranes production process and the generation of the epidermal equivalent using the membranes as support. In perspective, the developed epidermal equivalent may be used for research and risk assessment of pharmaceuticals, medicines, cosmetics, chemicals, pesticides, among others. This directly contributes to the development of alternative methods able to substitute animal testing in Brazil and follows the international trend of development tests for risk assessment.

It is stated in the School Act that the Swedish school should work towards providing an education of equal quality. Teachers are confronted with ethical considerations when assessing and grading. The study aims to clarify the opinion of teachers in the later part of lower secondary school and teachers at upper secondary about the knowledge requirements and how their teaching works to achieving an equal assessment in the school. The survey material consists of qualitative semi-structured interviews. The interviews were conducted with the help of an interview guide, which contained questions to the interviewees. The design of the questions allowed the interviewees to respond descriptively about their own experiences. In total, seven legitimate and active social science teachers were interviewed at various schools in southeastern Sweden. The teachers had to answer questions concerning their interpretative preference and their perception of the knowledge requirements in the subject of social science. The result of the survey shows that there is room for interpretation in the knowledge requirements, which has a negative impact on equal assessment. The result has also been related to a theoretical framework to identify which methods teachers can use to strengthen equality in their assessment. Furthermore, the results have been discussed based on of equality assessment and grading in coherent relevance with previous research

It is estimated that approximately 360 Million people have a permanent disabling hearing loss (WHO, 2015). The majority of these people live in lower to middle income countries, where screening and follow-up treatment is not always accessible (WHO, 2015). School based hearing screening is one of the procedures that are not always available due to a number of challenges one of which include the high cost of audiometrical headphones. School based hearing screening is performed with an audiometrical headphones and audiometer, it usually can be used to test all school-aged children and adults. In an attempt to reduce the cost of school based hearing screening, this study evaluated the Sennheiser HD 202 II headphone to establish it as a widely available and cost-effective alternative for audiometrical headphones currently used. The headphones were compared to ISO standards (ISO 389-1, ISO 389-5 and ISO 389-9) and IEC standards (IEC 60318-1 and IEC 60645-1). The following characteristics of the headphone were compared: equivalent threshold sound pressure levels, attenuation, maximum permissible ambient noise levels, force of the headband, total harmonic distortion and frequency response. After evaluation the Sennheiser HD 202 II does not show the same standard as audiometrical headphones for diagnostic testing. The headphone can however be used for screening purposes if a few measures are taken into account. The correct ETSPL values should be used, disruptive background noise should be avoided and only the frequencies from the research (250- 1600 Hz) can be tested. once these measures are taken into account the Sennheiser HD 202 II proves to be a cost-effective alternative headphone for screening purposes. / Dissertation (MCommunication Pathology)--University of Pretoria 2016. / Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology / MA / Unrestricted

HCP materials are exceedingly being used as alloys and composites in several high strength light weight applications such as aerospace and aeronautical structures, deep sea maritime applications, and as biocompatible materials. To understand the deformation of HCP materials, reliable tools and techniques are required. One such technique is the Elasto-Plastic Self Consistency (EPSC) model. ESPC models use Eshelby’s Inclusion Theory as their basic formulation to model the strain experienced by a grain within a strained material sample. One of the oldest approximations (or models) used to model the grain’s strain within a strained sample is the Taylor’s Assumption (TA). TA assumes that each grain is strained to the same average value. EPSC models are different from the TA model since each grain modelled by the EPSC model would be strained to a different value. This is possible and obtained by solving an infinite domain boundary value problem. This key advantage of the EPSC model can therefore predict localized weak spots within material samples.EPSC models use the concept of eigen strain where the inhomogeneous grain is replaced with an equivalent inclusion. The technique proposed in this research is used to simulate uniaxial tension of rolled textured Magnesium. The number of deformation modes used in this research is seven. Both slipping systems and twinning systems are included in the simulation. The hardening phenomenon is described as a function of self-hardening as well as latent-hardening. As stated in (S. Kweon, 2020), modelling the interactive hardening requires a more robust numerical iterative technique. An improved robust iterative numerical technique is explained in (Daniel Raja, 2021) and (Soondo Kweon D. S., 2021). This research implements the equivalent inclusion theory in combination with the numerical iterative technique developed in the aforementioned papers.The report begins with the need for this research and advocates for the same. Then, the conceptional theories and the imaginary thought experiment performed by John D. Eshelby is presented. The concept of “Eigen Strain” which serves as the base work needed to understand and formulate the Equivalent Inclusion Theory is described in detail. The Equivalent Inclusion is then presented and developed. The concept of Green’s Function is presented and explained. These concepts serve as the building block for the derivation and calculation of the Eshelby Tensor which relates the concepts of eigen strain and constrained strain. The report concludes the theory section with the amalgamation of the ideas of the Green’s Function and Eigen Strain to develop the Eshelby Tensor for an Isotropic material as well as Anisotropic materials. In the following section, the unit cell accompanied with the deformation modes within the unit cell of an HCP material that are used in these simulations are presented. Following unit cell model, the crystal plasticity model which includes plastic deformation, hardening laws, and elastic deformation is elaborated. The results obtained from the simulation are presented and salient features are highlighted that are observed in the results. Lastly, the report concludes by pointing out key “take aways” from this research and identifies possible avenues for future research.Additionally, ten appendices are included towards the end of this report to enhance understanding of complicated derivations and solutions. Lastly, the author’s vita is included at the end of the report.

Note:

The Port of Oakland (“Port”) is the 5th largest container seaport by volume in the U.S. and the largest in Northern California. Maritime shipping activity at the Port exceeds 2 million import and export twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEU) containers annually. Containers may be full or empty, but nonetheless typically require hinterland shipment and intermodal transfer between maritime and land-based freight distribution systems. The freight trucking mode (“drayage”) handles approximately 80% of all TEU throughput at the Port, thus constituting the majority of landside Port traffic. The Port is also situated adjacent to dense urban development thereby exacting certain external impacts. Drayage impacts on regional roadway infrastructure proximate to the Port are explored, to expand knowledge of freight network conditions and relevant policies addressing the topic in the San Francisco Bay Area. Statistical regression analysis and elasticity results estimate a certain level of impact on nearby freight corridors of I-80, I-680, and I-880. Drayage traffic has continued to increase since 2000, as a function of increasing TEU throughput occurring at the Port. Policies to address stable freight flow and infrastructure maintenance are ongoing, although additional studies are also recommended to ascertain comprehensive network impacts.

An experimental scale model study was conducted to investigate the onset of fluidelastic instability in a tube array subjected to axisymmetric jet flow. A tube array was constructed using aluminum tubes with 44.45 mm outer diameter, $D$, which were arranged in a square pattern with 88 mm pitch, $P$. The pitch to diameter ratio, $P/D$, was approximately 2.0. The tubes were flexibly mounted using threaded rod and tuned to a first mode natural frequency, $f_n$, of 9 Hz. Auxiliary damping devices were added to each tube, and tuned, to achieve a damping ratio, $\zeta$, of 1 % of critical. The mass damping parameter, $m(2 \pi \zeta)/(\rho D^{2})$, of the tube array was 27.9. The tube array was tested under uniform flow conditions in McMaster University's 2 ft wind tunnel to establish the critical reduced velocity, $V_{cr}/(f_n D)$, of 30.0 at the onset of fluidelastic instability. The uniform flow test established a basis for comparing the results with the existing literature and evaluating the validity of the proposed partial admission calculation. The tube array was also tested in open air using an axisymmetric jet, with two different physical arrangements, the first with the jet aimed between tubes and perpendicular to the tube spans and the second with the jet aimed at a tube face and perpendicular to the tube spans. In each case the jet flow velocity was incrementally increased to characterize the onset of fluidelastic instability. To characterize the flow dispersion through the tube array a series of velocity profile measurements were also collected. The measured velocity profiles were used to estimate the spanwise function of transverse average gap velocity, $\bar{V}(x)$, which was used to predict the equivalent critical uniform gap flow velocity, $V_{cr}$, using the concept of partial admission. The predicted $V_{cr}$ values showed reasonable agreement with the experimental results. However, the prediction method did indicate instabilities in tube rows where instability was not actually observed. A simplified prediction approach was developed which was based on using a predicted three dimensional velocity profile, $V(x,y)$, at the $z$ location of the first row tube gap, under the assumption of free field conditions, to calculate an estimate of the spanwise function of transverse average gap velocity, $\bar{V}(x)$. Although the predictions of $V_{cr}$ agreed reasonably well with the experimental results, first row instabilities were not observed in any of axisymmetric jet flow experiments. Therefore, this method can be used to estimate the the critical uniform gap velocity, $V_{cr}$, but not the spatial location of the instability. Based on the results of the experiments and calculations, adoption of the modified partial admission formula is recommended and possible avenues for further investigation and verification are suggested. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

Switched Reluctance Machines (SRMs) are gaining more attention due to their simple and rugged construction, low manufacturing cost, and high-speed operation capability. An electromagnetic model of the machine is needed in the design and analysis processes. The required accuracy level of the model depends mainly on the application. Designing an SRM is an iterative process. Usually, finite element method (FEM) is employed in all design stages, which might require extensive computation burden. The magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) method is an alternative for typical FEM. MEC models require less computational resources and they can help determine the electromagnetic performance with a reasonable accuracy. The conventional MEC method can be challenging when modifying the motor geometry while conducting dynamic analysis with current control. This thesis proposes a reluctance mesh-based MEC model for SRMs that can overcome those challenges. Reluctance mesh-based MEC models are developed for 3-phase 6/4, 6/16, 12/8 SRMs and 4-phase 8/6, 8/10, and 16/12 SRMs. The implemented MEC-based modeling method is validated using FEM and experimental results. Acoustic noise and vibration is one of the shortcomings of an SRM. The radial force density in the airgap should be calculated before analyzing and mitigating acoustic noise and vibration. This thesis proposes a radial force density calculation method for SRMs using the proposed MEC model. Fourier series is used to calculate the harmonics of the radial force density. The results obtained from the MEC model are verified using FEM models. SRM is a promising candidate for electric propulsion systems. In the design process of an SRM, the motor geometry needs to be determined. This thesis applies the proposed MEC technique to the design process of a 3-phase 12/16 SRM for a high lift motor in the NASA Maxwell X-57 electric aircraft. The design is verified using the results computed from FEM. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Electric motors are utilized in our daily life in various applications such as washing machines, refrigerators, air conditioners, fans, vacuum cleaners, blenders, and many other devices and tools. Motors are widely used in residential, industrial, commercial, and transportation applications. Due to the environmental impact of burning fossil fuels, transportation systems are moving into electrified propulsion. Electric motors with lower cost and higher efficiency are on the path to replacing the traditional combustion engines in vehicles. Among the different electric motors available, switched reluctance motor (SRM) is becoming a promising candidate in future electrified transportation systems due to their simple construction. Developing a motor is a time-consuming and costly task. Therefore, it is essential to determine the characteristics of an SRM before manufacturing it. A mathematical framework is proposed in this thesis to address this problem. The proposed framework is capable of determining the characteristics of an SRM accurately.