A necessidade de gestão eficiente de recursos e informações criou nas empresas a demanda por investimentos cada vez maiores em tecnologia da informação e comunicação, buscando alcançarem vantagens competitivas sobre seus concorrentes de mercado. Nesse contexto surgiram os sistemas ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning - Sistemas Integrados de Gestão), caracterizados por oferecerem diversas funcionalidades capazes de dar suporte às operações do dia-a-dia das empresas e suas tomadas de decisão. Juntamente com os benefícios advindos desses sistemas, foram necessários elevados investimentos, tanto de tempo e dinheiro, como de recursos internos da empresa. Devido à esses contrapontos, alguns estudos procuraram discutir os benefícios gerados pela adoção dos sistemas ERP em relação aos custos envolvidos no seu processo de implantação. Tais estudos aplicaram diferentes formas de valor agregado por esses sistemas às empresas, encontrando também diferentes resultados. Nesse sentido, com o crescimento da importância dos sistemas ERP para as organizações e a cobrança, cada vez maior, por justificarem os investimentos feitos em projetos de implantação de um sistema ERP, faz-se necessário entender como as empresas avaliam o valor que esses sistemas lhes proporcionam. Para tanto, realizou-se um estudo de caráter descritivo e exploratório, por meio do estudo múltiplo de casos com duas empresas, buscando identificar como avaliam o valor proporcionado pelo sistema ERP. Foram encontrados durante a análise dos resultados diversos dos benefícios já relatados na literatura, apesar de não se ter identificado em nenhuma das empresas um processo formal de avaliação dos mesmos. Muitos dos benefícios identificados não puderam ser atribuídos aos sistemas ERP devido à falta de um processo de avaliação do valor desses sistemas, visto que as empresas não procuraram avaliar a situação anterior e posterior a implantação do mesmo. Em complemento, constatou-se que as empresas não identificam corretamente o valor entregue pelo sistema ERP. A partir dos resultados, conclui-se que a avaliação do valor dos sistemas ERP é um processo complexo, que exige da empresa um planejamento prévio para que possa identificar os benefícios e vantagens que espera obter do sistema, seu escopo de atuação e, que possa avaliar antes da decisão de adoção a adequação do sistema ERP à empresa e vice-versa. Em determinados casos, a subestimação do valor dos sistemas ERP ou a sua avaliação de maneira apenas informal, sem indicadores de desempenho pré-definidos, impede que a empresa realize todo o valor potencial do sistema. / The need of an efficient management of resources and information created in the companies the demand each time larger in information technology and communication searching to achieve competitive advantages over to its market competitors. On this context emerged the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems, characterized for offer many features capable to give support to day-to-day companies operations and its decisions making. Along with the benefits provided from this systems were needed a high level of investment, both time and money as well as company intern resources. Due to this counterpoints some studies look to discuss the benefits generated for the ERP systems adoption in relation to the involved costs on its implementation process. These studies apply different evaluation forms for these systems to the enterprise finding also different results. On this way, with the grown of ERP systems importance to the organizations and the collection each time bigger to justify the investments made in projects and implementation of an ERP system, became necessary understand how the companies evaluate the value provided for this systems. For this, was realized a descriptive and exploratory study through multiple case study with two enterprises searching to identify how evaluate the value generated for the ERP system. It was found, during the result analysis, many benefits already related in the bibliography despise not identified in none company a formal process to evaluate these. Many of the identified benefits couldn´t be attributed to the ERP systems due to the lack of evaluate process of generated value once that companies doesn´t look to evaluate the before and after implementation moment situation. From the results, concludes that measure and evaluation of ERP system value is a complex process which demands from the company an previous planning which can be identified the benefits and advantages expected to obtain from the system, its acting focus and to evaluate before the adoption decision the adequacy of the system to the enterprise and contrariwise. In some cases the underestimated of ERP systems value or its only informal evaluate way, without performance indicators predefined, prevents the company to realize all its potential value from the system.

Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Mecânica) - Centro Universitário FEI, São Bernardo do Campo, 2015

acase@tulane.edu / It has been observed that Spanish L2 speakers produce mistakes for gender more frequently than for number agreement. This asymmetry has also been observed in their processing of the same features. This study’s purpose was to determine whether there are recognizable electrophysiological differences in the processing of these agreement features and to explore possible neurocognitive underpinnings for such differences in bilingual speakers. In order to investigate this, the study used ERP method to observe the responses of Spanish L2 bilinguals to gender and number agreement violations between quantifiers and nouns in Spanish. The canonical ERP observed for both grammatical gender and number agreement violations in Spanish monolinguals is a biphasic LAN-P600 effect. This has also been found in some studies examining bilinguals, though a P600 effect alone is the most common result. In the present study, gender violations elicited a broad distributed early anterior negativity (eLAN) at the 100-200 ms window, a left-central anterior negativity (LAN) in the 250-400ms, and no P600 effect. Number violations, on the other hand, showed the broadly distributed anterior negativity (eLAN), and both LAN and P600 effects. The results confirm differences in the processing of the features. Moreover, the data show that gender demonstrates less saliency to English speakers than does number, whose violations showed a native-like processing pattern. These results support bilingualism models that propose that features that are not equal between L1 and L2 can be developed by learners who started learning their second language after childhood. From a linguistic perspective, the results for gender show a cue-based first check process (eLAN) and cue-based morphosyntactic processing (LAN), without the lexical access to check and repair processes, as evidenced by the lack of P600. This supports the model of a dual-route for gender agreement. The cue-based route (proposed for morphological features) seems to be used by bilinguals in this study, even though grammatical gender is a lexical feature. Possible explanations include a lack of sufficient cognitive resources to continue to the repair stage, or possibly an inability to do so caused by the incomplete stage in the development of the feature in the participants. / 1 / Shayra Helena Burgos García

<p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Date                   </strong>May 28, 2009<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Level                  </strong>Bachelor thesis in Business Administration/Information Technology</p><p><strong>Authors             </strong>Jennie Andersson, Niklas Fridell, Visar Hoxha</p><p><strong>Tutor                  </strong>Marie Mörndal</p><p><strong>Department    </strong>HST</p><p><strong>Title                    </strong>ERP-solutions in small to medium sized enterprises – possibilities and problems</p><p><strong>Summary          </strong>ERP-solutions have penetrated the market for SME: s, offering the same advantages larger enterprises have enjoyed for years. For a significantly cheaper price, SME: s can nowadays acquire ERP-solutions and become more effective and increase their profit.  The authors have examined five SME: s in both the production and service company segment and have come to the conclusion that an ERP-solution would indeed benefit these companies in many levels but also induce certain obstacles the examined companies must overcome, both financial and organizational.</p><p><strong>Purpose            </strong>The purpose of this thesis is to examine if and how SME: s can become more efficient and developed and increase their profit by implementing an ERP-solution. Further, the purpose is to discuss which conditions that exists for the examined SME: s in order to implement an ERP-solution.</p><p><strong>Method            </strong>The thesis consists of a qualitative research where the authors have interviewed either the owner or employees at management level by using semi-structured interviews. The results from the interviews have been analyzed based on the theoretical framework.</p><p><strong>Result                </strong>Several improvement areas have been identified, most typically the processes are lacking efficiency in some areas even if the SME already had an ERP-solution (or similar) or did not have one at all. Most SME: s did lack the financial resources required for an ERP-solution deployment.</p><p><strong>Conclusion      </strong>The findings show that there are development possibilities within the examined SME:s. The biggest revenue improvement would be decreased manual labor and improved processes. An ERP-solution would help the SME: s achieve that since it automates many tasks and are designed with “best practices” in mind. Despite most of the SME:s lacking financial resources for an ERP-solution, there were some exceptions which contradicted the theoretical framework, mainly because they were SME: s but acted under a larger owner/franchise chain.</p><p> </p>

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The purpose of this Thesis was to create a framework of 11 risk factors, investigate which of them are the most critical for the company and to find relationships between them Research questions  What continuing risks will the company experience after ERP implementation? What relationships and measures can be constructed to better understand and manage risk factors of post-implementation? Some years ago ERP was a novelty in doing business, but nowadays companies have advanced from the implementation to the exploitation phase.  Discussions about ERP post-implementation have just started to appear and many researchers see it as a second wave of ERP research. Undesirable risks in post-implementation stage of ERP can affect not just ERP area, they can lead to a total business failure. ERP post-implementation is a very important topic that requires attention, because understanding potential risk factors and their dependence on each other can facilitate managing process and help to avoid negative consequences. Knowledge of the risks can help to bring forth better practices that are consistent with a company’s internal context.

¡@¡@Although the Bio-pharmaceutical industry in Taiwan is less then 1% in worldwide medical market¡CAlmost 150 Bio-pharmaceutical companies in Taiwan were met the cGMP standard, yet limited on the R&D human resources and the capital size ¡Amost of the companies all focus on the manufacturing of Generic products. ¡@¡@As the Internationalize and Globalize were mainstreams for all Pharmaceutical industries. We need to take this into consideration that how we increase Taiwan¡¦s competitiveness, and win out over the other industry in the international alliance. And should we improve any weakness? Efficiency, Inventory, or customer needs?¡@¡@ ¡@¡@So far¡Mbecause of the conflict of the Regulation requirements¡M. Most Bio-industry was not using the ERP/SCM for the management¡C In this study¡MWe hope to provide an actual example for the other Bio-industry as reference¡Mand then as an application model to improve the competitiveness of Taiwan Bio-pharmaceutical industry.¡@¡@ ¡@¡@During the dissertation, we discover the monograph rational of ERP/SCM, and consider the regulation limited when follow the SCM model to analyze the process suitability and performance for Bio-pharmaceutical Company. ¡@¡@As result, we know that the ERP/MRP-II system or Supply chain management was necessary to the Bio-pharmaceutical industry.

Per concerning about competition of manufacturing business in Taiwan¡A most enterprises were tempted to reallocate their production line or agency from Taiwan to abroad. No matter what the main factors were¡A IT system should follow accordingly. Many enterprises were obliged to give up the original running IT system for the tremendous variance in time and space to convert themselves from traditional domestic company or branch into world wide enterprise globally. In global running concept¡A many business owners pick their ERP system such as: SAP¡BORACLE¡BJDE¡BPeoplesoft¡K¡Kthat are popular here in Taiwan. Yet¡A after exhausting tremendous cost and man hours¡A most of them were disappointed. So many variances were derived in customizing factors of group members¡A culture of enterprise and original work process which would be differed with the timeline of ERP project initiated in the first beginning. The criteria among would be mainly concluded as below after lots of case study. Solving the internal ERP system issues¡A the consultant and the company in service play the main role of project running in many ways. It¡¦s always the key-criteria to make a successful customization to lead the work process via the consulting experience to guide the company staffs getting used to the new ERP system. Via picks of the consulting service companies of many cases¡A their approaches are analyzed and concluded and would be referred as here within for the companies who plan to get their consulting service in the future.

Abstract: