Zugl.: Braunschweig, Techn. Univ., Diss., 2007

Techn. Hochsch., Diss., 2003--Aachen.

Είναι ευρέως γνωστό, πως ο εξοπλισμός Υψηλής Τάσης προϋποθέτει την αναγκαία ύπαρξη μόνωσης για την εύρυθμη λειτουργία του. Η μόνωση, εκτός από τον προφανή ρόλο της διατήρησης της διαφοράς δυναμικού μεταξύ των υπό υψηλή τάση αγώγιμων μερών, έχει και επιπρόσθετους σκοπούς ύπαρξης, όπως την μηχανική στήριξη του εξοπλισμού, την απαγωγή της θερμότητας, κ.α. Απόλυτα καθιερωμένη έχει γίνει η χρήση ορυκτών ελαίων ως μονωτικό υλικό στον εξοπλισμό Υψηλής Τάσης με πιο ενδεικτικό παράδειγμα, τη μόνωση των τυλιγμάτων των μετασχηματιστών ισχύος. Για πιο αποδοτικά μονωτικά αποτελέσματα στον μετασχηματιστή γίνεται συνδυαστική χρήση του λαδιού με λεπτά συνθετικά φύλλα στερεής φύσεως που καλύπτουν τα τυλίγματα. Όμως, από τις αρχές της δεκαετίας του 1970 ξεκίνησε μια προσπάθεια αντικατάστασης των συμβατικών ορυκτέλαιων, με λάδια φυτικής προέλευσης και αυτή η προσπάθεια δικαιολογείται από μία σειρά ιδιοτήτων και πλεονεκτημάτων που παρουσιάζουν οι φυσικοί εστέρες. Τα πιο σημαντικά από αυτά είναι η μεγαλύτερη ασφάλεια έναντι πυρός, η βελτίωση της απόδοσης του μετασχηματιστή και κυρίως η φιλικότητα τόσο προς το περιβάλλον όσο και προς τον άνθρωπο. Στόχος της παρούσας διπλωματικής είναι η διερεύνηση της συμπεριφοράς ενός συγκεκριμένου είδους φυτικό έλαιο που καταπονείται εντός διακένου, υπό γραμμικά αυξανόμενη AC τάση. Αναζητούμε, λοιπόν, την επίδραση του μονωτικού ελαίου στην τάση διάσπασης καθώς μεταβάλουμε τους διάφορους παράγοντες από τους οποίους εξαρτάται (παραδείγματος χάριν το μέγεθος διακένου, το ρυθμό της γραμμικής αύξησης της τάσης {kVrms/sec}, τη θερμοκρασία, το χρόνο χαλάρωσης του υγρού μεταξύ δύο διαδοχικές μετρήσεις, την επίδραση των φυσαλίδων στη μονωτική συμπεριφορά του ελαίου, κ.α. ). Για το σκοπό αυτό, προμηθευτήκαμε τον φυσικό εστέρα Envirotemp® FR3™ από την εταιρεία COOPER Power Systems, που εκτός της τάχιστης και ανέξοδης αποστολής του υγρού, μας παραχώρησε κάθε διαθέσιμη πληροφορία και την απαραίτητη τεχνογνωσία. Όπως γίνεται εύκολα αντιληπτό, η διπλωματική αυτή εργασία αποτελεί συνεισφορά στη διεθνή ερευνητική προσπάθεια που γίνεται πάνω στο αντικείμενο της συλλογής πληροφοριών και εξαγωγής συμπερασμάτων για την συμπεριφορά και τις ιδιότητες των ελαίων φυτικής προέλευσης. Για την διεξαγωγή της πειραματικής διαδικασίας χρησιμοποιήθηκε η συσκευή BAUR Oil Tester DTA 822-129-1, μέρος του ηλεκτρομηχανικού εξοπλισμού του εργαστηρίου Υψηλών Τάσεων. Η παραγωγή γραμμικά αυξανόμενης (με μεταβλητό ρυθμό) AC τάσης, η μέτρηση της τάσης διάσπασης καθώς και η επιλογή της κατάλληλης προδιαγραφής έγιναν από τη συσκευή αυτή, λαμβάνοντας κάθε φόρα τα αναγκαία μέτρα προστασίας τόσο για τον παρατηρητή, όσο και την συνολική εγκατάσταση του εργαστηρίου. Επίσης, χρειάστηκε η κατασκευή από μηχανουργείο ειδικών ανοξείδωτων λάμων διαφορετικού πάχους με στόχο τη ρύθμιση του μεγέθους του επιθυμητού διακένου μεταξύ των ηλεκτροδίων, ανοξείδωτο δοχείο για τη θέρμανση του λαδιού, ιατρικές σύριγγες για την άντλησή του, αποστειρωμένα δοχεία για την ασφαλή αποθήκευση του, υπό δοκιμή, ελαίου και τέλος μεγάλες ποσότητες γαντιών μιας χρήσεως (τύπου ΛΑΤΕΞ) και χαρτιού για την καθαριότητα τόσο του μηχανήματος όσο και του εργαστηρίου. Η εργασία αυτή χωρίζεται σε 2 μέρη: το απαιτούμενο θεωρητικό υπόβαθρο και την παρουσίαση και επεξεργασία των μετρήσεων. Έτσι, αρχικά, παρατίθεται μια θεωρητική ανάλυση, βασισμένη στη διεθνή βιβλιογραφία, ώστε να αποσαφηνιστούν οι βασικοί μηχανισμοί που επηρεάζουν τις ηλεκτρικές ιδιότητες των ρευστών διηλεκτρικών. Σκοπός τούτου, η αποσαφήνιση των παραγόντων που χρήζουν ιδιαίτερης προσοχής, ώστε να εξασφαλιστούν τα πλέον αξιόπιστα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα, καθώς και η δημιουργία μιας πλατφόρμας θεωρητικών δεδομένων που θα βοηθήσουν στην εξαγωγή, εν τέλει, των απαραίτητων συμπερασμάτων. Το δεύτερο μέρος, αποτελείται από την παρουσίαση των πινάκων με τις μετρήσεις, τα απαραίτητα διαγράμματα και τέλος την αναλυτική διατύπωση των εξαγόμενων συμπερασμάτων. / It is widely known that the equipment of High Voltage presupposes the necessary existence of insulation for its proper operation. Apart from the obvious role of maintaining the potential difference between the under high voltage conductible parts, the insulation also has additional aims of existence, such as the mechanic support of equipment, the induction of heat, etc. The use of mining oil as insulating material in the equipment of High Voltage has been established, with more indicative example the insulation of windings in Power Transformers. For more efficient insulating results in the transformer, a combination of oil with thin solid and synthetic leaves that cover the windings is used. However, since the beginning of the seventies an attempt begun in order to replace the conventional mineral oils with oils of plant origin and the reason for this attempt is the amount of properties and advantages of natural esters. The most important of them are fireproofness, the improvement of transformer‟s efficiency and mostly the fact that they are environment as well as human friendly. This diploma thesis aims to the examination of the “behavior” of specific plant oil that is worn out within interspace under linearly increased AC voltage. So we search out the effect of the insulating oil on the voltage decomposition, as we alter the numerous factors on which it depends (the size of interspace, the rate of the voltage‟s linear increase {kVrms/sec}, the temperature, the liquid‟s relaxation time between two successional counts, the effect of bubbles on the oil‟s insulating behavior etc). In order to accomplice this purpose, we got the natural ester Envirotemp® FR3™ from the company COOPER Power Systems, which, apart from sending the liquid very fast and with no expenses, also provided us all the information available as well as the essential knowhow. As a result, it is perfectly clear that this diploma thesis is a contribution to the global searching effort on the subject of collecting information and reaching conclusions about the behavior and properties of oils of plant origin. In order to conduct this experimental process, we used the device BAUR Oil Tester DTA 822-129-1, which is part of the electromechanical equipment of the High Voltage laboratory. The production of linearly increasing (with variable rate) AC voltage, the count of the voltage decomposition as well as the selection of the proper specification were determined by this device, while taking every time the necessary precautions regarding the observer as well as the whole laboratory installation. Furthermore, several measures needed to be taken, such as the construction of specific rustproof razors of variable width, in order to adjust the size of the interspace wanted, as well as the supply of a rustproof container for the oil heating, medical syringes for its pump, antiseptic containers for safe storage of the oil under test and, finally, large quantity of disposable gloves (LATEX type) and paper for the cleaning of the device as well as the laboratory. This thesis consists of two parts: the necessary theoretical setting and the presentation and elaboration of counts. Initially, a theoretical analysis is presented, based on international bibliography, in order to clarify the basic processes that affect the electronic properties of the liquid dielectrics. The above aim at the clarification of the factors that require special attention in order to ensure the most reliable experiment results possible, as well as the creation of a platform of theoretical data that will finally help on the reach of the necessary conclusions. The second part consists of the presentation of the count tables, the necessary charts and finally the detailed enouncement of the conclusions reached.

Trabajo de Investigación Requisito para optar al Título de Cirujano Dentista / Este estudio tuvo como finalidad lograr determinar el tipo de interacción entre ketorolaco y meloxicam por medio de la utilización de un ensayo algesiométrico térmico denominado tail-flick o test de la cola, en ratones. Una vez determinadas las curvas dosis-respuesta de ketorolaco y meloxicam, administrados por vía intraperitoneal, se obtuvieron las dosis efectivas que producen el 25% del efecto máximo DE25 para cada fármaco. Se administraron mezclas de proporciones fijas de 1/2, 1/4, 1/8 y 1/16 de las DE25 de cada droga para realizar el análisis isobolográfico, a través del cual se logra determinar que la coadministración genera una interacción de tipo aditiva. El pretratamiento de los animales con L-NAME, un antagonista de la enzima oxido nítrico sintasa, transformó la naturaleza de la interacción a una de tipo supraaditiva o sinérgica; esto demuestra la participación del sistema NO-GMPc en el mecanismo analgésico de la asociación ketorolaco- meloxicam. Al tratar los animales previamente con naltrexona, antagonista no selectivo de receptores opioides, también modificó la naturaleza aditiva de los fármacos a una supraaditiva o sinérgica; esto comprueba la participación, de una manera paradójica, del sistema opioide en el mecanismo de acción de esta asociación.

Mineral oil has been widely used in liquid insulation of power transformers. However, it is poorly biodegradable and could cause serious contamination to the environment if a spill occurs. With increasingly strict environmental rules and regulations, there is considerable interest from the Utilities to apply esters in power transformers as substitutions to mineral oil. In order to use esters in large power transformers, their dielectric properties should be thoroughly investigated. This PhD thesis covers the experimental studies on the dielectric properties of a type of synthetic ester (Midel 7131) and a type of natural ester (FR3) in both uniform and divergent electric fields, using a mineral oil (Gemini X) as the benchmark. The dielectric properties of transformer liquids in uniform fields were investigated using breakdown voltage tests. The breakdown voltages of esters should be at least similar to that of mineral oil to allow a replacement in transformers. To obtain a fair comparison, the AC breakdown voltages of well-processed transformer liquids were tested, and their distributions were statistically analyzed. Since the breakdowns of transformer liquids in uniform fields are caused by the weakest-links, conditions representative of in-service transformer liquids were also considered by testing the effects of extraneous factors, such as particles, water and electrode area. The divergent fields were produced by sharp needle electrodes with tip curvatures of a few micrometers. The dielectric properties of transformer liquids in such fields were studied using several methods. A traditional PD detector was used to study the partial discharge characteristics of insulating liquids, such as the inception voltages and the repetition rates. A high speed camera was utilized to identify the streamer generation, propagation and breakdown phenomena. An oscilloscope was used to investigate the current signals associated with these phenomena. The breakdown voltages of transformer liquids were also determined in the divergent field at various gaps. Furthermore, the fault gases in transformer liquids under partial discharge faults were determined and analyzed. The following findings and conclusions can be made from the research in this thesis: * The AC dielectric strengths of esters in uniform fields are similar to that of mineral oil when they are in a well-processed condition. When practical liquid conditions are considered, the AC dielectric strengths of esters are higher than that of mineral oil. * The partial discharge behaviours at overstressed voltages can be used to differentiate various transformer liquids. Esters are relatively inferior to mineral oil in terms of higher discharge amplitude, higher discharge repetition rate and more negative partial discharges.* Mineral oil possesses a higher ability to suppress the propagation of negative streamers. Thus, the AC dielectric strength of mineral oil in the divergent field is relatively higher than those of esters. * Esters generate the same types of fault gases due to electrical discharge as mineral oil, but in relatively larger amounts.

This thesis set out to study the concept of non-human animals in En piga bland pigor (1914)and Kåtornas folk (1916) by the journalist and author Ester Blenda Nordström (1891-1948).By contextualizing contemporary views and ideas of non-human animals by the turn of the20th century, the conceptions are analyzed through different societal perspectives. How is themeeting between Nordström, as an emancipated upper-class woman, and the marginalisedgroups of people depicted in the books affecting her view of the non-human animals? Thisquestion originates from the understanding that the presence of non-human animals inhistorical material testifies not only of hierarchical relations and cultural notions but above allit shows something about humans. That is why this thesis uses contemporary ideas of animalwelfare, gender and hygiene to understand the intersectional connection between theconceptions of humans and animals. The study shows an ambivalence in the way of viewinghumans and animals, where expressed feelings of compassion are used both as a way ofindicating that the rights of exposed groups in society should be defended and at the sametime as a way of reinforcing boundaries. Boundaries between different groups of people,classes, humans and animals.

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Biodiesel is produced from vegetable oils through transesterification. Triglyceride mixtures extracted from oilseed feedstocks are upgraded by reaction with an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst to produce fatty acid esters. This reaction produces a mixture of esters, glycerin, alcohol, and catalyst. Separation of the fatty acid esters (biodiesel) and glycerin can be accomplished through liquid-liquid extraction by water addition. Designing liquid-liquid extraction with water as the solvent requires ternary liquid-liquid equilibrium data for mixtures of water, glycerin, and fatty acid esters. Ternary mixture LLE data have been experimentally measured for several of these systems. Those measured include mixtures with the methyl esters of lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids. Data were collected at atmospheric pressure and 60°C. These ternary systems have been correlated using the NRTL equation. These data and correlation parameters can be used to improve separations efficiency in trans-esterified biodiesel fuels.

<p> A series of 2-substituted Δ^3-1,3,4-oxadiazolines (i) were synthesized by oxidation of the corresponding hydrazones with lead-tetraacetate in alcohol, eq A. (See Diagram A in Thesis)</p> <p> These oxadiazolines, upon thermolysis, generated carbonyl ylide intermediates (ii). These ylides are known to undergo fragmentation into carbenes and carbonyl compounds, eq B. (See Diagram B in Thesis)</p> <p> A new series of products were found from the thermolysis of these types of oxadiazolines, ester azines iv and v. A possible mechanism for the formation of these ester azines involves carbene attack on the oxadiazoline to give an azomethine imine intermediate (iii) which can subsequently rearrange to give the azines and carbonyl compounds, eq C. (See Diagram C in Thesis)</p> <p> This mechanism is supported by the observation that the overall yields of ester azines rise with increasing initial concentration of oxadiazoline whereas the yield of propene, a rearrangement product of dimethyl carbene, falls with increasing initial concentration of oxadiazoline.</p> <p> The ester azines (R=CH3, CH2CH3 and CH(CH3)2) were found to be uniconfigurational and the E-configuration was assigned to ester azine iv and the E,E-configuration was assigned to ester azine v. Ester azines (R=C(CH3)3) were found to exist as configurational isomers. Equilibration studies were carried out on these ester azines and the thermodynamic parameters ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS° were found for equilibration shown in eq D. (See Diagram D in Thesis)</p> <p> Changing the R' substituent of i to OCH2CCl3 or OCH2CF3 did not stop fragmentation of the derived ylide. Ester azines were found from the thermolysis of these oxadiazolines also. They were found to be uniconfigurational and were assigned the E-configuration.</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

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