Fang Yujing. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 148-182). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Overview of the study --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Overview of Hypertension --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Overview of Obesity-Related Hypertension --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Body fat distribution --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Insulin resistance and Hyperinsulinaemia --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Sympathetic nervous system activity --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Genetics of Obesity --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.4.1 --- Brown adipose tissue (BAT) --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.4.2 --- Uncoupling protein --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.4.3 --- Uncoupling Protein 1 Gene --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3.4.4 --- Association of the UCP1 Polymorphism and Weight Gain in Obesity --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4 --- Overview of Genetics of Hypertension --- p.19 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- The Renin-Angiotensin System --- p.19 / Chapter 1.4.1.1 --- Functions of Renin-Angiotensin System --- p.20 / Chapter 1.4.1.2 --- The Renin-Angiotensin System and Hypertension --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Renin --- p.22 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Angiotensinogen --- p.25 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) --- p.29 / Chapter 1.4.4.1 --- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Gene --- p.29 / Chapter 1.4.4.2 --- Association of the ACE I/D Polymorphism with Hypertension --- p.30 / Chapter 1.4.4.3 --- Association of the ACE I/D Polymorphism with Other disease --- p.32 / Chapter 1.4.5 --- The Angiotensin II Receptor --- p.35 / Chapter 1.4.5.1 --- Type 1 Angiotensin II Receptor --- p.35 / Chapter 1.4.5.2 --- The Type 1 Angiotensin Receptor Gene --- p.36 / Chapter 1.4.6 --- Dopamine --- p.39 / Chapter 1.4.6.1 --- Dopamine Receptors --- p.42 / Chapter 1.4.6.2 --- The Dopamine D2 Receptor Gene --- p.45 / Chapter 2 --- Aims --- p.47 / Chapter 3 --- Materials and methodology --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1 --- Patient recruitment protocol --- p.48 / Chapter 3.2 --- Subjects --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Classification of Hypertension --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Definition of Dyslipidaemia --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Classification of Diabetes Mellitus --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Definition of Obesity --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Exclusion Criteria --- p.54 / Chapter 3.3 --- Routine Assessment --- p.54 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Blood Pressure --- p.54 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Measurements of obesity --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Body mass index --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Waist to hip ratio --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3.2.3 --- Skin-Fold Thickness --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3.2.4 --- Skinfold Percentage Fat --- p.56 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Biochemical measurements --- p.56 / Chapter 3.3.3.1 --- Assays measuring biochemical factors from plasma --- p.57 / Chapter 3.3.3.1.1 --- Plasma electrolytes --- p.57 / Chapter 3.3.3.1.2 --- Plasma urate --- p.57 / Chapter 3.3.3.1.3 --- Plasma creatinine --- p.57 / Chapter 3.3.3.1.4 --- Fasting plasma glucose --- p.57 / Chapter 3.3.3.1.5 --- Fasting plasma cholesterol --- p.57 / Chapter 3.3.3.1.6 --- Fasting plasma triglyceride --- p.58 / Chapter 3.3.3.2 --- Assays measuring biochemical factors from urine --- p.58 / Chapter 3.3.3.2.1 --- Urinary electrolytes --- p.58 / Chapter 3.3.3.2.2 --- Urinary creatinine --- p.58 / Chapter 3.3.3.2.3 --- Urinary albumin concentration --- p.58 / Chapter 3.4 --- Extraction of DNA from blood specimen --- p.59 / Chapter 3.5 --- Polymerase Chain Amplification protocols --- p.60 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Uncoupling protein 1 gene polymorphism --- p.60 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme insertion-deletion polymorphism --- p.62 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Angiotensin type 1 receptor gene A1166C polymorphism --- p.64 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- Dopamine D2 receptor TaqI polymorphism --- p.66 / Chapter 3.5.5 --- Dopamine D2 receptor TaqI polymorphism --- p.66 / Chapter 3.6 --- Statistical analysis --- p.68 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Paired sample T test --- p.68 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Conditional Logistic Regression --- p.68 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Linkage analysis --- p.69 / Chapter 3.6.3.1 --- Allelic frequency and genotypic distribution --- p.69 / Chapter 3.6.3.2 --- Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium --- p.69 / Chapter 3.6.3.3 --- Parametric analysis --- p.71 / Chapter 3.6.3.4 --- Nonparametric analysis --- p.71 / Chapter 3.6.3.4.1 --- The affected sib pair (ASP) method --- p.74 / Chapter 3.6.3.4.2 --- The affected pedigree member (APM) method of linkage analysis --- p.76 / Chapter 3.6.3.4.3 --- Quantitative traits linkage analysis --- p.79 / Chapter 4 --- Results --- p.81 / Chapter 4.1 --- Description of the characteristics of in siblings --- p.81 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Siblings and sib-pairs --- p.81 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Demographic characteristics --- p.81 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Relationship to age and gender --- p.83 / Chapter 4.1.3.1 --- Hypertension versus age and gender --- p.83 / Chapter 4.1.3.2 --- Central obesity versus age and gender --- p.83 / Chapter 4.1.3.3 --- General obesity versus age and gender --- p.84 / Chapter 4.1.3.4 --- Hypertension-central obesity versus age and gender --- p.84 / Chapter 4.1.3.5 --- Hypertension- general obesity versus age and gender --- p.85 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Relationship to anthropometric indices --- p.85 / Chapter 4.1.4.1 --- Large proportion of obesity --- p.85 / Chapter 4.1.4.2 --- Hypertension versus anthropometric indices --- p.86 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- Relationship to biochemistry indices --- p.87 / Chapter 4.1.5.1 --- Large proportion of dyslipidaemia --- p.87 / Chapter 4.2 --- Association between disease traits and covariates in discordant sib pairs --- p.87 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Association between blood pressure and covariates in discordant sib-pairs --- p.87 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Association between general obesity and covariates in discordant sib-pairs --- p.89 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Association between obesity related hypertension and covariates in combined discordant sib-pairs --- p.91 / Chapter 4.3 --- Description of the analysis of the polymorphisms of 4 genes which might be related to hypertension and obesity --- p.93 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- The uncoupling protein 1 gene --- p.93 / Chapter 4.3.1.1 --- Comparison of A-G polymorphism in terms of hypertension or obesity --- p.94 / Chapter 4.3.1.2 --- Comparison of A-G polymorphism in terms of HT and obesity --- p.97 / Chapter 4.3.1.3 --- Comparison of characteristics among different genotypes --- p.99 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- The angiotensin-converting enzyme gene --- p.99 / Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- Comparison of the ACE I/D polymorphism in terms of HT --- p.100 / Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- Comparison of characteristics among different genotypes --- p.101 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- The angiotensin type 1 receptor gene --- p.104 / Chapter 4.3.3.1 --- Comparison of the A T1R A1166C polymorphism in terms of HT --- p.104 / Chapter 4.3.3.2 --- Comparison of characteristics among different genotypes --- p.105 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- The Dopamine D2 receptor gene --- p.105 / Chapter 4.3.4.1 --- Comparison of the DRD2 gene TaqI polymorphism in terms of HT --- p.106 / Chapter 4.3.4.2 --- Comparison of the DRD2 gene TaqI polymorphism in terms of general obesity or central obesity --- p.108 / Chapter 4.3.4.3 --- Comparison of the DRD2 gene TaqI polymorphism in terms of general obesity/central obesity and HT --- p.110 / Chapter 4.4 --- Sib pair linkage analysis --- p.113 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Linkage between each gene and hypertension in our data --- p.114 / Chapter 4.4.1.1 --- Genetic linkage of the marker near the UCP1 gene locus to hypertension --- p.114 / Chapter 4.4.1.2 --- Genetic linkage of the angiotens in-converting enzyme gene locus to hypertension --- p.116 / Chapter 4.4.1.3 --- Genetic linkage of the angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptor gene locus to hypertension --- p.117 / Chapter 4.4.1.4 --- Genetic linkage of the dopamine D2 receptor gene locus to hypertension --- p.118 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Linkage between each gene locus and obesity in Hong Kong hypertensive Chinese families --- p.120 / Chapter 4.4.2.1 --- Genetic linkage of the uncoupling protein 1 gene locus to obesity with hypertensive family history --- p.120 / Chapter 4.4.2.2 --- Genetic linkage of the angiotens in-converting enzyme gene locus to obesity with hypertensive family history --- p.123 / Chapter 4.4.2.3 --- Genetic linkage of the angiotensin type 1 receptor gene locus to obesity with hypertensive family history --- p.124 / Chapter 4.4.2.4 --- Genetic linkage of the dopamine D2 gene locus to obesity --- p.127 / Chapter 5 --- Discussion --- p.129 / Chapter 5.1 --- Age-related anomalies --- p.129 / Chapter 5.2 --- Gender-related anomalies --- p.129 / Chapter 5.3 --- Obesity- related hypertension --- p.130 / Chapter 5.4 --- Abnormal biochemical parameters in hypertension --- p.131 / Chapter 5.5 --- Genetic parameters involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension and obesity. --- p.132 / Chapter 5.6 --- The uncoupling protein gene --- p.132 / Chapter 5.6.1 --- Higher frequency in central obese males --- p.132 / Chapter 5.6.2 --- Linkage of systolic blood pressure with G allele --- p.134 / Chapter 5.6.3 --- Metabolic link --- p.135 / Chapter 5.7 --- The angiotensin-converting enzyme gene --- p.137 / Chapter 5.7.1 --- The ACE D allele and hypertension in previous studies --- p.137 / Chapter 5.7.2 --- Positive role of the ACE DD genotype found in our data --- p.139 / Chapter 5.8 --- Angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene --- p.141 / Chapter 5.8.1 --- No linkage with HT --- p.141 / Chapter 5.9 --- Dopamine D2 gene --- p.143 / Chapter 5.9.1 --- Dopamine and obesity --- p.143 / Chapter 5.9.2 --- Linkage with obese and HT --- p.144 / Chapter 5.10 --- Summary of the study --- p.146 / Chapter 5.11 --- Possible further developments in this study --- p.146 / Chapter 6 --- References --- p.148

The sasswood ordeal of poison presents a divinatory ritual which has been used in criminal cases by the traditional African of Sierra Leone and Liberia. For at least six hundred years, the peoples of these present countries have imposed this strictest of ordeals on their moral transgressors; and the practice has survived, despite the protestations of nineteenth-century missionaries and the encroachment of the western world. The investigation of the historical evidence of the sasswood ordeal among the West Atlantic tribes of Africa has three basic purposes. First, because of the paucity of interpretive data on the sasswood ordeal, the primary purpose of the thesis has been to more clearly delineate the meaning, characteristics, and functions of this poison ordeal as well as the swearing of oaths among the peoples of Sierra Leone and Liberia by amalgamating historical and more contemporaneous evidence. To this end, the distribution of the ordeal was considered; and descriptions were made of the various characteristics of the trait--complex--the poison’s action, the ritual and ceremonial aspects, the sasswood specialist, the accusations made in connection with the ordeal as well as indigenous myths of origin of the ordeal. Intracultural correlations were then presented to demonstrate the interdigitation of the elements in a culture in relation to the ordeal. Finally, some functions, other than the obvious guilt-determining aspect, were presented to demonstrate the various ways in which it had been used historically. A second purpose of this thesis was to demonstrate the intrinsically conservative: qualities of the ordeal as an aspect of religion and law. By assessing the impact of specific historical influences in the region of the West Atlantic tribes, such as Islam, colonialism, slavery, and urbanization, it was shown that no significant change had been witnessed through the six-hundred-year period of the historical record. In concluding this aspect, it was noted that certain "weaknesses" in the historical record—such as its being "piecemeal" and recorded only infrequently--caused problems in interpreting what appeared to be an intrinsically conservative nature of the sasswood ordeal. A third purpose, related to the second, was the application and assessment of "ethnohistoriographic" techniques, that is, those specific methods of historical scholarship utilized by the ethnographer in investigating past cultures. The limits of the use of the ethnohistoriographic techniques included observational bias (which was readily accountable, dealing as it did with hyperbole), the preoccupation with "sensational" data (which provided disparities, over-emphases in the historical record), as well as political motivations such that national prejudice frequently determined the "interpretation" placed on the ordeal. In addition, it was noted that because the sasswood ordeal may be classified as "esoterica," the record for this practice was generally spotty; and this fact affected interpretations on the actual change manifested in the trait complex. The main contribution made by this study has been to afford future readers with a composite and relatively complete source of information on one specific type of poison ordeal practiced among the West Atlantic tribes of Sierra Leone and Liberia.

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<p>Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka de val, inslag och strategier som präglar nyanlända flyktingars vardag. För att kunna uppfylla syftet har fyra flyktingar intervjuats och uppsatsens disposition har strukturerats efter det som de upplevt som relevanta inslag i vardagen. Uppsatsens teoretiska ram är fenomenologisk, där fokus läggs på studiet av individers dagliga liv och den kunskap som styr utformningen av det. Materialet visar att informanterna trots skilda personligheter, olika förflutet och skild etnisk bakgrund skildrar vardagen på liknande sätt. De likartade upplevelserna visar på att tillvaron till stor del ordnas utifrån de valmöjligheter som samhället erbjuder och att utformandet av den personliga livsplanen struktureras efter dessa.</p>

No description available.

Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka de val, inslag och strategier som präglar nyanlända flyktingars vardag. För att kunna uppfylla syftet har fyra flyktingar intervjuats och uppsatsens disposition har strukturerats efter det som de upplevt som relevanta inslag i vardagen. Uppsatsens teoretiska ram är fenomenologisk, där fokus läggs på studiet av individers dagliga liv och den kunskap som styr utformningen av det. Materialet visar att informanterna trots skilda personligheter, olika förflutet och skild etnisk bakgrund skildrar vardagen på liknande sätt. De likartade upplevelserna visar på att tillvaron till stor del ordnas utifrån de valmöjligheter som samhället erbjuder och att utformandet av den personliga livsplanen struktureras efter dessa.

No description available.

Anthropological classics such as E. H. Man's On the Aboriginal Inhabitants of the Andaman Islands (1883) and A. R. Radcliffe-Brown's The Andaman Islanders (1922) are generally regarded as products of an emergent nineteenth century social science. These anthropological classics were accepted by contemporaries as authoritative statements in their authors' fields of competence, and the ethnographic 'pictures' of the aborigines they presented were accepted as accurate descriptions of indigenous life. The following thesis argues for an alternative approach to the history of the production of anthropological knowledge. It begins by exploring the gradual codification of observational practices in the nineteenth century British anthropology. The codification of ethnographic observation is examined in the case of anthropological manuals published between 1840 and 1892, and their methodological impact on the possibilities of data collection are discussed. Ethnographic observation is then approached from the point of view of media use, and the relationship between drawing and photography is discussed in relation to nineteenth century physical and cultural anthropology. The codification of ethnographic observation and the anthropological use of various representational media are the problematic for an intensive exploration of the production of anthropological knowledge in the Andaman Islands. The approach adopted focuses on unacknowledged strategies and marginalized knowledge which were nevertheless directly implicated in the production of ethnographic texts. Following this approach, the discipline of Anthropology comes to seem less an isolated intellectual activity, and more a residue of broad social, cultural, and political processes. Drawing on this perspective, the works of Man and Radcliffe-Brown on the Andaman Islanders are treated as the culmination of a history of representation that is built on and incorporates administrative strategies, representational media and s

Recent critiques of both the subject and method of anthropology have caused the discipline to reexamine its process of representation. This thesis provides an exploration of approaches to representation in visual anthropology, with specific emphasis on collaborative visual ethnography. Both theoretical and practical issues are considered. The first chapter traces the history of ethnographic film and discusses various approaches to subject participation in literature and films. The second chapter presents a theoretical basis for collaborative visual ethnography, primarily from "postmodern" critiques of anthropology and recent visual anthropology literature. The third chapter consists of an analysis of a video resulting from a collaborative project I facilitated, in order to illustrate ideas of collaborative visual ethnography in a practical setting. The fourth, and final, chapter examines the few examples of collaborative film and video that are documented in order to construct a framework for approaching collaborative projects.