Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2008. / Includes graphs and tables. Includes list of publications: p. iv. Title from title screen (viewed May 5, 2008). Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.

Thesis (M.A.)--Texas State University--San Marcos, 2009. / Vita. Appendices: leaves 49-65. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 66-72). Also available on microfilm.

Thesis (Ph. D.) -- Lincoln University, 2010. / Also available via the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Tasmania, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Queensland, 2004. / Includes bibliography.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-07-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:55:37Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 comelato_js_me_guara.pdf: 638138 bytes, checksum: 973ae32b21e0f4f1e48fb1406e756072 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-05-06T12:18:26Z: comelato_js_me_guara.pdf,Bitstream added on 2015-05-06T12:19:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000670919.pdf: 646855 bytes, checksum: cda353c2aa060d60af1e5369124b9d2e (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o comportamento da celulose kraft de eucalipto branqueada por diferentes reagentes e sua influência sobre as propriedades físicas e mecânicas do papel produzido, refino e propriedades das fibras. Os reagentes químicos utilizados nas sequências de branqueamento afetam significativamente as propriedades da polpa por despolimerização das cadeias de celulose e, consequentemente, a diminuição do comprimento das fibras. O refino tem por objetivo melhorar as interações entre as fibras, porém resulta em alterações estruturais, incluindo o encurtamento da fibra, fibrilação interna e externa, como também a produção de finos na polpa de celulose. O material utilizado foi uma polpa kraft industrial de eucalipto pré-deslignificada com oxigênio. As sequências de branqueamento foram do tipo ECF (livre de cloro elementar), objetivando alcançar uma alvura de 90 ± 0,5% ISO. A sequência D(E+P)DD foi utilizada como referência para as sequências AHTD(E+P)DD, D(E+P)D(PO) e PX(E+P)DD. As polpas foram classificadas em classificador laboratorial tipo Bauer-McNett de acordo com a norma TAPPI T233 – cm 25. As duas maiores porções de polpa retidas nas peneiras do equipamento foram refinadas nas mesmas condições de sua polpa não classificada. O comprimento das fibras, coarseness e teor de finos foram determinados em análise microscópica em aparelho FQA (Fiber Quality Analyser). As análises físicas, mecânicas e químicas foram determinadas de acordo com os procedimentos descritos pela norma TAPPI. As polpas das sequências branqueadas com os estágios AHT, PX e PO afetaram mais negativamente as propriedades físicas e mecânicas da polpa e aumentaram a concentração de polpa, que passaram em peneiras mais finas, pois estes reagentes são pouco seletivos. Para as polpas classificadas, a drenabilidade após o refino foi menor, pois quanto... / This study aims to evaluate the relation between the length of cellulose fibers and their influence on the refining, caused by different bleaching chemical reagents. The chemical reagents used in bleaching sequences affect significantly the composition of the pulp, causing depolymerization of cellulose chains, and by consequence, the reduction of fiber lengths. The refining aims to improve interactions between the fibers, but also results in composition changes, including fiber shortening, internal and external fibrillation, and also the production of fines in pulp. The material used was an industrial eucalyptus pulp pre-oxygen delignified. The bleaching sequences were type ECF (Elemental Chlorine Free), in order to reach a brightness of 90 ± 0.5% ISO. The sequence D(E+P)DD was used as reference to the AHTD(E+P)DD, D(E+P)D(PO) and PXA(E+P)DD sequences. The pulps were classified according to TAPPI T233 – cm 25 in a laboratorial Bauer-McNett classifier. The two major pieces of pulp retained in the equipment´s sieves were refined under de same conditions for the unclassified pulp. The size and coarseness of the fibers were determined by microscopic analysis, in a FQA (Fiber Quality Analyzer) equipment. The physical-mechanical and analytical properties were determined in accordance to TAPPI standards. The bleached pulps with AHT, PXA and PO stages were more negatively affected by the physical and mechanical properties of the pulp and increased the concentration of slurry that passed in thinner screens, because these reagents are less selective. For the classified pulps, the drainability after refining was lower thus the smaller the amounts of fines in pulp, the greater the space between the fibers. The absence of fines negatively affected the tensile, compression and smoothness properties of paper. The low percentage of fines in pulps was not significant for tear index, but it increased ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-12-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:35:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 mellojunior_ja_me_guara.pdf: 2889512 bytes, checksum: d5623bfc777387eead35d67eeaafaa93 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo preparar, caracterizar e avaliar diferentes polpas a partir da madeira de híbrido de Eucalyptus urograndis, objetivando elevados rendimentos e teor de alfa celulose dentro de especificações de qualidade exigidas pelo mercado internacional. O estudo baseou-se na pré-hidrólise aquosa da madeira de eucalipto em condições pré-estabelecidas, seguido do cozimento (polpação) kraft em função do álcali ativo para a obtenção de polpa com número kappa de 9±1. Após determinar a porcentagem de álcali ativo ideal, realizou-se outro estudo do cozimento kraft, com variação da sulfidez e adição de antraquinona (AQ) com o intuito de reduzir a taxa de sulfidez e avaliar o efeito da AQ para a obtenção de uma polpa com número kappa 9±1. As polpas marrons obtidas pelas diferentes condições foram caracterizadas e avaliadas quanto as suas propriedades químicas. Quanto aos resultados, verificou-se que o processo de pré-hidrólise foi extremamente eficaz, já que reduziu o teor de hemiceluloses em 61,3%. Com relação às polpações Kraft e Kraft/AQ para a obtenção de polpas com número kappa 9±1, destinadas á produção de polpa para dissolução, determinou-se as seguintes condições: a polpação Kraft foi alcançada com 17,4% de álcali ativo e com 25,0% de sulfidez. Já polpação Kraft com 0,1% de AQ foi realizada nas mesmas condições, mas com taxa de 8,8% de sulfidez. As polpas marrons obtidas apresentaram teores de hemiceluloses, alfa-celulose e rendimento satisfatórios, sendo o teor de hemiceluloses abaixo de 1%, teor de alfa-celulose acima de 97% e rendimentos acima de 40%, se mostrando acima dos valores constatados nas diversas literaturas consultadas / This study aimed to prepare, characterize and evaluate different from wood pulp from Eucalyptus hybrid urograndis aiming high incomes and levels of alpha cellulose within quality specifications required by the international market. The study was based on pre-aqueous hydrolysis of eucalyptus wood in predetermined conditions, followed by cooking (pulping) kraft depending on active alkali to obtain pulp with kappa number of 9 ± 1. After determining the percentage of active alkali ideal, there was another study of kraft cooking, ranging from sulfidity and addition of anthraquinone to obtain a pulp with kappa number of 9 ± 1. The pulps obtained by the different conditions were characterized and evaluated for their chemical, physical and morphological characteristics. In the results, it was found that the pre-hydrolysis process was extremely efficient, since it reduced the concentration of hemicelluloses in 61.3%. With respect to Kraft pulping and Kraft / AQ to obtain pulps with kappa number 9 ± 1, destined for the production of dissolving pulp, it was determined the following optimum condition. The kraft pulping was achieved with a rate of 17.4% active alkali as NaOH sulfidity 25.0%. Already kraft pulping with 0.1% anthraquinone was achieved with 17.4% active alkali, with the rate of 8.8% of sulfidity. Kraft Pulps obtained 17.4% AA and 25.0% S, Kraft / AQ and 17.4% AA 8.8% S and Kraft / AQ and 17.4% AA 25% S, showed levels of hemicelluloses, alpha cellulose and pulp yield significant, with rates below 1.0% hemicelluloses, cellulose alpha-rates above 99.0% and revenue up 40.0%, showing itself above the values found in various literature

The study focused on four research objectives: 1. To identify the species and provenances of eucalypts most suitable for biomass production in Great Britain. 2. To compare growth of eucalypts with other promising short rotation forestry genera. 3. To develop volume and biomass functions for E. gunnii. 4. To estimate yields and patterns of growth for E. gunnii. Searches on CAB abstracts and World of Science showed that there was limited research conducted on eucalypts in the UK. This research provides an original contribution to knowledge through; a long term assessment of the performance of species of cold tolerant eucalypts across a range of sites, identification of the basis for the rapid growth of eucalypts in comparison with trees from other genera, identification of the best fit function to describe stem form in E.gunnii and a characterisation of the pattern of growth in this species. The thesis provides an account of the long history of eucalypts in the UK, the first record of a eucalypt being planted in Britain probably being Eucalyptus obliqua in the late 1700s (Aiton 1789). A review is then provided of the experience and constraints to growing nine eucalypt species in the UK and their potential for short rotation forestry are described. The rapid growth of eucalypts makes them well suited to short rotation forestry, but there are considerable risks from frosts and extreme winters. Results from a trial established in Cumbria, north west England are described. Survival and growth was compared between E.gunnii, E. nitens and native or naturalised species, identified by Hardcastle (2006) as having potential for short rotation forestry. The rapid rate of growth of E. gunnii was attributed to a combination of large leaf area, a long period of growth during the year and a high specific leaf area. There was 99% mortality of E. nitens at the trial over winter, preventing comparison with other species. At the same trial and assessment was made of frost damage during the winter of 2009-2010, which proved to be the coldest for thirty years (Met Office 2010). E. gunnii was found to be more cold-tolerant than E. nitens, with 35% of the former surviving the winter and less than 1% of the latter. Larger trees were damaged more so than smaller trees reinforcing the argument for good silviculture to promote rapid, early growth. The study on stem form and growth of E. gunnii represents the first in the UK. Volume, height and dbh of a total of 636 trees, measured by felling, optical dendrometer and terrestrial laser scanner were used to test the goodness of fit of a volume function developed in France by AFOCEL and is South America by Shell Oil. The AFOCEL function was found to predict volume with less bias and be suitable for all but the smallest trees. Characterisation of growth curves using mined historic data indicated yields of 16 m3 ha-1 y-1 or approximately 8 t ha-1 y-1 at 20 years old. In contrast, growth curves derived from stem analysis of nine trees from Chiddingfold (south east England) and Glenbranter (central western Scotland) indicated lower yields at 7 m3 ha-1 y-1 at age 28 years and 4.5 m3 ha-1 y-1 at age 30 years respectively. Evidence from plantings elsewhere in the UK show that higher rates of growth are possible, but also that yields are often compromised by high mortality.

No presente trabalho está descrita a análise de experimentos de microarranjos de DNA realizados pelos pesquisadores do Projeto GENOLYPTUS em conjunto com a empresa NimbleGen Systems Inc. (Reykjavik, Iceland), assim como a validação dos resultados gerados por essa análise, com a finalidade de encontrar genes diferencialmente expressos entre folhas e xilema de E. grandis para futuro estudo. O processo de análise dos microarranjos de DNA envolveu a busca por um software com programas estatísticos adequados ao estudo de grande quantidade de dados com mínima probabilidade de erro. A comprovação dos resultados gerados pelo software escolhido foi realizada com o uso da técnica da reação em cadeia da DNA-polimerase quantitativa (em tempo real) precedida de transcrição reversa (qRT-PCR). Alguns dos genes mais diferencialmente expressos foram selecionados para esta etapa, juntamente com alguns genes com expressão não tão alta. Os genes mais expressos nas folhas que foram escolhidos codificam para; (i) uma proteína semelhante à metalotioneína do tipo 3 (MT-3); (ii) uma glicolato-oxidase; (iii) uma catalase; (iv) uma fosforribulocinase precursora de cloroplasto (PRK); (v) um fator de transcrição MYB do tipo MYB142 e, (vi) uma proteína tipo “dedo-de-zinco”. Os genes mais expressos no xilema escolhidos foram os que codificam (i e ii) duas proteínas expressas em Arabidopsis thaliana; (iii) uma proteína hipotética expressa em Nicotiana benthamiana; (iv) uma descarboxilase de UDPglicuronato do tipo 2, (v) uma quitinase do tipo ELP; (vi) uma celulosesintase tipo 3; (vii) um fator de transcrição MYB; (viii) uma cafeoil-CoA-3- O-metiltransferase (CCoAOMT) e; (ix) uma proteína rica em prolina híbrida do tipo 2 (HyPRP2). Os resultados das qRT-PCRs demonstraram que o experimento de microarranjo e seus resultados foram consistentes e válidos, embora os primeiros tenham demonstrado valores de expressão freqüentemente mais altos. Acreditamos que tanto a análise dos microarranjos de DNA quanto a equivalência das amostras (duplicatas) biológicas estudadas foram totalmente sustentadas pelos resultados da qRT-PCR, pois foram robustas o suficiente para estimar um grande número de genes simultaneamente e indicar aqueles mais importantes como candidatos para futuras análises. / In the present work it is described the analysis of DNA microarray experiments developed by GENOLYPTUS researchers together with Nimblegen Systems Inc. (Reykjavik, Iceland), as well as the validation of the generated results with the aim to find differentially expressed genes between leaves and xylem tissue of E. grandis for further study. The DNA microarray analysis process comprised the search for software containing statistical programs satisfactory for studying an enormous amount of data with a very low false discovery rate. The confirmation of the generated data by the chosen software was made with the use of quantitative (real-time) reverse-transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Some of the most differentially expressed genes were selected for this step, along with some genes with average expression. Leaf chosen genes were those that codify (i) a metallothionein-like protein type 3 (MT-3), (ii) a glycolate oxidase, (iii) a catalase, (iv) a precursor phosphoribulokinase (PRK) from chloroplast, (v) a MYB transcription factor (MYB142), and (vi) a CONSTANS-LIKE 16 zincfinger protein. Xylem chosen genes were those codifying (i and ii) two expressed proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana, (iii) a hypothetic protein expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana, (iv) a putative UDP-glucuronate decarboxylase type 2, (v) a chitinase type ELP (ectopic deposition of lignin in pith), (vi) a cellulose synthase type 3, (vii) a MYB transcription factor, (viii) a caffeoyl-CoA 3-O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT), and (ix) a hybrid proline-rich protein type 2 (HyPRP2). Our qRT-PCR results proved the full consistency and validation of the microarray experiments, although the relative expression ratios of the first were often higher. We believe that our microarray analysis as well as the equivalence of biological samples (duplicates) were fully supported by the qRT-PCR findings since they were robust enough to evaluate a massive number of genes and able to point out important candidate genes.

Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2017-03-30T18:08:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 497483 bytes, checksum: 799187a8040ab486030824a44f88bfca (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-30T18:08:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 497483 bytes, checksum: 799187a8040ab486030824a44f88bfca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-10-30 / O gênero Eucalyptus é o mais freqüente entre as árvores plantadas no Brasil. Sabendo-se que os besouros desfolhadores são as mais importantes pragas em florestas de eucaliptos em vários países e, que a principal espécie de besouro desfolhador de eucaliptos no Brasil é Costalimaita ferruginea (Fabr.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Tornou-se necessário conhecer com mais detalhes o comportamento daninho desta espécie, bem como as conseqüências do seu ataque às árvores de eucalipto. Para tanto foram identificadas quatro intensidades de ataque do besouro C. ferruginea, em plantio de Eucalyptus grandis, com idade entre 7 e 9 meses, e avaliadas as conseqüências deste ataque, durante o ciclo desta floresta, até a época de corte (sete anos). As árvores foram avaliadas quanto ao seu crescimento, produção de madeira, formato do fuste e sobrevivência. A descrição da ocorrência foi feita por meio do uso do sistema de monitoramento da praga, em uso no local. Para conhecer as conseqüências do ataque da praga sobre o povoamento florestal, nove medições foram realizadas entre os 12 e 84 meses de idade da floresta, sendo a sobrevivência das árvores quantificada nestas ocasiões. Aos 84 meses foi feita a cubagem rigorosa de árvores, segundo as quatro intensidades de ataque avaliadas para verificar as conseqüências do ataque na forma do fuste das árvores. Os dados das variáveis de interesse, que foram: diâmetro a 1,3 m de altura (dap); altura (Ht); área basal (B); volume de madeira por hectare (V); relação hipsométrica (Ht x dap); forma do fuste (taper); e sobrevivência das árvores, foram submetidos a análises de regressão. De posse das equações ajustadas para cada variável de interesse, procedeu-se um teste de identidade de modelos, que comparou, para cada variável, as diferentes intensidades de ataque causado pela praga às árvores com a testemunha. Verificou-se que todas as variáveis estudadas foram negativamente alteradas, de forma significativa, por todas as intensidades de ataque da praga, causando efeitos indesejáveis, tanto para as árvores como para o povoamento, gerando informações de fundamental importância na prática do manejo integrado deste importante grupo de pragas florestais, os besouros desfolhadores. / The eucalyptus species has been the most cultivated tree in Brazil and the leaf- beetles have been the most important pests in eucalyptus forests in some countries. The main species of eucalyptus leaf-eating beetles is Costalimaita ferruginea (Fabr.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and it is necessary to know more details about the harmful behavior of this specie, as well as the consequences of its attack on eucalyptus trees. For this reason, four attack intensities of C. ferruginea beetles in Eucalyptus grandis plantation in the age between 7 and 9 months were identified and their consequences during the forest cycle until the cut period (seven years) were evaluated. The trees were analyzed in relation to their growth, wood production, bole format and survival. The description of the occurrence was made through the pest monitoring system used in the place. In order to know the consequences of the pest attack in the forest stand, nine measurements were carried out when the forest was between 12 and 84 months and the survival of the trees was quantified in these periods. When the forest reached 84 months a rigorous tree scaling was made according to four evaluated intensities of attack to verify its consequences in the tree bole form. The data of the variable of interest, that were: diameter: 1,3 m high (dap); height (Ht); basal area (B); wood volume for hectare (V); hypsometric relation (Ht x dap); bole form (to taper); and the survival of the trees, were submitted to the regression analysis. Through these equations adjusted for each variable of interest, a model identity test was made. It compared for each variable the different intensities of attack caused by the pest to the trees with the control. It was verified that all the studied variables were modified in a negative and significant way for all the intensities of the pest attack causing an undesirable effect as for the trees as for the stand. The resulting information has a great importance for the integrated management practice and for this important group of forest pest: the leaf-beetles. / Não foram localizados o cpf e o currículo lattes do autor.