Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-01-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:20:44Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ciavatta_sf_me_botfca.pdf: 3454572 bytes, checksum: f31729f851b589b38098fc17eb7c2832 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este estudo teve por objetivo verificar a influência do fracionamento da adubação na produção e qualidade de mudas de Eucalyptus spp. nos períodos de inverno e verão. O experimento foi conduzido no Viveiro do Departamento de Recursos Naturais / Setor de Ciências Florestais, na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, pertencente à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (FCA) da UNESP, no município de Botucatu - SP. As espécies estudadas foram: no inverno, o Eucalyptus grandis Hill. Ex. Maiden e no verão o Eucalyptus grandis Hill. Ex. Maiden, o Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake e o híbrido Eucalyptus grandis vs. Eucalyptus urophylla (Eucalyptus urograndis). O substrato usado foi o produto comercial denominado Mec Plant® - Florestal 3. O delineamento estatístico foi inteiramente casualizado, composto por 4 tratamentos caracterizados pelas freqüências de adubações, sendo T1 a T4 respectivamente, mudas fertirrigadas semanalmente, duas e três vezes na semana e diariamente. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por 5 repetições de 48 plantas cada, sendo as 24 e 12 centrais, respectivamente, para o experimento de inverno e verão, as consideradas úteis para as avaliações. Foram avaliadas as seguintes características nas mudas: altura da parte aérea (H); diâmetro de coleto (DC); massas de matéria seca da parte aérea (MSA), das raízes (MSR) e total (MST); estruturação das raízes; transpiração; teores e acúmulos de macro e micronutrientes da parte aérea e radicular. Concluiu-se que, para o período de inverno, a adubação mais freqüente, conseqüentemente a mais diluída, proporcionou um melhor desenvolvimento e qualidade da muda, embora a transpiração tenha sido superior para esse tratamento. Para o período de verão, o híbrido E. urograndis não teve seu desenvolvimento e qualidade influenciados... / The present study had for object to verify the influence of fertilization fraction in the production and quality of Eucalyptus spp. seedlings in winter and summer periods. The experiment was conducted in the nursery of the Natural Resources Department/ Forest Science Section, in Lageado Experimental Farm, belonging to the Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (FCA) of UNESP, localized in Botucatu - SP. The studied species were: Eucalyptus grandis Hill. Ex. Maiden (in winter and summer periods), Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake (in summer periods) and the hybrid Eucalyptus grandis vs. Eucalyptus urophylla (Eucalyptus urograndis) (in summer periods). It was used the commercial product Mec Plant® - Forest 3 as growing medium. The experiment was completely randomized compounded by 4 treatments, characterized by the frequencies of fertilizations, being T1 to T4 respectively, seedlings fertirrigated weekly, two times in the week, three times in the week and daily. The treatments were made by 5 repetitions of 48 plants each, being 24 and 12 centers, respectively, for the experiment of winter and summer, considered useful for the evaluations. The seedlings were evaluated as: aerial part height (H); diameter of collect (DC); aerial part dry mass matter (MSA), roots dry mass matter (MSR) and total dry mass matter (MST); roots structuring; transpiration; tenor and accumulation of macro and micro nutrients of aerial and root parts. It was concluded that the more frequent fertilization, consequently, more dilute solution, provided a better development and seedlings quality, although the superior transpiration for this treatment. For the summer period, the hybrid E. urograndis did not have is quality and development influenced by the fractionating of the fertilization. For E. grandis and E. urophylla species the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Os óleos essenciais são metabólitos secundários extraídos de plantas e apresentam diversas propriedades para fins medicinais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar o óleo essencial de folhas secas de E. staigeriana, verificar sua atividade antimicrobiana e antibiofilme frente a bactérias gram-positivas e gram-negativas e avaliar a expressão dos genes de virulência e resistência em Listeria monocytogenes e Enterococcus faecalis resistente a vancomicina (VRE) na ausência e presença de concentração sub-inibitória do óleo essencial, por PCR quantitativo em tempo real (qPCR). A caracterização do óleo foi realizada por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a massa (GC-MS) verificou-se a presença de 21 compostos, sendo os constituintes majoritários o geranial (28,67 %), neral (19,68 %) e limoneno (17,29 %). A ação antimicrobiana foi avaliada e observou-se que o óleo apresentou atividade frente a bactérias gram-positivas, com diâmetros de halos de inibição de 0 a >45 mm. A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) foi determinada para bactérias gram-positivas, sensíveis e resistentes a agentes antimicrobianos como VRE, e variou de 0,19 a 6,25 %. Ação antibiofilme do óleo foi avaliada tanto na formação, quanto sob um biofilme pré-estabelecido. O óleo essencial apresentou capacidade de inibir a formação do biofilme de todas as cepas testadas, mas pouca ou nenhuma capacidade de remoção do biofilme pré-formado. Na análise de expressão gênica por qPCR para L. monocytogenes, verificou-se que três dos genes de estresse celular (sufS, sod e degU) apresentaram uma diferença significativa na presença do óleo. Para a cepa de E. faecalis VRE, nenhum gene selecionado apresentou alteração na expressão gênica. Como conclusão, este estudo demonstrou que o óleo essencial de folhas secas de E. staigeriana possui atividade antimicrobiana do frente a bactérias gram-positivas e sem atividade em gram-negativas. / Essential oils are secondary metabolites extracted from plants and they have been showing several medicinal properties. The aim of this study was to characterize the essential oil extracted from dry leaf of E. staigeriana, as well as to verify the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and to evaluate the expression of virulence and resistance genes in Listeria monocytogenes and Enterococcus faecalis vancomycin resistant (VRE) in the absence and presence of sub-inhibitory concentration of the essential oil by quantitative real time PCR (qPCR). The oil characterization was performed by CG-MS and it was verified the presence of 21 compounds, being the geranial (28.67 %), neral (19.68 %) and limonene (17.29 %) the major compounds. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated and it was observed that the essential oil has effect against gram-positive, with inhibition zone diameter ranges from 0 to 45 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined, to sensible and resistant gram-positive bacteria to antimicrobial agents, such as VRE, and varied between 0.19 to 6.25 %. The anti-biofilm action of the oil was verified on formation, and under a pre-established biofilm. The essential oil showed capacity to inhibit the biofilm formation for all tested strains, but few or no ability to remove the pre-established biofilm. In the analysis of gene expression by qPCR for L. monocytogenes, three cell stress genes (sufS, sod and degU) with significant difference in the presence of the oil. For E. faecalis VRE strain no one of the selected genes showed alteration in the gene expression. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the potential of essential oil from dry leaf of E. staigeriana for future use in the control of gram-positive bacteria.

O eucalipto é a arbórea mais cultivada no mundo para a exploração comercial de madeira. No Brasil, a principal espécie do gênero Eucalyptus utilizada é E. grandis, cujo cultivo, principalmente de híbridos com outras espécies, é voltado para a produção de celulose e papel. A relevância econômica do eucalipto para o Brasil e para vários países do mundo tem estimulado avanços científicos e tecnológicos, desde a área de biologia molecular até a silvicultura e a indústria de processamento da madeira. Entre os tópicos de interesse em biologia molecular estão genes e proteínas responsáveis pelo crescimento, pela qualidade da madeira e pela resposta vegetal a estresses ambientais. A família de proteínas Dof (DNA binding with one finger) compreende fatores de transcrição exclusivos de plantas, caracterizados pela presença do domínio Dof de ligação ao DNA, que contém uma estrutura semelhante ao domínio “dedo-de-zinco”. Esses fatores estão relacionados à ativação e à inibição de promotores de genes envolvidos nos mais variados fenômenos metabólicos das plantas tais como desenvolvimento do endosperma, metabolismo de carboidratos, germinação de sementes, desenvolvimento vascular e resposta a fitormônios. Pelo presente trabalho, visou-se caracterizar os fatores de transcrição Dof de E. grandis realizando-se análises filogenéticas com ferramentas de bioinformática, além de ensaios de RT-qPCR para se determinar perfis de expressão relativa dos genes Dof de E. grandis em folhas, caules e raízes de plantas sob diferentes tratamentos bióticos e abióticos que incluíram ABA, NAA, KIN, NaCl e seca. As análises filogenéticas permitiram a identificação de dez pares de genes parálogos no genoma de E. grandis, além de 13 grandes clados e nove pequenos grupos de genes ortólogos entre E. grandis, Arabidopsis thaliana e Populus trichocarpa. Os resultados permitiram-nos sugerir funções aos fatores de transcrição Dof de E. grandis. Os perfis de expressão relativa exibidos levaram-nos a concluir que os genes Dof são expressos em diversos órgãos e apresentam diferentes graus de acúmulo de mRNAs sob diferentes tratamentos. / Eucalypt is the most widely cultivated tree in the world for commercial logging. In Brazil, the main species of the Eucalyptus genus used is E. grandis, whose cultivation, mainly done with hybrids, is geared primarily for the production of pulp and paper. The economic relevance of eucalypts in Brazil and many countries worldwide has stimulated scientific and technological advances, from molecular biology to forestry and wood processing industry. Among the topics of interest in molecular biology are genes and proteins responsible for growth, the quality of wood and the plant response to environmental stress. The Dof (DNA binding with one finger) family of proteins comprehends plant exclusive transcription factors characterized by the presence of the DNA binding Dof domain, which is similar to the zinc finger domain. Dof transcription factors are related to the activation and inhibition of the promoters of genes involved in various plant metabolisms such as endosperm development, carbohydrate metabolism, seed germination, vascular development and response to phytohormones. In this study, we aimed to characterize the Dof transcription factors of E. grandis through phylogenetic analyzes using bioinformatic tools, in addition to RT-qPCR assays to determine the relative expression profiles of E. grandis Dof genes in leaves, stalks and roots of plants under different biotic and abiotic treatments that included ABA, NAA, KIN, NaCl and drought. Phylogenetic analysis allowed the identification of 10 pairs of paralogous genes in the genome of E. grandis, in addition to 13 major clusters and 9 small groups of orthologous genes between E. grandis, Arabidopsis thaliana and Populus trichocarpa, which allowed us to suggest functions for the E. grandis Dof transcription factors. The relative expression profiles showed that the Dof genes are expressed in various organs and display different degrees of mRNA accumulation under different treatments.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O 1,8-cineol, o α-pineno e β-pineno sÃo monoterpenos constituintes do Ãleo essencial de plantas encontradas no Nordeste do Brasil como a âmalva-santaâ e o âeucaliptoâ (Ãleo Essencial do Eucalyptus tereticornis - OEET) que, na medicina popular, sÃo usadas no tratamento de distÃrbios intestinais e respiratÃrios. As aÃÃes miorrelaxantes desses Ãleos essenciais sÃo atribuÃdas à presenÃa desses monoterpenos. Nosso objetivo foi estudar mais detalhadamente os efeitos desses constituintes, assim como o do OEET, sobre a contratilidade do mÃsculo liso gastrintestinal e sobre o efeito procinÃtico em ratos. No presente estudo, foram usados ratos Wistar machos (180-250g) sacrificados por deslocamento cervical. Tiras de duodeno, Ãleo e fundo de estÃmago foram cortados e mantidos em soluÃÃo de Tyrode normal. As contraÃÃes isomÃtricas foram registradas atravÃs de transdutores de forÃa conectados a sistema computadorizado. SoluÃÃes contendo o 1,8-cineol, o α-pineno ou β-pineno foram preparadas em Tween 80 (concentraÃÃo final ≤ 0,2% v/v). Usados isoladamente, o OEET, o 1,8-cineol, o α-pineno e β-pineno diminuÃram o tÃnus basal em tiras de duodeno. Em tÃnus basal de tiras isoladas de fundo gÃstrico, o OEET e o 1,8-cineol possuÃram efeito miorrelaxante, enquanto o α-pineno e o β-pineno possuÃram efeito contrÃtil. Esse efeito contrÃtil do α-pineno e do β-pineno em tiras isoladas de fundo gÃstrico à por possÃvel interferÃncia com o mecanismo dependente de IP3 e independe da ativaÃÃo local do receptor muscarÃnico e de uma aÃÃo central na ativaÃÃo de receptores nicotÃnicos, da mesma forma, o efeito miorrelaxante na musculatura lisa duodenal à mediado por possÃvel interferÃncia com os mecanismos celulares mediados pela formaÃÃo de IP3. AlÃm disso, como demonstrado anteriormente, em Ãleo de rato, esses monoterpenos provavelmente ativam as vias de entrada de Ca2+ para a cÃlula em situaÃÃes de depleÃÃo dos estoques intracelulares. Em estudos de retenÃÃo fracional de corante no trato gastrintestinal, o OEET, o 1,8-cineol, o α-pineno e o β-pineno promoveram a aceleraÃÃo do esvaziamento gÃstrico. O α-pineno e β-pineno tambÃm aceleraram o trÃnsito intestinal e reduziram a complacÃncia gÃstrica. Os nossos dados mostram que OEET possui propriedades prÃ-cinÃticas, que podem ser atribuÃveis aos efeitos contrastantes induzidos por α-pineno e β-pineno, corroborando com dados apresentados anteriormente (JucÃ, 2007). / The monoterpenes 1,8-cineole, α-pinen and β-pinene are constituents commonly found in several essential oils obtained from plants in Brazilian northeast such as âmalva-santaâ and âeucaliptoâ (Essential Oil of Eucalyptus tereticornis - EOET), which are used in folk medicine to treat respiratory and gastrointestinal dysfunctions. Myorelaxant actions are due to the presence of these constituents in their essential oils. The present work aimed to further study the pharmacological effects of these compounds, as well as the EOET, on smooth muscle gastrointestinal contractility and the prokinetic effect in rats. Wistar rats (200-250 g) were used, sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Strips were carefully obtained from gastric fundus, duodenum and ileum, and were maintained in normal Tyrode‟s solution. Isometric contractions were recorded through force transducers coupled to a computerized data acquisition system. Solutions containing 1,8-cineolo, α-pinene or β-pinene were prepared with Tween 80 (final concentration ≤ 0,2% v/v). Solely used, EOET, 1,8-cineole, α-pinene or β-pinene decreased duodenal basal tonus. In basal tone of gastric fundus isolated strips, EOET and 1,8-cineole had relaxant effect, while α-pinene and β-pinene had contractile effect. This contractile effect of α-pinene and β-pinene in isolated strips of gastric fundus is due to possible interference with IP3-dependent mechanism and independent of the muscarinic receptor activation and a central action in the activation of nicotinic receptors, in the same way, the duodenal smooth muscle relaxant effect is mediated by possible interference with the cellular mechanisms mediated by the formation of IP3. Moreover, as shown above, in the rat ileum, monoterpenes activate capacitative Ca2+ entry to intracellular milieu after Ca2+ stores depletion. The α-pinene and β-pinene also accelerated intestinal transit and reduced gastric compliance. Our data show that OEET has prokinetic properties in rats, which may be attributable to the contrasting effects induced by α-pinene and β-pinene, corroborating data presented previously (JucÃ, 2007).

No presente trabalho está descrita a análise de experimentos de microarranjos de DNA realizados pelos pesquisadores do Projeto GENOLYPTUS em conjunto com a empresa NimbleGen Systems Inc. (Reykjavik, Iceland), assim como a validação dos resultados gerados por essa análise, com a finalidade de encontrar genes diferencialmente expressos entre folhas e xilema de E. grandis para futuro estudo. O processo de análise dos microarranjos de DNA envolveu a busca por um software com programas estatísticos adequados ao estudo de grande quantidade de dados com mínima probabilidade de erro. A comprovação dos resultados gerados pelo software escolhido foi realizada com o uso da técnica da reação em cadeia da DNA-polimerase quantitativa (em tempo real) precedida de transcrição reversa (qRT-PCR). Alguns dos genes mais diferencialmente expressos foram selecionados para esta etapa, juntamente com alguns genes com expressão não tão alta. Os genes mais expressos nas folhas que foram escolhidos codificam para; (i) uma proteína semelhante à metalotioneína do tipo 3 (MT-3); (ii) uma glicolato-oxidase; (iii) uma catalase; (iv) uma fosforribulocinase precursora de cloroplasto (PRK); (v) um fator de transcrição MYB do tipo MYB142 e, (vi) uma proteína tipo “dedo-de-zinco”. Os genes mais expressos no xilema escolhidos foram os que codificam (i e ii) duas proteínas expressas em Arabidopsis thaliana; (iii) uma proteína hipotética expressa em Nicotiana benthamiana; (iv) uma descarboxilase de UDPglicuronato do tipo 2, (v) uma quitinase do tipo ELP; (vi) uma celulosesintase tipo 3; (vii) um fator de transcrição MYB; (viii) uma cafeoil-CoA-3- O-metiltransferase (CCoAOMT) e; (ix) uma proteína rica em prolina híbrida do tipo 2 (HyPRP2). Os resultados das qRT-PCRs demonstraram que o experimento de microarranjo e seus resultados foram consistentes e válidos, embora os primeiros tenham demonstrado valores de expressão freqüentemente mais altos. Acreditamos que tanto a análise dos microarranjos de DNA quanto a equivalência das amostras (duplicatas) biológicas estudadas foram totalmente sustentadas pelos resultados da qRT-PCR, pois foram robustas o suficiente para estimar um grande número de genes simultaneamente e indicar aqueles mais importantes como candidatos para futuras análises. / In the present work it is described the analysis of DNA microarray experiments developed by GENOLYPTUS researchers together with Nimblegen Systems Inc. (Reykjavik, Iceland), as well as the validation of the generated results with the aim to find differentially expressed genes between leaves and xylem tissue of E. grandis for further study. The DNA microarray analysis process comprised the search for software containing statistical programs satisfactory for studying an enormous amount of data with a very low false discovery rate. The confirmation of the generated data by the chosen software was made with the use of quantitative (real-time) reverse-transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Some of the most differentially expressed genes were selected for this step, along with some genes with average expression. Leaf chosen genes were those that codify (i) a metallothionein-like protein type 3 (MT-3), (ii) a glycolate oxidase, (iii) a catalase, (iv) a precursor phosphoribulokinase (PRK) from chloroplast, (v) a MYB transcription factor (MYB142), and (vi) a CONSTANS-LIKE 16 zincfinger protein. Xylem chosen genes were those codifying (i and ii) two expressed proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana, (iii) a hypothetic protein expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana, (iv) a putative UDP-glucuronate decarboxylase type 2, (v) a chitinase type ELP (ectopic deposition of lignin in pith), (vi) a cellulose synthase type 3, (vii) a MYB transcription factor, (viii) a caffeoyl-CoA 3-O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT), and (ix) a hybrid proline-rich protein type 2 (HyPRP2). Our qRT-PCR results proved the full consistency and validation of the microarray experiments, although the relative expression ratios of the first were often higher. We believe that our microarray analysis as well as the equivalence of biological samples (duplicates) were fully supported by the qRT-PCR findings since they were robust enough to evaluate a massive number of genes and able to point out important candidate genes.

Orientador: Paulo Mazzafera / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T01:13:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sobczak_JullyanaCristinaMagalhaesSilvaMoura_M.pdf: 2446892 bytes, checksum: 4c97412103a3d5abdab642b94a070f35 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O controle de deposição de ligninas em diferentes espécies de Eucalyptus foi estudado utilizando baixa temperatura como modulador. Em baixas temperaturas, foi observada redução significativa dos crescimentos foliares de E. camaldulensis, E. grandis e E. pellita e isto pareceu ser um mecanismo adaptativo a este tipo de estresse. Em E. camaldulensis e E. pellita ocorreram reduções significativas dos crescimentos caulinares. Já em E. globulus, foi observado um aumento significativo destes crescimentos, demonstrando existir temperaturas preferenciais para cada espécie que podem estar relacionadas com a distribuição natural das mesmas, bem como com padrões de atividades enzimáticas, expressões gênicas e acúmulo diferencial de ligninas. Foi observada uma atividade diferencial de guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), siringaldazina peroxidase (SPX) e polifenoloxidases (PPO) nas espécies de Eucalyptus expostas às baixas temperaturas. Adicionalmente, foi observado também um padrão de expressão gênica diferenciado para as enzimas envolvidas na biossíntese dos precursores monolignóis das ligninas e variações na deposição de ligninas, indicando haver um efeito dos tratamentos de baixas temperaturas nestes processos. Em E. pellita, as maiores atividades de peroxidases e polifenoloxidases nas regiões apicais das plantas expostas aos tratamentos de baixa temperatura foram acompanhadas de um maior acúmulo de ligninas nessas regiões, bem como de uma redução do crescimento caulinar. Em E. grandis e em E. camaldulensis observou-se que as atividades de peroxidases e polifenoloxidases tendem a ser maiores em baixas temperaturas. Observou-se também uma maior expressão de importantes genes envolvidos na biossíntese dos monolignóis precursores das ligninas, mas isto não foi acompanhado de uma maior deposição de ligninas nestas plantas. Em E. grandis não ocorreram reduções dos crescimentos caulinares em baixas temperaturas, mas em E. camaldulensis as reduções observadas poderiam estar relacionadas como outros fatores, como uma maior degradação de AIA, promovida pelo aumento das atividades de peroxidases. Em E. globulus foram observadas reduções significativas das atividades enzimáticas analisadas, tanto nas amostras de ápices quanto em bases caulinares, expostos às baixas temperaturas. Esta menor atividade enzimática também foi acompanhada de uma menor expressão de genes envolvidos na biossíntese de ligninas. Observou-se uma redução da concentração de ligninas determinadas por ácido tioglicólico nas amostras de ápice e base das plantas expostas às baixas temperaturas e a quantidade de lignina insolúvel e solúvel, determinada pelo método Klason, aumentou nas amostras de ápices. Deste modo, em E. globulus, a maior tendência de redução de ligninas poderia estar associada com o maior crescimento desta espécie em baixas temperaturas. Ao utilizar um estresse como modulador da biossíntese de ligninas, alguns dos genes envolvidos puderam indicar possíveis pontos específicos do metabolismo de ligninas a serem alterados para se produzir plantas melhoradas com menor teor deste polímero / Abstract: The control of lignin deposition in different Eucalyptus species was studied using low temperature as a modulator. Under low temperatures, a significant reduction of leaf growth was observed in E. camaldulensis, E. grandis and E. pellita and this seemed to be an adaptive mechanism to this type of stress. Significant reductions of stem growth were observed for E. camaldulensis and E. pellita. In contrast, a significant increase of stem growth was found for E. globulus, indicating that the optimal growth temperatures for each species might reflect their natural distribution or patterns of enzymatic activities, patterns of gene expression and differential accumulation of lignins. Differential activities of guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), syringaldazine peroxidase (SPX) and polyphenol oxidases (PPO) were observed for the Eucalyptus species exposed to low temperatures. It was also observed that a pattern of differential gene expression exists for the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of monolignol lignin precursors, as well as variations in lignin deposition, indicating an effect of the low temperature treatments in these processes. The increased peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activities in the stem apical regions of E. pellita plants exposed to the low temperature treatments were accompanied by an increase in lignin accumulation in these regions. A reduction in stem growth was also found in this species. It was observed that the peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activities tend to be greater under low temperatures for both E. grandis and E. camaldulensis. Additionally, a transcriptional increase of important genes involved in the biosynthesis of monolignol lignin precursors was found, although this was not accompanied by an increase in lignin deposition in these plants. A reduction in stem growth was not observed at low temperatures for E. grandis but in E. camaldulensis the observed reduction in growth could also be related to others factors, such as a greater degradation of AIA promoted by the increase in the activity of peroxidases. A significant reduction was observed for all of the enzymatic activities analyzed, in both shoot tips and shoot bases of E. globulus plants exposed to low temperature treatments. This lower enzymatic activity was also accompanied by a lower expression of genes involved in lignin biosynthesis. The amount of lignin determined by thioglycollic acid in the samples of shoot tips and shoot bases of the plants exposed to low temperatures was reduced and the amount of acid insoluble and soluble lignin, determined by the method of Klason, increased significantly in the shoot tips. Thus, the tendency of reducing lignin content under cold treatment observed for E. globulus could be associated with its increase in growth at low temperatures. By using a stress as a modulator of lignin biosynthesis, some of the genes involved may indicate possible specific points of lignin metabolism that could be changed when breeding plants for lower content of this polymer / Mestrado / Mestre em Biologia Vegetal

Este trabalho trata dos aspectos geográficos e históricos dos eucaliptos, na Austrália e no Brasil, com atenção especial para a situação no Vale do Paraíba, estado de São Paulo. O trabalho possui três capítulos, nos quais são tratados temas pertinentes à questão dos eucaliptos no Brasil. Existem diferentes tipos de plantios de eucaliptos, em áreas urbanas e rurais, com finalidades comerciais e não-comerciais. Focou-se principalmente os extensos plantios em áreas rurais, com finalidade comercial. Os resultados das medições e informações coletadas demonstram que no Vale do Paraíba paulista ocorrem impactos ambientais positivos e negativos a partir do cultivo de eucaliptos, exigindo medidas para minimizar os impactos negativos e recuperar as áreas rurais da região. / This work deals of geographics and historic aspects of eucalyptus, in Australia and Brazil, with particular emphasis for the situation in the region of Vale do Paraíba, São Paulo state. The work have three chapters, where are treated the relevant themes related to the eucalyptus in Brazil. There are different types of eucalyptus plantations, in urban and rural areas, for commercial and not commercial purposes. Focused mainly the extensive plantations in rural areas, for commercial purposes. The results of the measures and informations collected show that in the Vale do Paraíba region, occurring positive and negative environmental impacts, from the cultivation of eucalyptus, requiring measures to minimize negative impacts and recover the rural areas of the Region.

The use of techniques for determining the productive capacity of a forest site depends on its sensitivity to evaluate or to predict the interaction between the genetic factors of the species and the environment (climate, soil, physiography). This work was developed in the southern part of Rio Grande do Sul state and aimed to evaluate the influence of soil properties in different soil classes, with the production capacity by the dominant height (h100) for Eucalyptus saligna (clone 32864) and seminal plantations of Eucalyptus dunnii. Thus, we selected 16 inventory plots based on genetic material and dendrometric variables as the dominant height (h100), mean annual increment (MAI), volume of wood with bark (m3/ ha-1) designed for seven years. Form these 16 plots, nine plots were E. dunnii and seven plots were E. Saligna. In each selected site trenches were opened to classify the soil, to collect soil samples for chemical (pH, MO, Ca, Mg, Al, P, S, K, Zn, Cu, B, CTC,ph7, V) and physical analysis ( particle size, particle density and soil porosity, macro and microporosity, soil water retention curve , saturated hydraulic conductivity) and to collect litter. Profiles/plots showed variations in soil classes, site index, source material, morphological, chemical and physical soil characteristics and amount of litter. We analyzed four classes of representative soils of the study region: Argissolos (PVe, PVd, PBACd, PBACe, PAd), Neossolos (RRd), Luvissolos (TCo) and Cambissolos (CXbd). The dominant height (h100) showed a minimum height of 22.9 m ( Profile 13 - RRd) and maximum height of 29.3 m (Profile 10-TCo) for E. dunnii and for the clone E. saligna the IS showed a minimum height of 22.4 m (Profile 11- PAd) and maximum of 28.7 m (Profile 16-PVe). The statistical analysis between dominant height (h100) and the physical, chemical and morphological soil characteristics was performed by the use of multiple regression analysis, which aimed to verify the significance of the input variables to determine the dominant height. The equations that best correlated the dominant height to soil attributes were derived from the layers 10-20 cm and 60-80 cm when were considered both genetic materials. However, when genetic materials were evaluated separately the equations that best correlated the dominant height to soil attributes were derived from the layers 10-20 cm and 20-40 cm for E. dunnii, and from the layers 40 - 60 cm and 60 - 80 cm for clone E. saligna, which shows the different relations between the genetic material and the analyzed soil profiles. The depth of the A + B horizons, the silt, the organic matter and the concentration of boron, potassium and calcium were the attributes that gave the highest contribution in the models to explain the productive capacity of the profiles analyzed by dominant height. / O emprego de técnicas para determinação da capacidade produtiva de um sítio florestal depende de sua sensibilidade para avaliar ou prever a interação entre os fatores genéticos da espécie e o ambiente (clima, solo, fisiografia). O presente trabalho desenvolvido na região da Metade Sul do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul teve como objetivo avaliar a influência dos atributos do solo, em diferentes classes de solo, com a capacidade produtiva através da altura dominante (h100) o Eucalyptus saligna (clone 32864) e plantios seminais de Eucalyptus dunnii. Desta forma, selecionaram-se 16 parcelas de inventário florestal com base no material genético e variáveis dendrométricas como a altura dominante (h100), incremento médio anual (IMA) e volume de madeira com casca (m3/ha-1) projetados para os sete anos, sendo 9 parcelas de E. dunnii e 7 parcelas de E. Saligna. Em cada sítio selecionado abriu-se trincheiras para classificação do solo, coleta de amostras para análises químicas (pH, MO, Ca, Mg, Al, P, S, K, Zn, Cu, B, CTC ph7, V) físicas (granulometria, densidade de partícula e do solo, porosidade total, macro e microporosidade, curva de retenção de água no solo, condutividade hidráulica saturada) e coleta de serapilheira. Os perfis/parcelas apresentaram variações quanto as classes de solos, altura dominante, índice de sítio, material de origem, características morfológicas, químicas e físicas do solo e quantidade de serapilheira. Foram analisadas 4 classes de solos representativas da região do estudo: Argissolos (PVe, PVd, PBACd, PBACe, PAd), Neossolos (RRd), Luvissolos (TCo) e Cambissolo (CXbd). A altura dominante (h100) apresenta altura mínima de 22,9 m (Perfil 13 - RRd ) e máxima de 29,3 m (Perfil 10 -TCo) para E. dunnii e para o clone E. saligna o IS apresenta altura mínima de 22,4 m (Perfil 11 - PAd) e 28,7 m (Perfil 16 - PVe). A análise estatística entre altura dominante (h100) e os atributos físicos, químicos e morfológicos do solo foi realizada através do emprego da análise de regressão múltipla buscando-se verificar a significância das variáveis de entrada para determinação da altura dominate. As equações que melhor relacionaram a altura dominante (h100) com os atributos do solo foram as oriundas das camadas de 10 a 20 cm e da camada de 60 a 80 cm quando considerados os dois materiais genéticos. Entretanto, quando os materiais genéticos foram avaliados separadamente as equações que melhor relacionaram o índice de sítio com os atributos do solo foram as equações oriundas das camadas de 10 a 20 cm e 20 a 40 cm para E. dunnii, 40 a 60 cm e 60 a 80 cm para o clone de E. saligna, evidenciando relações distintas entre os materiais genéticos e o solo nos perfis analisados. A profundidade dos horizontes A+B, o silte, a matéria orgânica e os teores de boro, de potássio e cálcio foram os atributos que mais contribuíram nos modelos para explicar a capacidade produtiva nos perfis analisados através da altura dominante (h100).

The ability of eucalypt trees to grow in different soil aspects, under variable climatic and environmental conditions and to grow fast consistently producing straight stems has made them preferred plantation trees in many parts of the world. The world‘s increased demand for pulp wood has been the major contributor to the aggressive extensive development of eucalyptus plantations around the world. The productivity of these trees is however hindered in both native and introduced plantations by pests and pathogens. Chapter 1 of this thesis is a literature review on Teratosphaeria suttonii as the causative agent of Teratosphaeria Leaf Disease on Eucalyptus. The chapter highlights the taxonomic placement of T. suttonii in the genus Teratosphaeria and the name changes of the species as a consequence of molecular taxonomy. The effects of the pathogen on Eucalyptus plantations in different parts of the world as well as the incidence and range of Eucalyptus species that host the pathogen are presented. In addition the review summarizes much of the information published on the distribution, hosts range and evolutionary relationships of T. suttonii with closely related species in the genus Teratosphaeria. In conclusion, it highlights the lack of understanding of the degree of diversity of the pathogen from different parts of the world. In order to characterize and establish the phylogenetic relationships between T. suttonii isolates from different countries, chapter 2 of this thesis considered microscopic examination and DNA sequence comparisons of isolates from its native and introduced localities. The isolates were classified into a single genetically and morphologically diverse group within which representatives of different countries were intermixed in smaller groups. A high level of genetic variation was evident among Australia isolates but despite the diversity there was no overwhelming evidence for sibling species. In Chapter 3 of this thesis eleven microsatellite markers were developed from three T. suttonii isolates obtained from 2 geographic areas. The markers were used in Chapters 4 and 5 to investigate the genetic diversity of T. suttonii in both its native and introduced environments and to establish factors underlying such diversity. The application of the markers in Chapters 4 and 5 provide the first consideration of the diversity of T. suttonii in both its native and introduced localities respectively. Both native and introduced pathogen populations exhibit substantially high genotypic diversities. It is evident from these studies that Australia is the point of origin of T. suttonii and that anthropogenic activities have resulted in repeated introductions of the pathogen from Australia into many countries. Teratosphaeria suttonii is of great significance to the eucalyptus plantation industry across the world. Movement of diseased germplasm and introduction of new genotypes favors pathogen adaptability. In order to reduce the distribution of the pathogen into new areas or any other places where it might have negative effects, strict quarantine procedures should be followed. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2013 / Microbiology and Plant Pathology / Unrestricted

Genetic variances and heritabilities in a cloned Eucalyptus grandis breeding population of families derived from open pollinated selections were estimated and the results are presented. The genetic variance was partitioned into additive and non-additive genetic variance components that allowed the estimation of broad and narrow sense heritabilities. Predicted gains for breeding and production population options are discussed. The magnitude of the coefficient of relationship between sibs was shown to have a considerable impact on the estimate of variance components and the importance of understanding the level of relatedness in the population is highlighted. Growth traits (volume, diameter at breast height/DBH, height), stem from and disease tolerance were assessed at 38 and 66 months in each of the three separate trials established as sub-populations of the breeding population. The additive genetic variance was the largest proportion of genetic variance for the growth traits (84% for volume, 94% for height and 74% for DBH), whereas the proportion of non-additive genetic variance was notably higher for stem form and disease tolerance (37% and 46% respectively). The growth traits and stem from are, economically, the most important traits and a breeding strategy that exploits the additive genetic variation by selection to increase the frequency of the alleles causing the desirable genotypes is appropriate. The higher proportion of non-additive genetic variance for disease does, however, suggest higher gains (compared with the afore-mentioned strategy of selection for general combining ability) will be achieved by exploiting the non-additive variance by for example, selection for specific combining ability, using inbred lines, clones. The composition of the genetic variance was investigated separately in the F1 and F2 families to obtain an indication of whether or not there was a change in proportion of non-additive and additive genetic variance over the two generations. A notably larger proportion of non-additive variance was found for the growth traits and stem form among the F2 families. This is probably due to the reduction in additive variance through selection for these traits in the previous generations. No selection for disease took place in earlier generations and the proportion of non-additive genetic variance for this trait remains approximately the same over both generations. These results may indicate that with advanced generations of breeding in this population, that gains achieved through selection for additive variance will decline compared with that achieved in previous generations. A strategy for future generations that exploits non-additive variance may be appropriate. A high proportion of error variance was estimated and in situations such as these, cloning is particularly beneficial as is shown by the high clone mean heritabilities estimated in these trials. High mortality, resulting in fewer ramets per clone, erodes the benefit of cloning in these trials. The predicted gains showed the benefit of the cloned breeding population both in terms of breeding population gains and production population gains. Reducing the breeding cycle by bulking up clones faster will also increase gains per year. High gains in the production population were predicted, particularly for the selection of tested clones for deployment, which can be done at the same time as selections are made for the next generation. The benefit of the cloned population was therefore shown to be twofold, namely increasing the accuracy of within family selection and increasing the gains in the rapid deployment of tested clones and therefore facilitating the faster realization of predicted gain in the plantation. / Dissertation (MSc (Genetics))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Genetics / unrestricted