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Trade marks are information carriers through which direct contact between buyers and sellers is obtained and maintained. In today’s consumer society, which is overburdened with increasingly subtle and artificial product differentiation, most purchasing decisions would be difficult without any feedback mechanism between the products on offer and potential consumers. Accordingly, producers need a symbol that is capable of providing this feedback by conveying the relevant information about the products to consumers, without boring or over-educating them. On the other hand, consumers need a symbol to guide their choice and express their preferences. To convey this information in an effective manner there must be a clear link with the producer, or at least the commercial entity responsible for marketing the product. The most convenient and effective way of establishing this link would be through the product’s trade mark. Nonetheless, modern business and marketing practices are increasingly driving a change in the role of trade marks from consumer protection tools to investment protection tools. This significant change has created a deep tension at the heart of trade mark law and has hindered attempts to formulate a coherent body of law. Accordingly, this thesis examines the causes of this tension by evaluating the current European trade marks protection system and its contributions towards promoting free competition and enhancing social and economic welfare. In addition, this thesis tests the developing national and Community trade mark decisions against economic arguments to judge how these decisions are responding to and dealing with the tension within the law. Moreover, the thesis explores how the law can avoid the problem of over or under protection by establishing a balance between protection of and access to trade marks rights. To achieve this goal the responsible authorities must resolve the fundamental challenges of ‘what do we want to protect in a trade mark?’ and leading on from this, ‘what is the scope of an efficient system of trade marks protection?’ Furthermore, this thesis considers how the trade marks system should deal with the wider economic functions of trade marks and their implications for the specific topics of dilution, comparative advertising and parallel importation. Finally, the thesis concludes by calling for the creation of a balanced trade mark protection system through the application of the legal and economic tools indentified throughout this study.

A considerable corpus of information regarding the formation of terrestrial archaeological deposits exists which is not matched by studies of deposit formation in coastal waters. Similarly, there is a disjunction between strident calls for minimal disturbance investigation, with conservation in situ, and knowledge of how this might actually be achieved in the marine environment. The manner in which the investigation of deposit formation can complement the study of in situ conservation is considered An approach is proposed which combines selected elements of Schiffer's Transformation Theory with a method of studying changes to deposits outlined by Wildesen. It is suggested that, although sufficient regularities can be detected in the influence of formation processes to allow their influence to be recognised and inference refined accordingly, there are case specific limitations on the extent to which the precise influence of each process can be described and evaluated. A case study is presented which investigates casual depredation as a formation process. Commercial fishing activity and marine burrowing activity are the subject of detailed consideration. New insights into these processes result from this study and specific recommendations concerning in situ conservation of deposits subject to their influence are made. The need to consider fishing practice as well as the mechanical properties of fishing gear in the study of deposit formation and protection is emphasised. The excavation of a 16th century wreck in Studland Bay, Dorset, is used to demonstrate the pervasive influence of burrowing activity and the problems associated with mitigation of this process. Recommendations are made regarding future study of formation processes and the development of policy related to the management of the submerged archaeological resource.

published_or_final_version / Transport Studies / Master / Master of Arts

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Planning theory is turning again towards the question of power, particularly in relation to recent claims to a new communicative planning 'paradigm'. This thesis investigates how Foucauldian discourse analytics, embracing concepts of discourse, power/knowledge, rationality and space can contribute in sensitising planning research to power. A Foucauldian approach is developed which problematises the construction of rationality in spatial planning processes, focusing on the institutionalisation of rationality in the tools that provide decision-support. The power relations that condition this construction process are investigated in a detailed case study of the treatment of environmental risks in the policy process for the trans-European transport network. Key events are analysed, as a new policy discourse of European space and mobility emerges and is institutionalised in an ED policy framework. A narrative of the micro-politics of power at work focuses on the construction of Strategic Environmental Assessment as the principal tool in institutionalising a new discourse of environmental integration into TEN-T policy discourse. The case study operationalises discourse analytics in a way which embraces social practices and institutional dynamics as well as texts, showing the value of a non-textually oriented research design. The result is a detailed analysis of how power relations affected environmental integration in a critical area of ED policy making. Discoursive struggles were found to shape the local struggles taking place within the policy process, between EU institutions, individuals within them, and other interests. The policy outcome for environmental risks was found to be heavily conditioned by these struggles. These findings contribute to general understanding of the struggles for hegemony between economic, political and environmental discourses in spatial planning at EU and other levels. The operationalisation of a Foucauldian discourse analytic approach in this study suggests its usefulness in planning research, as well as in exploring theoretical questions about the relations between discourse, rationality, power/knowledge and space in spatial planning.

Throughout the long history of the library, there have been many examples of methodical approaches to creating techniques, tools and knowledge that contribute to creating the library profession as we know it today. Collection arrangement and book labelling represent skills that are built into the very foundations of librarianship.With the opening of each new library, with collection merging or moving, or when building open access to a collection from scratch, librarians continue to question the methods they inherited. Librarians have to have a good understanding of the details and functions of book labelling in order to make an informed decision on how much of the work required for book labelling and re-shelving can be saved or replaced by other methods of locating and presenting documents.

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