This dissertation is concerned with an analysis of the dynamic of West European terrorism and European Community/Union (EC/EU) counter-terrorism as it has evolved since the late 1960s. The first half of the study is devoted to an investigation of the nature of the terrorist phenomenon itself; the factors that were primarily responsible for its escalation from the late 1960s onwards; the new and continuing trends that are likely to affect the future course of terrorism within Western Europe into the 1990s. The main focus of the second half of the project centers on an examination of the effectiveness and appropriateness of the latest EU provision to counter terrorism (and other major threats to internal security) - the Maastricht third "pillar." This assessment is made from a perspective that takes into account questions of both operational anti-terrorist proficiency and liberal democratic acceptability. Police and security forces throughout the EU have strongly endorsed the third pillar as providing an efficient response to serious criminality. However, from a liberal democratic point of view, the Maastricht provisions raise critical questions concerning the underlying ideological rationale that appears to be guiding the Twelve's evolving internal security cooperation, the lack of public debate surrounding this coordination and the absence of any effective means to control closer EU judicial and law enforcement action. All this poses a serious problem for the future of EU counterterrorism cooperation. Close coordination between the EU member states is absolutely necessary if the continuing threat of terrorism in Western Europe is to be effectively quashed in the 1990s. However, one cannot realistically expect this to happen if fundamental fears exist over the desirability and legitimacy of establishing ever closer internal security cooperation. It is therefore vital that in the headlong rush to provide for an enhanced international operational capacity to deal with terrorism critical considerations of democratic control and acceptability (both of which the EU as well as individual member states are sworn to uphold by virtue of their "status" as a liberal democratic entities) are not lost by the Union Twelve.

Texte remanié: Diss.--Philosophische Fakultät--Bonn--Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität, 1990.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1971. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Texte abrégé de: Diss.--Philosophisch-historische Fakultät--Universität Bern, 1990. / Bibliogr. p. 250-269.

This dissertation is concerned with an analysis of the dynamic of West European terrorism and European Community/Union (EC/EU) counter-terrorism as it has evolved since the late 1960s. The first half of the study is devoted to an investigation of the nature of the terrorist phenomenon itself; the factors that were primarily responsible for its escalation from the late 1960s onwards; the new and continuing trends that are likely to affect the future course of terrorism within Western Europe into the 1990s. The main focus of the second half of the project centers on an examination of the effectiveness and appropriateness of the latest EU provision to counter terrorism (and other major threats to internal security) - the Maastricht third "pillar." This assessment is made from a perspective that takes into account questions of both operational anti-terrorist proficiency and liberal democratic acceptability. Police and security forces throughout the EU have strongly endorsed the third pillar as providing an efficient response to serious criminality. However, from a liberal democratic point of view, the Maastricht provisions raise critical questions concerning the underlying ideological rationale that appears to be guiding the Twelve's evolving internal security cooperation, the lack of public debate surrounding this coordination and the absence of any effective means to control closer EU judicial and law enforcement action. All this poses a serious problem for the future of EU counterterrorism cooperation. Close coordination between the EU member states is absolutely necessary if the continuing threat of terrorism in Western Europe is to be effectively quashed in the 1990s. However, one cannot realistically expect this to happen if fundamental fears exist over the desirability and legitimacy of establishing ever closer internal security cooperation. It is therefore vital that in the headlong rush to provide for an enhanced international operational capacity to deal with terrorism critical considerations of democratic control and acceptability (both of which the EU as well as individual member states are sworn to uphold by virtue of their "status" as a liberal democratic entities) are not lost by the Union Twelve. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate

Internationalisation has become part of the daily life of most small and medium sized enterprises (SME) in Europe. The internationalisation of enterprises is a dynamic phenomenon and is in this thesis studied as one specific example of change processes in the development of SMEs. Previous research on internationalisation has largely been explorative, most often without any modelling of causal relationships, and with insufficient definitions of concepts. The dominating dynamic models have been based on the assumption of un idirectional changes in small steps, and only cross sectional data have been used. The present research is one of the first where longitudinal date is available for studying the process of internationalisation. The data comes from a panel consisting of 1700 SMEs from 7 countries in Europe where each firm is observed 4 or 5 times in the period 1991-95. Around 47% ofthe enterprises in the panel exhibit development of their export quota which can be explained by an incremental change modeL. Importantly, an almost equally large proportion, 45% ofthe enterprises, exhibit fluctuations in their export quota which can not be explained by the incremental change models. Although variations have been found, the non-incremental change patterns are significantly represented in all countries, all size classes of enterprises and in all industry sectors; and can therefore be considered to be general features -- not patterns associated with specific sub groups of enterprises. The causal analyses of factors influencing export orientation were not able to identify a temporally stable regression model for export quota. The endogenous variable market extension has been found to be influenced by four composite measures: external interaction (+), available capacity (-), employment (+), and manager capabilities (+). Measured by growth in total sale, there is clear evidence that the non-regular change patterns of export quotas can not be regarded as indicators of failure. On the contrary, the results suggest that the non-regular change patterns identifY enterprises which successfully use adaptation and flexibility to their competitive advantage. An initial model was build on previous research where conceptualisation and relationships have mainly been tested with cross-sectional data. This model did not stand up to a test with longitudinal data. The discrepancy between cross sectional and longitudinal modelling indicates that there is a qualitative difference in what can be deduced from research based on one observation and multiple observations. The same conclusion can be derived from the fact that factor analyses as well as path analyses produced different results when the yearly data sets were analysed separately or concurrently.

This thesis explores the relationship between the determinants and the components of the labor outflow from Turkey, Italy and Spain to the industrial parts of Europe. It is a comparative study analysing the historical backgrounds of these countries and the characteristics of their people who work in various countries of the continent. It covers a period of fiftyfour years (1920-19Th) in three eras: The Ease Era, 1920-1950; The Pre-Migration Era, 1950-1960; The Migration Era, 1960-19Th. It studies the role of the Pre-Migration Era as a "thresho1" to the labor outflow with the hypothesis that the existence of the "threshold" plays an important role in making the components of the labor outflow the same for all the three countries considered, in spite of their different socio-economic backgrounds.For the pursuance of the objectives, the study uses secondary data on two sets of socio-economic variables. The first set analyses the Base Era and the Pre-Migration Era. The second set analyses the Migration Era,The results found prove the points hypothesized, but with variations.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Dept. of Political Science, March 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2006. / Advisor: Jonathan Leib, Florida State University, College of Social Sciences, Dept. of Geography. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Sept. 13, 2006). Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 326 pages. Includes bibliographical references.