Repo-Man is a chromatin-associated PP1 targeting subunit that coordinates chromosome re-organisation and nuclear envelope reassembly during mitotic exit. At the onset of mitosis, Repo-Man association with the chromosomes is very dynamic; at anaphase, Repo-Man targets to the chromatin in a stable manner and recruits PP1 to de-phosphorylate histone H3 at Thr3, Ser10 and Ser28. Previous studies have suggested that CDK1 and AuroraB are the kinases responsible for the inactivation of the complex and for its dispersal at the onset of mitosis respectively. We have previously shown that the binding of Repo-Man to PP1 is decreased in mitosis and we have identified a region adjacent to the RVTF motif that contains multiple mitotic phosphosites (RepoSLIM). This region is conserved only in another PP1 targeting subunit: Ki-67. In order to understand the importance of this region for the complex formation and stability, we have conducted mutational analyses on several residues, and addressed their contribution towards Repo-Man chromosome targeting and PP1 binding in vivo. We have identified new sites in Repo-Man that, when phosphorylated, contribute to the weakening of the binding between Repo-Man and PP1. Interestingly, our results also indicate that several kinases are involved in the mitotic regulation of the complex. We have also identified Lamin A/C as a Repo-Man substrate and introduced a new model for Lamin A/C regulation at interphase. Furthermore, we identified Repo-Man as a marker of malignancy in tripe egative breast cancer, which controls cell movement and levels of important oncogenic markers Aurora A and C-Myc, and propose Repo-Man/PP1 complex as a therapeutic target for the treatment of triple negative breast cancer through the newly identified RepoSLIM.

Two of the most robust results from dynamic competitive models of industrial organization suggest that higher sunk cost industries should exhibit (1) higher intertemporal variability in the market value of their firms, and (2) lower intertemporal variability in the size of their industries. These predictions have done well empirically. This paper argues on theoretical and empirical grounds that depreciation generates countervailing effects.

This paper evaluates the impact of a large macroeconomic shock on poverty. In particular, we use longitudinal data from the European Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) comprising almost two million individuals from 29 European countries in order to quantify changes in poverty transition patterns caused by the 2007 global financial crisis. Because the crisis was largely unforeseeable, it provides an appealing natural experiment allowing us to isolate the causal effect of a substantial macroeconomic shock on poverty. Employing semiparametric mixed discrete time survival analysis, we find that conditional poverty entry hazards increased temporarily by 13.4% during the crisis, while post-crisis they are estimated to be 15.7% lower than before. Not only entry hazards have decreased, also conditional exit hazards are estimated to be 31.4% lower post-crisis compared to before. Ceteris paribus, the crisis therefore has made it more difficult to slip into poverty, yet those who were already poor face substantially lower prospects to escape. Exploring determinants of poverty transitions, we find that being retired, having a permanent job, owning one's dwelling instead of renting it, age, marital status, and household size are the most important protective factors against poverty. Finally, we show that mostly a housing cost overburden seems to be responsible for the persistence of poverty. / Series: INEQ Working Paper Series

This dissertation explores the effectiveness and consequences of three distinct education policies. The first chapter analyzes the effects of high school exit exams on graduation, employment and wage outcomes. We construct a state-graduation year cohort dataset using the Current Population Survey data, US Census data and information on the timing and difficulty of exit exams in different states. Using this dataset we analyze within-state variation in outcomes overtime. Overall, we find relatively modest effects of high school exit exams. We do not find consistent effects on graduation rates for exit exams that assess academic skills taught below the high school level; however, we find that more challenging standards-based exams reduce graduation rates. We also find that about one-half of the reduction in graduation rates associated with exit exams is offset by an increase in GED rates. Our analysis of labor market outcomes suggests that exit exams increase employment rates, but we find no effect of exit exams on the distribution of wages. Chapter two analyzes the institutional consequences of the California Class-Size Reduction (CSR) program. This program provides incentive funding if schools limit the class-size in grades K-3 to twenty or fewer students. We find that some schools and school districts limit their enrollment levels in order to maximize the CSR subsidy payment. In particular, the distribution of grade and district enrollments exhibits a prominent pattern of peaks that occur at multiples of twenty, where CSR payment is the largest. In order to achieve exact enrollment levels, schools must be reassigning students above the desired thresholds to nearby schools or nearby school districts. We also find that schools that limit their enrollments are well-performing schools with a low percentage of students who receive free or reduced price meals. The last chapter analyzes the academic consequences of the Texas Top 10 Percent Law. In 1998, state universities in Texas began using high school class rank as the sole factor in university admissions. This policy was implemented to increase enrollment of minority and economically disadvantaged students, but it generated criticism that such beneficiaries of rank-based admissions lack the academic preparation necessary to perform well in college. I test this claim by analyzing academic performance of rank-eligible students who attended UT Austin before and after the law. To account for grade inflation I use a difference-in-differences framework with students not eligible for rank-based admissions as controls. The difference-in-differences estimates may be overstated, however, because academic quality of the control group may have increased after the law. I use propensity score matching methods to correct for this. Finally, I correct for the confounding effects of GPA ceiling on the difference-in-differences estimates. Both the baseline and the adjusted estimates suggest that mean college GPA of rank-admitted students declined after the law.

There are fewer female entrepreneurs than their male counterparts worldwide. This disparity persists even in countries like Sweden with the highest gender equality index scores and therefore presumed to be more gender equal. Moreover, women are underrepresented in the entrepreneurship literature. With fewer studies exploring female entrepreneurs and the gender-specific challenges, they face because ofinsufficient support, financial and otherwise. Gender equality in entrepreneurship has socio-economic importance and it plays a significant role in the overall economic growth. Making entrepreneurship a crucial economic development tool for women. With previous research showing that female entrepreneurs tend to exit their ventures at a higher rate, in this study we have explored the entrepreneurial exit decisions of female entrepreneurs with a focus on Sweden. Through our qualitative study, we interviewed 10 women that had previously made an entrepreneurial exit. Our findings show that female entrepreneurs mostly exit due to voluntary reasons, which affirms previous research that has found that female entrepreneurs are more likely to exit voluntarily than male entrepreneurs for mostly personal reasons and not because of underperformance (Justo et al., 2015; Jawarna et al., 2020). Moreover, we have further explored voluntary exits and involuntary exits. With findings showing that voluntary exits happen mostly due to management-related issues, economic instability, geographic relocation, or when the entrepreneur finds what they perceive as a better opportunity. All the involuntary exits in this study were a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study contributes to the literature of entrepreneurial exit as well as gender studies with its recommendations.

This qualitative study examines the prevalence of violent extremist groups and criminal gangs in a county in Sweden, and what support is available for people in the county who want to leave these groups. The participants consist of eight people who in their profession can meet people who want to leave criminal gangs or violent extremists. The participants work in six different professions and in four different municipalities. Through semi-structured interviews data were collected which were analyzed based on Thematic Analysis. The theoretical frame of reference for this study is Hirschi's theory of social bond. The results show that in the studied county there is some occurrence of violent extremism, but especially of criminal gangs. From what emerges, there is a lack of insight and awareness of this among different professional groups. Support for people who want to leave criminal gangs or violent extremism is very limited, there are no Exit programs and there are no routines and contact routes between the actors involved that may be relevant for these people. Protection may be available, but other support is lacking. The conclusion of this study is that increased knowledge, awareness and support and treatment interventions in this area are central to counteracting the increase, in particular, gang crime. The results of the study can contribute to the crime prevention work in the county by highlighting the existence of this problem and the need for support for this target group. / <p>2022-01-31</p>

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When an individual decides to end a criminal lifestyle, it becomes crucial to understand how both society and the surrounding view the individual. The labeling that previously existed can still be used against the defector and reduce the opportunities in society that can be offered. This also becomes an obstacle for the individual to make a role exit and delays the change process. However, the surroundings and new interests become a motivation for not making a relapse.The purpose of the research is to study the process of change that young adult men make when they leave the criminality and the adversities they encounter during their lifetime. A qualitative method was applied to study the topic where seven participants were interviewed and shared their life stories. With a phenomenological starting point, the social reality that defectors make when they leave organized crime is accounted for. Furthermore, the research is based on eleven previous researches that have been done in Sweden, South Africa and the USA, which describe important aspects. The theoretical framework consists of Ebaughs role exit theory and Goldberg's labeling theory. The previous research shows a connection and understanding that exists among the responses of defectors, and the theories reinforce what is emphasized in the analysis. There is a central reason why the defectors chose to break off the relationship with the gang, which is described as maturity, among other things. Even prosocial relationships become the reason for the decision of defectors to leave criminality. This will also be crucial for the participants' life chances to be able to reintegrate into society.

No description available.

No description available.