Os efluentes corados ainda são um problema em estações de tratamento de esgoto. Os corantes normalmente apresentam estruturas complexas e difíceis de serem degradadas por processos convencionais, entrando no meio ambiente aquático e causando impacto visual, mudanças nas características físico-químicas da água, prejudicam a fotossíntese do meio e podem apresentar efeitos ecotóxicos. Para o tratamento de vários tipos de efluentes, os Processos Oxidativos Avançados (POAs) são eficientes, rápidos e promovem uma oxidação não seletiva. Os POAs podem se tornar mais eficazes com o acoplamento de outras tecnologias, como as micro-ondas. As micro-ondas não possuem energia suficiente para quebrar as ligações intermoleculares, mas quando somadas ao processo UV/H2O2 pode haver um efeito sinérgico melhorando o desempenho do POA. Neste trabalho, buscou-se a otimização do processo UV/H2O2 acoplado às micro-ondas utilizando-se uma lâmpada de descarga sem eletrodo (LDE) de Hg e Fe. Utilizou-se um planejamento experimental para estudar a degradação de uma mistura de três corantes ácidos de classes diferentes: Acid Blue 9 (C.I. 42090, triarilmetano), Acid Red 92 (C.I. 45410, xanteno) e Acid Yellow 23 (C.I. 19140, monoazo). A variável-resposta observada foi a concentração residual dos corantes medida por CLAE. As condições ótimas para o tratamento foram: concentração inicial de peróxido de hidrogênio = 125 mg L-1, pH= 6,2 e vazão = 800 mL min-1. Em 180 min de tratamento, correspondente a 45 min de irradiação alcançou-se uma degradação de 23, 20 e 98% para AB9, AR92 e AY23 respectivamente. O modelo cinético foi de pseudo 1ª ordem para o AY23, com k = (1,7 ±0,041) × 10-2 min-1 e R² = 0,990. Não foi possível determinar a cinética de degradação do AB9 e do AR92 por causa da baixa degradação alcançada (aproximadamente uma ordem de grandeza menor). A partir das análises de espectrometria de massas, observou-se um único produto de degradação: o AY23 monohidroxilado. Esse produto não apresentou ecotoxicidade para o organismo-teste L. sativa. No entanto, ele foi tóxico para o organismo D. similis, imobilizando os microcrustáceos em todas as diluições testadas. / Colored effluents are still a problem in wastewater treatment plants. Dyes usually have complex structures that are difficult to be degraded by conventional processes, thus entering into the aquatic environment and causing visual impact, changes in the water physicochemical characteristics, impairing photosynthesis, and posing ecotoxic effects. For the treatment of various types of wastewater, the Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) are efficient, fast and promote non-selective oxidation. AOPs can become more effective by coupling them to other technologies, such as microwaves. Microwaves do not have enough energy to break intermolecular bonds, but when coupled to the UV/H2O2 process, there may be a synergistic effect improving the AOP performance. In this study, the UV/H2O2 process coupled to microwaves, using an Hg and Fe electrodeless discharge lamp (EDL), was optimized. An experimental design was performed to study the degradation of a mixture of three acid dyes of different classes: Acid Blue 9 (C.I. 42090 , triarylmethane), Acid Red 92 (C.I. 45410, xanthene), and Acid Yellow 23 (C.I. 19140, monoazo). The observed response variable was the residual concentration of the dyes measured by HPLC. The optimum conditions for the treatment were: initial hydrogen peroxide concentration = 125 mg L- 1, pH = 6.2, and flow rate = 800 mL min-1. In 180 min of treatment, corresponding to 45 min of irradiation, it was achieved a degradation of 23, 20, and 98% for AB9, AR92, and AY23 respectively. The AY23 degradation followed a pseudo-first-order kinetic model, with k = (1.7 ±0,041) × 10-2 min-1 and R² = 0.990. It was not possible to determine the degradation kinetics of AB9 and AR92 due to the low degradation achieved (approximately one order of magnitude lower). From mass espectrometry analyses, only one degradation product was observed: monohydroxilated AY23. That product showed no ecotoxicity towards the test-organism L. sativa. However, it was toxic towards the test-organism D. similis, immobilizing the microcrustaceans in all tested dilutions.

Nos últimos anos, duas tendências tem se destacado no universo cervejeiro: a obtenção de cervejas a partir de mostos concentrados e a elaboração de cervejas utilizando adjuntos especiais, os quais podem aromatizar ou não as mesmas. Visando um aumento da produtividade juntamente com uma menor necessidade de investimentos na capacidade produtiva, algumas cervejarias vêm optando pelo aumento do extrato inicial de fermentação para valores superiores aos tradicionais (10-15 0P). A elaboração de cervejas utilizando adjuntos especiais vem se tornando uma solução de barateamento na obtenção de cerveja devido à substituição de parte do malte, acrescentando ainda, atributos sensoriais característicos nos produtos obtidos. A banana constitui-se em matéria-prima bastante favorável à fermentação alcoólica por ser rica em carboidratos, minerais e apresentar baixa acidez. O principal objetivo desta pesquisa foi utilizar a banana como um adjunto do malte e como um aromatizante natural e sutil das cervejas obtidas. A quantificação dos carboidratos presentes na banana prata em diferentes graus de maturação revelou que a condição \"muito-madura\", apresentou o mais alto teor de carboidratos totais solúveis (15,65 %) e o mais baixo teor de amido (0,48 %). Após a etapa quantificação dos carboidratos fez-se um estudo da extração aquosa a quente dos sólidos solúveis da banana com a metodologia de superfície de resposta a partir de um planejamento fatorial 22 onde se obteve um modelo matemático empírico quadrático (Y = 5.58 + 1.25 X1 - 0.26 X2 - 0.37 X22). Os valores que otimizaram esta extração (Y) foram 38,5 g de purê de banana (X1) e tempo de extração de 39,7 minutos. Utilizando um planejamento fatorial 22 fez-se um estudo da fermentação do mosto com adjunto de banana, na planta piloto da microcervejaria da EEL - USP em diferentes concentrações e temperaturas. Observou-se que a 12 0P e a 15 0C obteve-se uma Qp de 0,58 g/L.h em 72 h de fermentação e apenas 6,07 % do açúcar metabolizado pela levedura cervejeira foi desviado para a geração de produtos secundários, garantindo um Yp/s real de 0,48 g/g. Dentro destas condições de estudo investigou-se o comportamento cinético da levedura cervejeira Saccharomyces cerevisiae 308 de baixa fermentação (tipo lager) nestes mostos com banana, de densidade tradicional. Pôde-se observar que o máximo valor de ?x (0,114 h-1) foi alcançado com a fermentação a 12 0P e 15 0C. O valores máximos de ?s e ?p (1,128 e 0,585 g/g.h, respectivamente) foram conseguidos com a fermentação a 15 0P e 15 0C. Em seguida, fez-se um estudo com o propósito de aumentar a produtividade volumétrica de etanol em mostos com banana de alta densidade. Para isto, realizou-se fermentações com a adição de diferentes nutrientes, em mini-bioreatores cilindrocônicos de 0,9 L da Uminho - Portugal. Verificou-se que apenas a adição de MgSO4 foi significativa estatisticamente para o aumento da Qp. Observou-se também que o melhor valor de Qp (0,68 g.L/h) foi alcançado em 64 h de fermentação após suplementação com 420 mg/L de MgSO4. Em seguida, fez-se a caracterização físicoquímica da cerveja obtida com a reprodução do experimento otimizado em mini-bioreator cilindrocônico de 0,9 L da Uminho - Portugal no fermentador de 180 L da EEL - USP, verificando-se que a cerveja com banana de 4,8 % v/v apresentou uma elevada concentração de potássio (600,68 mg/L) e de acetato de isoamila (1,20 mg/L). Das cervejas otimizadas elaboradas na planta piloto da USP, fez-se uma avaliação sensorial comparando-as com cervejas do mercado brasileiro. Observou-se que em relação aos testes de preferência, as cervejas com banana foram estatisticamente preferidas em relação às amostras do mercado. Já os testes de aceitação demonstraram que não houve diferença significativa (p >= 0,05) quanto ao grau de aceitação entre os produtos correspondentes às amostras experimentais otimizadas e as amostras do mercado. Ou seja, as amostras de cerveja com banana foram tão aceitas pelo consumidor quanto às amostras de cerveja do mercado. Por fim foi realizado um estudo econômico preliminar, dentro de uma estimativa de produção de 875 L/mês de cerveja com banana em microcervejaria. Verificou-se que o custo inicial do processo foi 204,76 % superior a de uma cerveja comercial. Todavia, o custo direto variável de produção desta cerveja foi de R$ 0,94/L contra R$ 1,10/L de uma cerveja puro malte produzida nas mesmas condições de processo. / In the past years, two tendencies have been revealed in the universe of brewing: beer production using concentrated wort and its elaboration using special adjunct, which might supply or not a special flavour to the beer. Aiming to increase the process productivity along with decreasing the necessity of further production investments, some breweries have adapted to increase the initial fermentation extract concentration to values superior to the traditional ones (10-15 oP). The elaboration of beer using special adjunct is considered a solution to turn cheap beer production by not only by substituting part of the malt but also in adding characteristic sensorial attributes in the obtained products. Banana is constituted of raw materials suitable for alcoholic fermentation for being rich in carbohydrates and minerals and present law acidity. The principal objective of this research is to utilize the banana as an adjunct for malt and also as a natural and a tenuous flavouring agent for the obtained beer. The quantification of the carbohydrates present in the banana prata in different maturation grade, has revealed that the condition of \"very mature\" represented the highest content in total soluble carbohydrates (15.65%) and the lowest content in starch (0.48%). After the quantification stage of the carbohydrates, a study was done on the hot aqueous extraction of the soluble solids found in the banana using the response-surface method obtained by a complete 22 factorial design. The obtained mathematical empirical quadratic model was (Y = 5.58 + 1.25 X1 - 0.26 X2 - 0.37 X22). The values of the optimized extraction (Y) was 38.5 g of banana pulp (X1) and an extraction time of 39.7 minutes. It was done a study on the fermentation wort with banana adjunct using a factorial design 22, in the micro-brewery pilot plant located in the EEL - USP, at different concentrations and process temperatures. It was observed that at 12 0P and at 15 0C, it was obtained a Qp of 0.58 g/L.h in 72 h of fermentation and only 6.07 % of the sugar metabolized by the alcoholic-yeast was deviated for the production of secondary products, which guaranteed a real Yp/s of 0.48 g/g. Using these conditions in study, it was investigated the kinetic behavior of the alcoholic-yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae 308 of law fermentation (lager type) in these wort using banana, of conventional gravity. It can be observed that the maximum value of ?x (0.114 h-1) was achieved with fermentation at 12 0P and 150C. The maximum values of ?s and ?p (1.128 e 0.585 g/g.h, respectively) was obtained at fermentation of 15 0P and 15 0C. It was also done studies with the objective of increasing the volumetric productivity of ethanol in worts with banana at high gravity. For this reason, it was done several fermentations with the addition of different nutrients, in mini-bioreactors cylindrical-conical de 0.9 L from UMinho-Portugal. It was verified that the addition of MgSO4 was statistically significant for the increase in Qp. It was also verified that the best value of Qp (0.68 g.L/h) was achieved in 64 h of fermentation after being supplemented with 420 mg/L of MgSO4. It was also done a physical-chemical characterization of the beer obtained from the reproduction of the optimized experiment obtained using the cylindrical-conical bioreactor de 0.9 L from UMinho- Portugal in the bioreactor of 180 L of working volume located in the EEL - USP, verifying that the beer with banana (4.8 % v/v) have presented a high concentrations of potassium (600.68 mg/L) and isomile acetate (1.20 mg/L). It was done a sensorial evaluation of the elaborated beer in the pilot-plant in the USP, comparing it with the other beers found in the Brazilian market. It was observed that in relation to the preference test, beers with banana were statistically preferred in relation to the other samples. Acceptance tests demonstrated that there has been no significant difference (p>= 0.05) in relation to the grade of acceptance between the products corresponding to the samples taken from the optimized experiments and the samples taken from the market. In other words, the samples with banana were acceptable by the consumer as much as the samples taken from common beers found in the market. Finally, it was done a preliminary economical evaluation of the process, considering as production capacity the value of 875 L/month of beer with banana. It was calculated the initial cost of the process was of 204.76% superior than the commercial draft beer. On the other hand, the direct cost of production of this draft beer was of R$ 0.94/L against R$ 1.10/L of draft beer made from pure malt using the same process conditions.

A conscientização da população com relação aos malefícios da radiação ultravioleta (UV) levaram à adoção de hábitos preventivos, com destaque para a utilização diária de formulações fotoprotetoras. Ainda que os filtros solares tradicionais sejam efetivos na absorção ou reflexão da radiação UV, sabe-se que a sua atuação contra os radicais livres é limitada, fator que exige a incorporação de compostos antioxidantes às preparações, visando proteção cutânea de excelência. O presente trabalho objetivou o desenvolvimento e avaliação de formulações multifuncionais contendo os filtros solares bemotrizinol e octil triazona, acrescidos do composto bioativo ácido ferúlico - reconhecido pelas suas propriedades antioxidante e fotoprotetora. As formulações foram desenvolvidas de acordo com um delineamento experimental do tipo fatorial (DoE 23) e avaliadas por meio de metodologias in vitro, in vivo e ex vivo para determinação de sua eficácia fotoprotetora e potencial antioxidante. As emulsões foram consideradas estáveis, seguras, com valor de pH biocompatível com a pele e viscosidade aparente adequada ao uso proposto. O delineamento experimental comprovou o potencial antioxidante e fotoprotetor do ácido ferúlico, visto que a presença deste promoveu aumento de até 90% na atividade antioxidante in vitro das formulações, bem como acréscimo de 32% no Fator de Proteção Solar (FPS) in vivo e 24% no Fator de Proteção UVA (UVA-PF). Por meio do ensaio ex vivo, a formulação contendo o ácido ferúlico apresentou tendência em aumentar a atividade antioxidante natural da pele, comparativamente à formulação contendo apenas os filtros solares e à pele não tratada; ademais, houve queda no potencial antioxidante da pele após a exposição à radiação UV, enfatizando a necessidade de proteção cutânea frente aos danos oxidativos. Os resultados comprovaram os efeitos antioxidante e fotoprotetor combinados do ácido ferúlico, em especial quando em sinergismo com filtros solares, tornando o composto bioativo um candidato promissor no desenvolvimento de formulações multifuncionais inovadoras, seguras e eficazes contra os efeitos nocivos decorrentes da exposição solar. / The public awareness regarding the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation led to preventive habits, especially the daily use of sunscreens. Although traditional solar filters are effective in UV radiation absorption or reflection, it is known that their activity against free radicals is restricted, an aspect that requires the incorporation of antioxidants to preparations, aiming superior skin protection. Here, we developed and evaluated multifunctional formulations containing the sunscreens bemotrizinol and ethylhexyl triazone plus the bioactive compound ferulic acid - known for its antioxidant and photoprotective properties. Formulations were developed according to a factorial experimental design (DoE 23) and evaluated using in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo methods to determine its photoprotective effectiveness and antioxidant potential. The emulsions were considered stable, safe, with pH value biocompatible with the skin and apparent viscosity suitable for the proposed use. The experimental design evidenced the photoprotective and antioxidant potential of ferulic acid, once its presence increased to 90% the in vitro antioxidant activity of the formulations, as well as 32% increase in the in vivo Sun Protection Factor (SPF) and 24% increase in the UVA Protection Factor (UVA-PF). Through the ex vivo assay, the formulation containing ferulic acid tended to increase the natural antioxidant activity of the skin, compared to the formulation containing only UV filters or the untreated skin; moreover, there was a decrease in the antioxidant potential of the skin after UV radiation exposure, emphasizing the need for skin protection against oxidative damage. The results confirmed the antioxidant and photoprotective effects of ferulic acid, especially when in synergy with UV filters, making the bioactive compound a promising candidate in the development of innovative, safe and effective multifunctional formulations against the harmful effects of sun exposure.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:36:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_ Nyessia versao finalissima 15-04-2015.pdf: 1194358 bytes, checksum: 0a6089c54d46aca60776ce97f1474515 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-28 / The aim of this study was to optimize the production of xylanase by Penicillium crustosum using Plackett-Burman the Design (BDP) and Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD), and its application in the bleaching process of kraft pulp. The PBD-12 was carried out to screening the significant variables of the compounds of the culture medium: NaNO3; KH2PO4; MgSO4 7H2O; KCl; Fe2(SO4)3, yeast extract, corn stover and initial pH under liquid static culture at 28 °C for 6 days. The variables corn stover, KH2PO4, and pH were significant at p <0.10 by DPB. Statistical analysis of the results obtained with CCRD exhibited the three variables (KH2PO4 0.15%, corn stover 2% and initial pH 6.0) that showed significant effects at p <0.05, and the maximum production of xylanase was 50 U/mL, 14 times higher compared to enzyme activity before optimization. The treatment of the kraft pulp with P. crustosum xylanase showed a significant reduction in kappa number (5.27 Kappa points and efficiency (35.04%). Thus, there is evidence of the potential application of xylanase produced by P. crustosum in the bleaching process of kraft pulp in paper industry / As xilanases são complexos enzimáticos pertencentes ao grupo das glicosidases, e são capazes de atuar em vários sítios da cadeia do xilano e degradá-lo em xilooligossacarídeos, xilotrioses, xilobioses e xiloses. As xilanases são utilizadas nos diversos setores industriais, como biobranqueamento de celulose, na melhoria da textura e do volume do pão, clareamento de sucos e vinho, melhoria do valor nutricional de ração de animais monogástricos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo otimizar a produção de xilanase pelo Penicillium crustosum utilizando o Delineamento Plackett-Burman (DPB) e Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional (DCCR), bem como aplicação da xilanase otimizada no processo de branqueamento da polpa de celulose. A seleção dos componentes de meio de cultivo: NaNO3; KH2PO4; MgSO4·7H2O; KCl; Fe2(SO4)3, extrato de levedura, palha de milho e pH inicial foi realizada utilizando DPB-12 em condições de cultivo líquido estacionário a 28ºC por 6 dias. As variáveis palha de milho, KH2PO4, e pH apresentaram efeitos significativos em p<0,10 por DPB. A análise estatística dos resultados obtidos com DCCR exibiram as três variáveis (KH2PO4 0,15 %, palha de milho 2% e pH inicial 6,0) que mostraram efeitos significativos em p<0,05, e a produção máxima de xilanase foi de 50 U/mL, 14 vezes superior em comparação à atividade enzimática antes da otimização. O tratamento da polpa celulósica com a xilanase de P. crustosum mostrou uma redução significativa do número kappa em 5,27 pontos e eficiência Kappa de 35,04%. Dessa forma, evidencia-se o potencial de aplicação da xilanase produzida por P. crustosum no processo de branqueamento da polpa kraft de Eucaliptos para indústria de papel e celulose

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T13:59:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_ Nyessia versao finalissima 15-04-2015.pdf: 1194358 bytes, checksum: 0a6089c54d46aca60776ce97f1474515 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-28 / SIM (não especificado) / The aim of this study was to optimize the production of xylanase by Penicillium crustosum using Plackett-Burman the Design (BDP) and Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD), and its application in the bleaching process of kraft pulp. The PBD-12 was carried out to screening the significant variables of the compounds of the culture medium: NaNO3; KH2PO4; MgSO4 7H2O; KCl; Fe2(SO4)3, yeast extract, corn stover and initial pH under liquid static culture at 28 °C for 6 days. The variables corn stover, KH2PO4, and pH were significant at p <0.10 by DPB. Statistical analysis of the results obtained with CCRD exhibited the three variables (KH2PO4 0.15%, corn stover 2% and initial pH 6.0) that showed significant effects at p <0.05, and the maximum production of xylanase was 50 U/mL, 14 times higher compared to enzyme activity before optimization. The treatment of the kraft pulp with P. crustosum xylanase showed a significant reduction in kappa number (5.27 Kappa points and efficiency (35.04%). Thus, there is evidence of the potential application of xylanase produced by P. crustosum in the bleaching process of kraft pulp in paper industry / As xilanases são complexos enzimáticos pertencentes ao grupo das glicosidases, e são capazes de atuar em vários sítios da cadeia do xilano e degradá-lo em xilooligossacarídeos, xilotrioses, xilobioses e xiloses. As xilanases são utilizadas nos diversos setores industriais, como biobranqueamento de celulose, na melhoria da textura e do volume do pão, clareamento de sucos e vinho, melhoria do valor nutricional de ração de animais monogástricos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo otimizar a produção de xilanase pelo Penicillium crustosum utilizando o Delineamento Plackett-Burman (DPB) e Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional (DCCR), bem como aplicação da xilanase otimizada no processo de branqueamento da polpa de celulose. A seleção dos componentes de meio de cultivo: NaNO3; KH2PO4; MgSO4·7H2O; KCl; Fe2(SO4)3, extrato de levedura, palha de milho e pH inicial foi realizada utilizando DPB-12 em condições de cultivo líquido estacionário a 28ºC por 6 dias. As variáveis palha de milho, KH2PO4, e pH apresentaram efeitos significativos em p<0,10 por DPB. A análise estatística dos resultados obtidos com DCCR exibiram as três variáveis (KH2PO4 0,15 %, palha de milho 2% e pH inicial 6,0) que mostraram efeitos significativos em p<0,05, e a produção máxima de xilanase foi de 50 U/mL, 14 vezes superior em comparação à atividade enzimática antes da otimização. O tratamento da polpa celulósica com a xilanase de P. crustosum mostrou uma redução significativa do número kappa em 5,27 pontos e eficiência Kappa de 35,04%. Dessa forma, evidencia-se o potencial de aplicação da xilanase produzida por P. crustosum no processo de branqueamento da polpa kraft de Eucaliptos para indústria de papel e celulose

Em experimentos que envolvam um fator quantitativo e um qualitativo, é aconselhável que, se detectado efeito significativo da interação entre os fatores na análise de variância, recorra-se a análise de regressão no desdobramento da mesma, no entanto nem sempre a utilização de modelos de regressão linear é a forma mais adequada para avaliar o efeito do fator quantitativo. Neste trabalho é apresentada a forma de ajuste de um modelo de regressão não linear em um experimento com medida repetida no tempo. No experimento considerou-se o ganho de peso, em quilos, de ovinos, machos e fêmeas, da raça Santa Inês em doze idades diferentes. Conduzido como parcela subdividida, pois fator tempo não foi aleatorizado, a análise variância necessita de correção dos graus de liberdade devido à condição de esfericidade não satisfeita. A correção de Geisser e Greenhouse (G-G) foi utilizada para os efeitos da interação e do tempo. O teste F na análise de variância apresentou resultado significativo para interação entre os fatores e, no desdobramento da interação, para avaliação do efeito do fator tempo em cada nível do fator sexo foi proposto o ajuste do modelo Gompertz bem como um teste de aderência para o modelo. Após o ajuste do modelo aos dados de peso de ovinos também foi considerado no estudo a comparação dos parâmetros das curvas de machos e fêmeas. Pela análise proposta foi possível concluir que o modelo univariado, com esquema de parcelas subdivididas, pode ser utilizado em experimentos de crescimento animal, porém sua aplicação está sujeita a verificação da condição de esfericidade. Também foi verificado que incorporar, no desdobramento de interações, o ajuste do modelo Gompertz é um procedimento viável e permitiu avaliar a real qualidade de ajuste do modelo aos dados. Com a comparação dos parâmetros das curvas ajustadas verificou-se que ovinos machos e fêmeas apresentam valores estatisticamente iguais para os parâmetros &alpha; e &gamma;, ambos relacionados com o peso ao nascer dos animais. O peso máximo esperado para fêmea (40,7kg) é estatisticamente inferior ao encontrado para os machos (57,3kg), no entanto, sua taxa de crescimento (0,011kg/dia para fêmeas) é superior (0,007kg/dia para machos), ou seja, as fêmeas atingem o peso de estabilização mais rapidamente que os machos. / In experiments involving a qualitative and a quantitative factor, it is advisable that if a significant interaction is detected between factors in the analysis of variance, one should perform regression analysis of the splitting factors. However, the use of linear regression models is not always the most appropriate way to assess the effect of the quantitative factor. This paper presents a way to fit a nonlinear regression model in an experiment with repeated measurements over time. In the experiment, the weight gain of male and female Santa Inês breed sheep, in pounds, in twelve different ages is measured. Conducted in a split-plot design, as the time factor was not randomized, the analysis of variance requires correction of the degrees of freedom, as the sphericity condition is not satisfied. The Greenhouse and Geisser correction (G-G) was used for the purposes of interaction and time. The F test in the analysis of variance showed a significant result for the interaction between the factors and the splitting of the interaction. In order to evaluate the effect of the time factor at each level of the gender factor, a Gompertz model was proposed, as well as a test of model adherence. After fitting the model to the data, a comparison study of the parameters for males and females was also made. For the proposed analysis, we concluded that the univariate model, with split-plot design, can be used in experiments of animal growth, but its application is prone to verification of the sphericity condition. They also found that the incorporation of the splitting of interactions, by adjusting the Gompertz model, is a viable procedure and allowed to evaluate the real quality of fit. By comparing the fitted parameter values, it was found that males and females have statistically identical values for the parameters &alpha; and &gamma;, both related to the birth weight of the animals. The maximum weight expected for a female (40.7 kg) is statistically lower than that found for the males (57.3 kg), however, their growth rate (0.011 kg / day for females) is greater than the males\' (0.007 kg / day for males), i.e., females reach weight stabilization faster than males.

<p>Chemicals in indoor air, either emitted from a source or from a reaction, have been suggested to cause ill health in buildings. However, no clear correlations between exposure and health effects have been made. </p><p>In this thesis we studied the reaction between monoterpenes, a group of biogenic unsaturated C10 hydrocarbons, and ozone. Ozonolysis of monoterpenes was used as model reactions for unsaturated compounds in ambient air. Also the products formed from these reactions have been suggested as important participants in the occurrence of discomfort and ill health in buildings.</p><p>To enable a reliable and sensitive measurement of ppb-ppt levels of monoterpenes and the formed products in the presence of ozone an evaluation of available scrubber materials was made. Potassium iodide was shown to remove ambient levels of ozone and have a recovery of >95% for all monoterpenes and formed products included in the investigation.</p><p>Experimental conditions showed to have a large impact on the initial steps of the ozonolysis, and also on the composition of the formed products. We showed that water plays an important and complex role both in the initial stage of ozonolysis of ∆³-carene and in the formation and composition of products from the ozonolysis of ∆-pinene. The use of experimental design facilitated the evaluation of the investigated reactions. We showed that the formation of OH radicals could be studied using multiple linear regression models and that the presence or absence of OH radicals had a profound impact on the formation of many of the formed products. We also made an observation of the lack of formed OH radicals in the ozonolysis of limonene and discussed probable causes of this observation.</p><p>Despite the short reaction times and the ambient levels of ozone and monoterpenes used in our experiments we showed that a number of oxidation products were formed, and that the reaction rate is significantly increased in a ventilation system. This formation is underestimated by theoretical calculations and leads to high amounts of known irritants in the indoor air. We showed that theoretical calculations underestimate the formation of these oxidation products 3-13 times, depending on ventilation system and monoterpene. </p>

Chemicals in indoor air, either emitted from a source or from a reaction, have been suggested to cause ill health in buildings. However, no clear correlations between exposure and health effects have been made. In this thesis we studied the reaction between monoterpenes, a group of biogenic unsaturated C10 hydrocarbons, and ozone. Ozonolysis of monoterpenes was used as model reactions for unsaturated compounds in ambient air. Also the products formed from these reactions have been suggested as important participants in the occurrence of discomfort and ill health in buildings. To enable a reliable and sensitive measurement of ppb-ppt levels of monoterpenes and the formed products in the presence of ozone an evaluation of available scrubber materials was made. Potassium iodide was shown to remove ambient levels of ozone and have a recovery of &gt;95% for all monoterpenes and formed products included in the investigation. Experimental conditions showed to have a large impact on the initial steps of the ozonolysis, and also on the composition of the formed products. We showed that water plays an important and complex role both in the initial stage of ozonolysis of ∆3-carene and in the formation and composition of products from the ozonolysis of ∆-pinene. The use of experimental design facilitated the evaluation of the investigated reactions. We showed that the formation of OH radicals could be studied using multiple linear regression models and that the presence or absence of OH radicals had a profound impact on the formation of many of the formed products. We also made an observation of the lack of formed OH radicals in the ozonolysis of limonene and discussed probable causes of this observation. Despite the short reaction times and the ambient levels of ozone and monoterpenes used in our experiments we showed that a number of oxidation products were formed, and that the reaction rate is significantly increased in a ventilation system. This formation is underestimated by theoretical calculations and leads to high amounts of known irritants in the indoor air. We showed that theoretical calculations underestimate the formation of these oxidation products 3-13 times, depending on ventilation system and monoterpene.

The first chapter proposes multifractal analysis to measure inhomogeneity of regularity of 1H-NMR spectrum using wavelet-based multifractal tools. The geometric summaries of multifractal spectrum are informative summaries, and as such employed to discriminate 1H-NMR spectra associated with different treatments. The methodology is applied to evaluate the effect of sulfur amino acids. The second part of this thesis provides essential materials for understanding engineering background of a nano-particle fabrication process. The third chapter introduces a constrained random effect model. Since there are certain combinations of process variables resulting to unproductive process outcomes, a logistic model is used to characterize such a process behavior. For the cases with productive outcomes a normal regression serves the second part of the model. Additionally, random-effects are included in both logistics and normal regression models to describe the potential spatial correlation among data. This chapter researches a way to approximate the likelihood function and to find estimates for maximizing the approximated likelihood. The last chapter presents a method to decide the sample size under multi-layer system. The multi-layer is a series of layers, which become smaller and smaller. Our focus is to decide the sample size in each layer. The sample size decision has several objectives, and the most important purpose is the sample size should be enough to give a right direction to the next layer. Specifically, the bottom layer, which is the smallest neighborhood around the optimum, should meet the tolerance requirement. Performing the hypothesis test of whether the next layer includes the optimum gives the required sample size.

In the first part of the thesis, we propose a new class of designs called multi-layer sliced Latin hypercube design (DSLHD) for running computer experiments. A general recursive strategy for constructing MLSLHD has been developed. Ordinary Latin hypercube designs and sliced Latin hypercube designs are special cases of MLSLHD with zero and one layer respectively. A special case of MLSLHD with two layers, doubly sliced Latin hypercube design, is studied in detail. The doubly sliced structure of DSLHD allows more flexible batch size than SLHD for collective evaluation of different computer models or batch sequential evaluation of a single computer model. Both finite-sample and asymptotical sampling properties of DSLHD are examined. Numerical experiments are provided to show the advantage of DSLHD over SLHD for both sequential evaluating a single computer model and collective evaluation of different computer models. Other applications of DSLHD include design for Gaussian process modeling with quantitative and qualitative factors, cross-validation, etc. Moreover, we also show the sliced structure, possibly combining with other criteria such as distance-based criteria, can be utilized to sequentially sample from a large spatial data set when we cannot include all the data points for modeling. A data center example is presented to illustrate the idea. The enhanced stochastic evolutionary algorithm is deployed to search for optimal design. In the second part of the thesis, we propose a new smoothing technique called completely-data-driven smoothing, intended for smoothing over irregular regions. The idea is to replace the penalty term in the smoothing splines by its estimate based on local least squares technique. A close form solution for our approach is derived. The implementation is very easy and computationally efficient. With some regularity assumptions on the input region and analytical assumptions on the true function, it can be shown that our estimator achieves the optimal convergence rate in general nonparametric regression. The algorithmic parameter that governs the trade-off between the fidelity to the data and the smoothness of the estimated function is chosen by generalized cross validation (GCV). The asymptotic optimality of GCV for choosing the algorithm parameter in our estimator is proved. Numerical experiments show that our method works well for both regular and irregular region smoothing. The third part of the thesis deals with uncertainty quantification in building energy assessment. In current practice, building simulation is routinely performed with best guesses of input parameters whose true value cannot be known exactly. These guesses affect the accuracy and reliability of the outcomes. There is an increasing need to perform uncertain analysis of those input parameters that are known to have a significant impact on the final outcome. In this part of the thesis, we focus on uncertainty quantification of two microclimate parameters: the local wind speed and the wind pressure coefficient. The idea is to compare the outcome of the standard model with that of a higher fidelity model. Statistical analysis is then conducted to build a connection between these two. The explicit form of statistical models can facilitate the improvement of the corresponding modules in the standard model.