The earth home, in its many varieties and styles, played an important role in the development of the American Great Plains during the mid-nineteenth century. However, the lack of further study into the material culture of these homes has allowed many of these homes to be misrepresented in the historical record as temporary shelters. Not all of the earth homes constructed during this period were temporary. Further study of the materials used, the locations in which they were built, and their construction methods suggest that many of these homes were built to last. The three case studies used in this thesis represent a large number of earth homes still standing today. The findings of this study enhance the history of the region and open up new avenues for further research on earth homes as well as the possibilities and the importance of their preservation.

葉蘋. / "2006年8月" / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2006. / 參考文獻(leaves 123-128). / "2006 nian 8 yue" / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Ye Pin. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2006. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 123-128). / 中文摘要 --- p.iv / 英文摘要 --- p.v / 致謝 --- p.vi / 前言 --- p.1 / 緣起 --- p.1 / 本論文的章節安排 --- p.3 / Chapter 第一章 --- 文獻回顧 --- p.4 / 國際公約和中國法則 --- p.4 / 文化遺產保護中不同利益團體的價値判斷 --- p.9 / 文化遺產保護中的權力和所有權 --- p.11 / 在中國不同利益團體對於文化遺產的價値判斷和所有權問題 --- p.14 / 福建土樓一類的ˇёإ土建築硏究 --- p.16 / Chapter 第二章 --- 硏究目的與方法 --- p.18 / 本論文的硏究目的和理論框架 --- p.18 / 硏究方法 --- p.21 / Chapter 第三章 --- 福建土樓 --- p.27 / 整體福建土樓簡介 --- p.27 / 個案土樓的背景資料 --- p.36 / 小結 --- p.49 / Chapter 第四章 --- 當地居民對土樓的價値判斷 --- p.50 / 土樓作爲居住空間 --- p.50 / 土樓作爲家族精神凝聚中心 --- p.53 / 土樓作爲社區活動中心和資訊交換中心 --- p.60 / 土樓在經濟活動中的利用價値 --- p.61 / 小結 --- p.67 / Chapter 第五章 --- 政府對土樓保護工作的主導以及對社區的影響 --- p.69 / 大圓樓的實際保護管理過程以及現狀 --- p.69 / 土樓對於政府的利用價値 --- p.76 / 政府的介入對居民生活的影響 --- p.79 / 小結 --- p.91 / Chapter 第六章 --- 土樓保護管理中的官民互動 --- p.92 / 當地居民和政府之間的互動過程 --- p.92 / 土樓保護管理的問題和矛盾 --- p.101 / 小結 --- p.113 / Chapter 第七章 --- 結語 --- p.115 / 中文參考資料 --- p.123 / 英文參考資料 --- p.126 / 參考網頁 --- p.128

Thesis (Doctoral)--Oslo School of Architecture and Design, 2007. / "Adobe, wattle-and-daub, and compressed earth blocks (CSB) ... brick"--P. 4 of cover. Includes bibliographical references (p. 229-238).

本研究以土樓為案例，引入了跨學科的方法考察社會政治機制對中國鄉土建築的變化產生的作用。針對目前認為土樓視為客家族群特有的家族性防禦建築的觀點，我指出了土樓建築形式具有異質性，而這一異質性必須從業主的產權結構出發去理解。通過結合分析社會結構和空間組成，我提出大部分的土樓形式是由相對貧困並且貧富分化不明顯的社區成員合資建造的一種低造價的合作社住宅。我進而以1958至1983年間的建造高峰為例，揭示了土樓地區的居民如何策略性地利用社會主義集體共有的農村產權關係大量建造合作社住宅。 / 論文從建築的空間結構與建造過程、業主的社會組織以及政治環境的歷史變化三個方面考察土樓。第一章回顧現有的土樓研究，提出從業主的角度研究鄉土建築的方法，並介紹了本研究的資料來源。第二章提出了一個從業主社會結構考察鄉土建築的分析架構。通過考察集合住宅中的兩個層次的社會團體，家庭與集體，我提出了一組將社會結構與空間構成相聯繫的表達式。第三至五章分別從建築學、社會學和歷史學的角度具體證明與業主有關的各種因素如何將土樓塑造成住宅合作社，並展示了政治制度的轉變如何影響到建築形式的變化。最後一章總結了本研究的貢獻。 / 本研究運用了多學科的研究方法，通過結合建築形式與建造過程的分析、人類學的調研方法、社會學的社區分析理論以及地方史的研究，探討鄉土建築的形成原因與演變邏輯。此外，本研究也試圖在研究土樓的基礎上探討多層面的問題，包括對地方建築形式的定義方法、鄉土建築的研究方法論以及如何從社區在住宅建造上的策略性選擇理解地方與國家的關係。 / This dissertation is an interdisciplinary research on the socio-political system to explain the transformation of Chinese vernacular architecture within the context of tulou, an architectural form in Fujian Province, Southeastern China. I challenge the myth that tulou are Hakka clan houses or fortresses and argue that most tulou are affordable cooperative houses. I further suggest that these cooperatives were adapted to the People’s Commune property system and hence, experienced construction peak from1958 to 1983. / This dissertation examines the architectural form of tulou, the social structure of its proprietors, and the socio-political changes that occurred during China’s socialist transformation. Chapter 1 opens with a review of the tulou literature, which also introduces a socio-political approach in studying Chinese vernacular architecture. In Chapter 2, I propose a set of symbolic expressions and models to analyze the property structure and spatial configuration of collective houses. The next three chapters engage in different perspectives of tulou built in the 1958-1983, including the architectural issues in Chapter 3, the social issues of the proprietors in Chapter 4, and the political issues in Chapter 5. Finally, the concluding chapter summarizes the contributions of the research. / This research combines architectural analysis, anthropological investigation, sociological analysis, and historical studies. Issues addressed include the definition of regional architectural styles, the methodology used for studying vernacular architecture, and conflicts between the state and the local communities. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Zheng, Jing. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 214-233). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese. / Chapter ABSTRACT --- p.i / Chapter 摘 要 --- p.ii / Chapter ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.iii / Chapter TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.v / Chapter LIST OF FIGURES --- p.ix / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Research Problem --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Literature Review --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Studies on Tulou --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Debates on the Definition of “Tulou“ --- p.21 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- An Interrelated Region Divided by Administration --- p.25 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Cultural Heritage: Homogeneity as a Political Comprise --- p.30 / Chapter 1.3 --- Methodology --- p.33 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Toward a Socio-political Approach --- p.33 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Analyzing Forms: Vernacular Architecture as a Process --- p.35 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Understanding the Communities: Evidence in the Field --- p.38 / Chapter 1.4 --- Organization --- p.41 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- COOPERATIVE HOUSES --- p.44 / Chapter 2.1 --- Residential Communities and Collective Houses --- p.45 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Bridging Communities and Houses: Ownership Structure --- p.45 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- The Variations of Collective Houses --- p.47 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Communities in Southeastern China --- p.50 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Collective Houses in Southeastern China --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2 --- The Symbolic Expressions of Collective Houses --- p.57 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Spatial Configuration and Ownership Structure --- p.57 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Variables and the Order of Operations --- p.58 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- The Expressions --- p.60 / Chapter 2.3 --- Structure Models of Collective Houses --- p.63 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Clan Model and Cooperative Model --- p.63 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- The Hybridity of Models --- p.65 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- The Alternatives between Models --- p.68 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- The Diverse Forms of Tulou Cooperatives --- p.77 / Chapter 2.4 --- Unit-Proprietors of Cooperative Houses --- p.81 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Unit Proprietors: Owner-builder-occupiers --- p.81 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- The Recruitment of Unit-proprietors --- p.82 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- The Allocation of Units --- p.84 / Chapter 2.5 --- Variations of Tulou Forms in History --- p.85 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Historical Background --- p.85 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Fortresses --- p.87 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Merchants’ Mansions --- p.89 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- Houses Funded by Overseas Chinese --- p.90 / Chapter 2.5.5 --- Communal Houses --- p.91 / Summary --- p.92 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- SPACE, FORM, AND CONSTRUCTION --- p.93 / Chapter 3.1 --- Spatial Configuration --- p.94 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- A Collective House --- p.94 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Public Domain: the Central Courtyard --- p.95 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Family Spaces: Vertical Units --- p.96 / Chapter 3.2 --- Form and Structure --- p.99 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Separating Form and Structure --- p.99 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Forms --- p.100 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Structure --- p.105 / Chapter 3.3 --- Affordability --- p.108 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Location --- p.108 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Site --- p.110 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Materials --- p.111 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Labors --- p.113 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Cooperate to Reduce Cost --- p.114 / Chapter 3.4 --- Building Techniques --- p.116 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Craftsmen and Local Traditions --- p.116 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Critical Issues on Construction Process --- p.121 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Modular Design System --- p.128 / Chapter 3.5 --- Construction Organization --- p.129 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Time Control --- p.129 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Budget Control --- p.130 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Unit-proprietors in the Project --- p.131 / Summary --- p.131 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- HOUSEHOLDS,CLANS,AND COOPERATIVES --- p.132 / Chapter 4.1 --- The Property Structure of Tulou --- p.133 / Chapter 4.2 --- Household Division and House Division --- p.136 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Households --- p.136 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Household Division --- p.136 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- House Division --- p.138 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- House Division in Tulou --- p.144 / Chapter 4.3 --- Stoves and Cooperative Houses --- p.147 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Stoves as the Affiliation Symbol --- p.147 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Stoves in Tulou --- p.148 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- The problem and the Solution --- p.149 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- A unit-proprietor’s Life --- p.152 / Chapter 4.4 --- The Multiple Identities of Unit-Proprietors --- p.153 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Household Member --- p.153 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Cooperative Member --- p.155 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Clan Member --- p.156 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Ritual: A presentation of the multiple identities --- p.158 / Summary --- p.160 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- THE RISE AND DECLINE OF COOPERATIVE HOUSES --- p.161 / Chapter 5.1 --- Property System in Rural China --- p.162 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Background: Before 1911 --- p.162 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- The Revolution 1911-1983 --- p.163 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Owners in China’s Rural Property System --- p.169 / Chapter 5.2 --- Built under Socialism (1958-1983) --- p.171 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- The Political Circumstances and Housing Policies after 1949 --- p.172 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Housing Production Teams: A Case Study on Hekeng --- p.173 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Democratic inside the Cooperatives: A Case Study on Tianluokeng --- p.184 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Discussion: Private Property vs. Public Goods --- p.192 / Chapter 5.3 --- Build after Socialism (1983- ) --- p.196 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Household-Responsibility System --- p.196 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- On the eve of Reform (1979-1983) --- p.196 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- After the Reform (1983- ) --- p.198 / Chapter 5.4 --- Socio-political System and Architectural Forms --- p.202 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- The Communist style --- p.202 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- The Post-communist Style --- p.205 / Summary --- p.206 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- CONCLUSION --- p.208 / Chapter 6.1 --- On Tulou and Cooperative Houses --- p.209 / Chapter 6.2 --- On Socio-political System --- p.210 / Chapter 6.3 --- On Chinese Vernacular Architecture --- p.211 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.214

Les difficultés d’accès à un logement décent, le coût exorbitant des matériaux de construction dits « nobles » ainsi que l’absence des filières de production foncière et immobilière en RDCONGO ont motivé cette recherche orientée vers l’utilisation des matériaux locaux – et en particulier la terre crue – en vue de contribuer à la résorption des problèmes d’habitat auxquels font face la plupart des populations vivant en zone périurbaine congolaise.<p><p>Cette thèse démontre qu’il est possible, à travers l’autoconstruction – procédé utilisé par plus de 80% de ménages congolais pour produire leurs logements – ,d’améliorer l’habitat dans ce pays en partant de la zone périurbaine. On peut donc, à partir des propositions faites dans cet espace idéalement localisé entre les zones urbaine et rurale, envisager des répercutions positives au sein de ces deux zones qui lui sont contiguës.<p><p>L’observation constitue la principale méthodologie utilisée. <p>Des enquêtes menées sur quelques 930 logements situés au sein de trois sous zones climatiques de la RDCONGO ont permis, suivant 29 critères principaux appliqués sur 3 différents paliers (la maison, la parcelle et le quartier) d’engranger plus de 100 000 (cent mille) données reprises dans les annexes à la présente et offrant la possibilité d’extrapoler les résultats obtenus sur l’ensemble du territoire de la RDCONGO.<p><p>Inventaire des intelligences et connaissances locales relatives à l’utilisation du matériau terre en construction (Savoirs et Pratiques Populaires « SPP »), espaces engendrés par les architectures de terre en RDCONGO, cartographies des constructions en terre en RDCONGO, maisons périurbaines autoconstruites en adobes, modélisation d’un lotissement de 200 logements réalisables en terre crue, etc. constituent les principaux résultats atteints par cette thèse.<p><p>Toutefois, il sied de préciser qu’il s’agit ici, non seulement de construire des maisons en terre, mais surtout de développer un style d’habitat répondant à la fonctionnalité des logements et susceptible de renforcer les dimensions sociales et culturelles tout en respectant l’environnement. <p><p>Enfin, des pistes de recherches ultérieures sont envisagées. Elles nécessitent d’être creusées en vue d’autres améliorations des logements de terre crue en climat tropical. <p>Il s’agit de :l’érosion due au ruissellement sur les murs de terre, l’étude des logements de terre crue en hauteur (R+1, 2, 3, …n ;où n représente le nombre d’étages) pour la RDCONGO, le développement des activités économiques liées aux constructions en terre, la stabilisation organique des sols à l’aide des produits locaux, etc.<p><p><p><p>Contact :arch2002chiral@yahoo.fr<p> / Doctorat en Art de bâtir et urbanisme / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished