This study was undertaken in the Kingsway informal settlement, which is situated in Ekhurhuleni on the East Rand. This is a poor community as many residents are unemployed and unable to obtain adequate healthcare especially for HIV/AIDS. The perceived high rate of HIV infection, as well as, the apparent high death rate due to AIDS was my major concern. Intervention and help were my main intention. I was motivated to embark on this study to be empowered and informed about treatment processes of HIV/AIDS. The study was intended to use living theory action research to investigate the need for establishing a Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) centre. For action in the real environment a research team was formed from volunteers. The relevant influential persons in the community were consulted and the required permission obtained to embark on the study. This was also to ensure that there was co-operation from community leaders. Proper documents, giving permission, were obtained after formal requests were made. Ethical guidelines were followed in this research. I started by stating my values before the research. During the process I showed how my values were transformed by various activities that were intended to educate me. These changes were indications of my development. At the end of the study I indicated how my initial values were improved or transformed, and what new values I gained. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Psychology / unrestricted

This research report examines the relationship between state-sponsored worker co-operatives, local markets and the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality (EMM, on the East Rand, South Africa) in the 2000s, to examine how state support impacts upon democracy in worker co-operatives (“co-ops”) more generally. Worker co-ops are democratic and voluntary organisations, simultaneously owned and managed by their members (“co-operators”), have a substantial history in South Africa and elsewhere, and have often been seen as a potential alternative to capitalism. But are they? An extensive literature demonstrates market pressures erode co-op democracy (e.g. Philips): to survive, worker co-ops develop increasingly into capitalist enterprises, which fundamentally challenges notions that co-ops can challenge capitalism. Several commentators (e.g. Satgar) admit this problem, but see the solution in state support, which can purportedly shield worker co-ops from the market, so enabling their democratic content and socialist potential to be maintained. This pro-state approach is tested by examining actually-existing worker co-ops in the EMM, where a number of state-sponsored worker co-ops were established from the 2000s; the two most successful co-ops are the subject of this case study. It is shown that, on the contrary, state sponsorship fostered dependency and subtle (and less subtle) forms of state control over the co-ops. Most of the co-operatives failed to survive, as state control foisted upon them impractical goals (e.g. competition in poor community markets with overwhelming rivals,) while creating additional problems (e.g. failing to allocate marketing budgets) and also undermining co-op democracy (e.g. through imposing external priorities on the co-ops). The co-ops that survived remain trapped between state patronage and the capitalist market: unable to ensure accumulation, they remain dependent on the state, but as a result, are continually pushed by the state back into the market. It is not the South African state’s push to constitute the co-ops as black-run capitalist firms that is crucial to this story, but what this push reveals: state sponsorship was irredeemably linked to state control, and it was state control that enabled the state to force its agenda on iii the co-ops in the first place; an alternative state policy framework would simply change the goals imposed. The hierarchical and elitist class logic of the state is fundamentally incompatible with the popular, self-managed logic of worker co-ops. In short, the findings on the interaction of internal co-op dynamics with the state and open market pressures suggest that democratic worker co-ops are basically fundamentally incompatible with both markets and states. They are also fundamentally incapable of transcending either, as their survival requires either emulating capitalism or embracing the state. Lastly, this research report argues that the erosion of democracy in worker co-ops cannot simply be reduced to external forces (the state, the market), although these play a central role in such erosion. Of the two co-ops examined as case studies, one is characterised by authoritarian decision-making, the other by a fairly democratic practice. A key factor in such divergence were the co-operators’ own political and work cultures. Argued Bakunin: while worker co-ops can play a demonstrative role, challenging authoritarian politics by showing the possibility of workers’ self-management, they cannot provide a transformative role, overcoming capitalism or the state. A state-sponsored worker co-ops movement cannot form the heart of a radical, democratic and working class strategy for fundamental change. To answer the research question, the research asks which factors are important in determining the internal democratic or authoritarian form of the co-ops under study. Two state-sponsored worker co-ops are taken as case studies. The first co-op is characterised by authoritarian decision-making, while the other is characterised experiences democratic decision-making. The findings of the research agree with Philip’s (2006) argument that market factors are important in determining the internal form of a co-op. However, this research clearly shows that while market factors are important, they are by no means the sole determinant of the internal dynamics of a co-op. Non-market factors are equally important in determining the internal form of a co-op.

Hoër Onderwys in Suid-Afrika is in 'n proses van transformasie. Hierdie transformasie is onder meer as gevolg van internasionale wereldtendense en die historiese agterstande van onderwys in Suid-Afrika. Dit is derhalwe noodsaaklik dat instellings, soos die Oos-Rand Kampus van die Vaaldriehoekse Technikon, strategiese beplanning in sy bestuursaktiwiteite behoort te inkorporeer. Hierdie studie het strategiese bestuur as sentrale tema met komponente in die Filosofiese Antropologie en in Sakebestuur. In hierdie studie is ondersoek gedoen na strategiese bestuur as dialektiese strategiese bestuur met kenmerke van bi-polere, dualistiese en kontensieuse aard. Dit is vanuit hierdie vertrekpunt dat dialektiese strategiese bestuur in die kategoriee van menswees, soos onder meer synsopenheid, dialoog, toekomstigheid, paties-dinamiese gerelasioneerdheid, verbeelding, selfbewussyn, waardes en vryheid en besluitneming, gefundeer kan word. Dit kan gekonstateer word dat dialektiese strategiese bestuur 'n menslike aktiwiteit is wat in die Filosofiese Antropologie en in die Aksiologie gefundeer is. 'n Ondersoek is ook geloods na faktore wat die toekomstige strategiese posisie van die Oos-Rand Kampus van die Vaaldriehoekse Technikon kan beinvloed en/of bepaal Internasionale en nasionale onderwysfaktore is ondersoek en 'n nie-empiriese opname is onder personeel, studente en werkgewers uitgevoer om inligting te verkry wat in strategiese bestuur gebruik kan word. Die gevolgtrekkings van hierdie studie is in die vorm van strategiese tendense en 'n moontlike bestuursplan uiteengesit wat as 'n vertrekpunt in 'n strategiese plan vir die Oos-Rand Kampus van die Vaaldriehoekse Technikon gebruik kan word. / Higher Education in South Africa is in a process of transfonnation. This transfonnation is, amongst others, due to the international global tendencies and the historic backlog of education in South Africa It is therefore imperative that institutions, such as the East Rand Campus of the Vaal Triangle Technikon, should incorporate strategic planning in its managerial activities. This study has strategic management as a central theme with components in the Philosophical Anthropology and in Business Management. In this study strategic management has been investigated as dialectic strategic management with characteristics of a bi-polar, dualistic and contention nature. It is from this departure that dialectic strategic management can be funded in the categories of being human, namely openness to being, dialogue, futurity, pathic-dynamic relatedness, imagination, self consciousness, values and freedom and decision making. It can thus be stated that dialectic strategic management is a human activity funded in the Philosophical Anthropology and in the Axiology. An investigation has also been done pertaining factors which can influence and/or determine the future strategic position of the East Rand Campus of the Vaal Triangle Technikon. International and national educational factors have been investigated and a non-empirical survey was made among stafl: students and employers as to obtain infonnation that can be used in strategic management. The conclusion of the study is presented in the form of strategic intents and a probable management plan that can be used as a point of departure in a strategic management plan for the East Rand Campus of the Vaal Triangle Technikon. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (Filosofie van die Opvoeding)

Hoër Onderwys in Suid-Afrika is in 'n proses van transformasie. Hierdie transformasie is onder meer as gevolg van internasionale wereldtendense en die historiese agterstande van onderwys in Suid-Afrika. Dit is derhalwe noodsaaklik dat instellings, soos die Oos-Rand Kampus van die Vaaldriehoekse Technikon, strategiese beplanning in sy bestuursaktiwiteite behoort te inkorporeer. Hierdie studie het strategiese bestuur as sentrale tema met komponente in die Filosofiese Antropologie en in Sakebestuur. In hierdie studie is ondersoek gedoen na strategiese bestuur as dialektiese strategiese bestuur met kenmerke van bi-polere, dualistiese en kontensieuse aard. Dit is vanuit hierdie vertrekpunt dat dialektiese strategiese bestuur in die kategoriee van menswees, soos onder meer synsopenheid, dialoog, toekomstigheid, paties-dinamiese gerelasioneerdheid, verbeelding, selfbewussyn, waardes en vryheid en besluitneming, gefundeer kan word. Dit kan gekonstateer word dat dialektiese strategiese bestuur 'n menslike aktiwiteit is wat in die Filosofiese Antropologie en in die Aksiologie gefundeer is. 'n Ondersoek is ook geloods na faktore wat die toekomstige strategiese posisie van die Oos-Rand Kampus van die Vaaldriehoekse Technikon kan beinvloed en/of bepaal Internasionale en nasionale onderwysfaktore is ondersoek en 'n nie-empiriese opname is onder personeel, studente en werkgewers uitgevoer om inligting te verkry wat in strategiese bestuur gebruik kan word. Die gevolgtrekkings van hierdie studie is in die vorm van strategiese tendense en 'n moontlike bestuursplan uiteengesit wat as 'n vertrekpunt in 'n strategiese plan vir die Oos-Rand Kampus van die Vaaldriehoekse Technikon gebruik kan word. / Higher Education in South Africa is in a process of transfonnation. This transfonnation is, amongst others, due to the international global tendencies and the historic backlog of education in South Africa It is therefore imperative that institutions, such as the East Rand Campus of the Vaal Triangle Technikon, should incorporate strategic planning in its managerial activities. This study has strategic management as a central theme with components in the Philosophical Anthropology and in Business Management. In this study strategic management has been investigated as dialectic strategic management with characteristics of a bi-polar, dualistic and contention nature. It is from this departure that dialectic strategic management can be funded in the categories of being human, namely openness to being, dialogue, futurity, pathic-dynamic relatedness, imagination, self consciousness, values and freedom and decision making. It can thus be stated that dialectic strategic management is a human activity funded in the Philosophical Anthropology and in the Axiology. An investigation has also been done pertaining factors which can influence and/or determine the future strategic position of the East Rand Campus of the Vaal Triangle Technikon. International and national educational factors have been investigated and a non-empirical survey was made among stafl: students and employers as to obtain infonnation that can be used in strategic management. The conclusion of the study is presented in the form of strategic intents and a probable management plan that can be used as a point of departure in a strategic management plan for the East Rand Campus of the Vaal Triangle Technikon. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (Filosofie van die Opvoeding)

M.Sc. (Zoology) / Please refer to full text to view abstract