<p>This dissertation examines the conflict in Eastern Anatolia in the early 20th century and the memory politics around it. It shows how discourses of victimhood have been engines of grievance that power the politics of fear, hatred and competing, exclusionary claims to statehood and territory by Turks, Armenians, and Kurds. Grounded in extensive archival research in American, British, Turkish, and Armenian historical repositories, I trace how discourses of communal victimhood were generated around the traumatic ordeals in the two decades that preceded the Armenian genocide of 1915-6, carried out by the Young Turk government. The dissertation pays special attention to the nature of political tension and debate among Armenians on the eve of the genocide as well as rethinking the events and later interpretations of the iconic Armenian uprising in the Ottoman city of Van in 1915. The analysis here goes beyond deterministic, escalationist and teleological perspectives on the antecedents of the Armenian genocide; instead, it highlights political agency and enabling structures of the war, offering a new perspective on the tragic violence of Eastern Anatolia in the early 20th century.</p> / Dissertation

Les études de provenance sur l’obsidienne se développent depuis 1964 quand ont été publiés les premiers travaux de Renfrew et Cann. Ces deux chercheurs ont démontré que chaque complexe volcanique possède une signature chimique propre permettant l’attribution d’artefacts archéologiques en obsidienne à un complexe volcanique présentant la même signature. Cette attribution fondée sur la géochimie permet d’envisager des routes de diffusion de l’obsidienne soulignant les contacts et les déplacements de populations préhistoriques. De nombreux sites archéologiques situés au Proche-Orient comportent en effet des assemblages lithiques présentant des artefacts en obsidienne. La synthèse dirigée par Cauvin et al., en 1998 suggère, pour le Proche-Orient, deux grandes régions d’approvisionnement en obsidienne : l’Anatolie centrale et l’Anatolie orientale. Or, pour des raisons liées à l’histoire intérieure de la Turquie dans les années 1980-1990, peu de données de terrain ont pu être rassemblées sur les sources d’Anatolie orientale jusqu’à ces toutes dernières années. Pourtant, les comparaisons entre affleurements repérés et prélevés avant les années 1980 montrent déjà clairement l’importance de la région pour les études de provenance d’artefacts collectés lors de fouilles de sites archéologiques en Anatolie orientale (ex : Çayönü, Körtik Tepe etc.), en Syrie (Tell Brak, Tell Zeidan, Khazna) et en Irak (Tell Arpachiyah, Tell Hamoukar, Um Dabaghiyah). Cette thèse, réalisée dans le cadre de l’ANR GeObs dirigée par D. Mouralis (Univ. Rouen, IDEES) en association avec C. Kuzucuoğlu (Univ. Paris 1, LGP) et L. Astruc (Univ. Paris 1, ArScan) et E. Akköprü (Univ. Van, Turquie), se concentre sur quatre régions volcaniques d’Anatolie orientale : le Meydan-Gürgürbaba, le Nemrut, et les massifs de dômes de Solhan et Alatepe. Ce travail de recherche a exploré : 1) l’identification et la caractérisation de plusieurs gisements (= « sources ») d’obsidienne, dont certains inconnus jusque-là ; 2) la discrimination de ces affleurements en fonction de leurs caractéristiques physiques et chimiques ; 3) la reconstitution de leur mode de mise en place lorsque cela a été rendu possible. Notre travail, basé sur l’importance incontournable de la connaissance experte du terrain, constitue une méthode novatrice dans les études de provenance. / Obsidian sourcing began in 1964 with studies by Renfrew and Cann. These authors demonstrated that one given volcano there is only one chemical signature. Based on this principle, it is possible to attribute one archaeological artefact to one volcano. This attribution allows then to develop studies on the contacts/exchanges/movements between prehistorical populations which are a key to understand past socio-cultural contexts from the Paleolithic to the Chalcolithic. Lithic assemblages in archaeological sites in the Near East contain indeed obsidian artefacts. As there is no volcano emplaced south of the Eastern Anatolian highlands, the nearest volcanic areas with obsidian outcrops that would attract near-eastern populations are located in Central and Eastern Anatolia (Cauvin et al., 1998). Taking advantage of the opening of Eastern Anatolia to field researches after 2000, and aiming at collecting scientific field data about obsidian sources in that region (especially on the volcano/outcrop scales geological and geomorphological contexts), the GéObs Project has obtained a 3 to 4 years ANR support for the study of the volcanic regions of Eastern Anatolia. Among these regions, four are concerned by our study: the Meydan-Gürgürbaba, Nemrut, Solhan and Alatepe regions. The ANR project GéObs, led by D. Mouralis (Rouen Univ./IDEES), associated with C. Kuzucuoglu (Paris 1 Univ./LGP) and L. Astruc (Paris 1 Univ./ArScan) enhances: 1) the identification of obsidian outcrops (some of which had not yet been identified), 2) the discrimination of these outcrops according to their characteristics (accessibility and types), 3) the characterization of obsidian glass (micro facies; geochemistry; mineralogy), and consecutive reconstruction of their emplacement modes. This research, based on the necessary completeness of data collection in the field, demonstrates the importance of such a new approach in the domain of “obsidian sourcing” researches.

The nineteenth century was an era that great centralization and codification attempts were realized in the Ottoman Empire. One of these attempts was the Ottoman Land Code of 1858, which put various land regulations throughout the empire into a standard code. But this standard Code gave different results when applied to different regions which had their own characteristic features. Eastern Anatolia, which had an autonomous position since its incorporation to the Ottoman Empire, was also in the scope of the Land Code. The object of this study is to examine the implementation of the Land Code of 1858 in eastern Anatolia and the impacts of this implementation process in the region. Indeed, the general situation of the region greatly disaffected the implementation of the Code in eastern Anatolia. Because of the dominant disorder within the region and problems of the state in these lands, the Land Code could not be properly implemented in eastern Anatolia. The Land Code and the title deeds, which were distributed in accordance with the Code, were so important that they became the base of later ownership claims. Therefore, the implementation of the Code had deep and long lasting effects on the land patterns and social relations in the region. In this respect, this study will evaluate the implementation process of the Land Code throughout eastern Anatolia and the socio-economic transformation of the region as a result of this process.

This study is concerned with volcanostratigraphic and petrologic evolution of the S&uuml / phan, which is a 4050 m high Quaternary stratovolcano in eastern Anatolia. The eruptive products of S&uuml / phan Stratovolcano, including transitional mildly alkaline to calc-alkaline rocks, are lavas, domes and pyroclastics ranging in composition from basalts to rhyolites. Ar-Ar age data from different levels of the volcanostratigrafic succession yield a range of 0.76-0.06 Ma. Textural features, wide temperature ranges obtained for intermediate members, and the linear trends of whole-rock geochemistry are strongly suggestive of magma mixing in the evolution of S&uuml / phan volcanics. Presence of crystal clots in many lavas suggests that cogenetic plutonic rocks were also involved in the mixing process. Comparison of whole-rock, melt inclusion and glass chemistry data of S&uuml / phan to data from experimental studies reported in literature indicate that the melt inclusions describe true liquid lines of descent from a common hydrous parent at pressures of ~500 MPa. EC-AFC modeling of trace element and isotopic compositions reveals 2-8% crustal contamination in the differentiated lavas. REE modeling indicates that primitive rocks of S&uuml / phan volcanics were products of mixing of melts from spinel and garnet lherzolite sources, with contributions of 60% and 40%, respectively, in the mixture. A two-stage petrogenetic model is proposed for Suphan stratovolcano. Mantle- derived melts stall and undergo chemical differentiation in a deep hot zone in lower to mid-crust / variably evolved melts ascending from this zone are arrested and mixed at a shallow level where they construct a sub-volcanic magma reservoir beneath Suphan.

Eleven dinoflagellates, acritarchs, and pollen biozones have been identified in Upper Eocene to Pliocene sediments combined from MuS, Tekman, Tercan-ASkale, Pasinler-Horasan basins and the Bayburt-Kars Plateau in this study. FAD&amp / #8217 / s of Compositae (tubuliflorae type), Slowakipollenites hipoph&auml / eoides, Mediocolpopollis compactus, Monoporopollenites gramineoides and Umbelliferae at the base of Rupelian, FAD of Wetzeliella gochtii in the middle Rupelian, LAD of Ascostomocystis potane in the late Rupelian, LAD of Wetzeliella gochtii in the latest Rupelian, LAD of Deflandrea spp. in the latest Chattian, peak occurrences of Chriptoredium spp. in the early and late Aquitanian, FAD of Hystrichosphaeropsis obscura, followed by FAD of Membranilarnacea ?picena in the late Aquitanian should have particular emphasis for palynostratigraphic divisions in regional correlations and indicate that a continuous deposition took place in Eastern Anatolia from Late Eocene to the end of the Early Miocene. A relatively deeper marine deposition prevailed during the Late Eocene, which was followed by a shallowing-upward deposition during the Oligocene in MuS, Tekman, Tercan-ASkale, and Pasinler-Horasan basins. These basins were also characterized by an Early Miocene regional transgression, and terrestrial (lacustrine and fluvial) deposition during the Late Miocene-Pliocene whereas terrestrial conditions have been predominating since Late Eocene in the Bayburt-Kars Plateau. Paleoclimatological reconstructions of Eastern Anatolian Oligocene-Miocene sediments suggest temperate to subtropical climates in which mean annual temperatures vary between 15,6 to 21,3 &deg / C, mean temperatures of the coldest and the warmest month are 5.0 to 13.3 &deg / C and 24.7 to 28.1 &deg / C, respectively, and mean annual precipitation is 1122.0 to 1522.0 mm.

This study aims to find out the patterns of economic, social and political participation of the youth in urban South-eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. Analyses of the data reveal that youth in the South Eastern Anatolia Region does not and cannot participate in various dimensions of the society. Youth in South-eastern Anatolia cannot participate into the labour market. There are too limited job opportunities in the region. On the other hand, working young people are prone to low quality working conditions. Young people also cannot participate into the social life in the public sphere. Social and economic pressures and lack of opportunities are limiting young people in a social life mainly in the private sphere within a closed community. Finally, youth in South-eastern Anatolia Region are keeping themselves away from political mechanisms. Political structure is not attracting young people because of the negative experiences that the people participated in politics having for years. One of the most important findings of the study is that different dimensions of participation namely participation in the labour market, participation in social life and political participation are dependent on each other. Another result is that both the level and experiences of youth participation are highly determined by the social characteristics such as gender, family background, education level and age.

In this thesis, changing regional development policies and effects of these in Turkey is discussed. Regional inequalities have been one of the important concerns of the Republic of Turkey. However, the restructuring of state and capitalism during 1980&amp / #8217 / s led to a change in regional policies and Turkish regional polices have surely begun to be affected from new policies. Yet, these new policies do not seem to offer much about promoting development in underdeveloped regions. This study aims to analyze the effects of new regional policies with their successes and failures in order to find out whether they can offer a suitable policy framework for promoting development in underdeveloped regions of Turkey. With this aim, changing policies in Southern Eastern Anatolia Project (GAP) will be discussed. Transformation of GAP, from a project of irrigation and energy based on previous allocative regional policies to a sustainable human development project will be examined. According to findings of the study, some remarks will be made about policy framework that should be taken as a basis in GAP.