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Obesity rates are rising rapidly in the United States, reaching epidemic proportions. Insights into which genes predispose individuals to develop obesity are a necessity. If people at risk for obesity can be identified, individualized treatment programs can be designed based on the individuals' genetic and epigenetic predisposition to help decrease the rate of obesity and obesity-related diseases and deaths. This study will be focusing on the genes FTO, MAOA, SH2B1, CCKAR, NEGR1, LEPR, DNMT3B, and BDNF that have been previously associated with obesity risk and obesity-related phenotypes. Transcript levels of FTO and MAOA were analyzed using quantitative real-time RTPCR, promoter methylation was examined utilizing methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme digestion assays designed for each of the eight gene promoters, and the genotype at eight SNPs, previously associated with obesity, were examined. These data were compared to data gathered on body composition, eating behavior, and temperament. The goals of this project were to replicate results from previous research suggesting associations between certain genetic variants to body composition measures, to identify novel associations between genetic and epigenetic variations and body composition, eating behavior, and temperament, and to provide evidence that the genes previously correlated to obesity in adults is also correlated to measures of obesity and obesity-related phenotypes in children. Decreased levels of methylation in the promoter of BDNF were associated with different eating behaviors including, decreased food fussiness and decreased satiety response. These results were statistically significant after Bonferroni correction for multiple testing. Genotype analysis at the SNP, rs4923461, in BDNF identified an association between the G allele and increased emotional under-eating in males. This association also remained significant after Bonferroni correction. These data gathered for BDNF may suggest a novel role for BDNF in the regulation of energy balance and obesity. The data analysis for all expression, methylation, and genotype data identified associations with 16 different obesity-related phenotypes. These phenotypes included; three measures of body composition, seven eating behaviors, two measures of food intake, one measure of self-regulation, and three measures of temperament. These associations were held to a lower statistical standard and are considered suggestive pending replication in a larger sample. This research was able to provide novel insight into genetic and epigenetic alterations that modify obesity-related phenotypes in African American children. A cumulative genetic and epigenetic "obesity risk factor" score was derived using all significant and suggestive associations to obesity-related phenotypes. The score was derived from the methylation analysis from all eight gene promoters, SNPs from LEPR, DNMT3B, and BDNF, and expression data for MAOA and FTO. The "obesity-risk factor" score was significantly higher in obese compared to non-obese individuals, suggesting the combined genetic and epigenetic approach has value in the prediction of childhood obesity in African Americans. / Molecular Biology and Genetics

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / People with depression are at elevated risk for future obesity; however, little is known about the potential mechanistic role of diet composition in this association. The aims of the present study were: (1) to examine depressive symptom severity as a predictor of 13-year change in seven diet composition factors over time, (2) to test 13-year change in diet composition factors as mediators of the association between depressive symptom severity and 13-year change in adiposity, and (3) to explore whether the Aim 2 mediation models are moderated by sex and race. Participants were 2,449 non-Hispanic Black and White adults who participated in the 1990, 1992, and 2005 years of the CARDIA study (mean baseline age = 35 years, 54% women, 56% non-Hispanic Black, mean baseline waist circumference = 84.0 cm, mean change in waist circumference = 8.3 cm). Depressive symptoms were assessed in 1990 using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D). Waist circumference and seven diet composition factors were assessed in 1992 and 2005. Diet composition factors included intake of total energy, saturated fatty acid, monounsaturated fatty acid, polyunsaturated fatty acid, fiber, sugar, and protein. PROCESS bootstrapping analyses were used to test for mediation and moderated mediation (see Figure 1 for the conceptual model). All models included adjustment for age; sex; race; education; prevalent and incident cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer; incident pregnancy; and 13-year change in physical activity. Greater baseline CES-D Total predicted greater 13-year increases in waist circumference (path c β = 0.032, p = .006). In separate models, there was a trend for greater baseline depressive symptoms predicting 13-year increases in total energy intake (path a β = 0.040, p = .054), and greater baseline depressive symptoms predicted 13-year increases in protein intake (path a β = 0.059, p = .004) and fiber intake (path a β = 0.040, p = .0496). Depressive symptoms were unrelated to 13-year changes in intake of the other diet composition factors of saturated fatty acid, monounsaturated fatty acid, polyunsaturated fatty acid, and sugar (all ps ≥ .129). Mediation models revealed that 13-year change in total energy intake and protein intake partially mediated the association between baseline depressive symptoms and 13-year change in waist circumference (total energy intake indirect effect = 0.001, 95% CI=0.0001-0.004; protein intake indirect effect = 0.002, 95% CI=0.0004-0.005); mediation was not observed for the other diet composition factors. Exploratory moderated mediation models detected a significant interaction for CES-D Total by sex predicting 13-year change protein intake only (Index of moderated mediation=0.004, 95%CI=0.001-0.010). All other tests of moderated mediation were non-significant (95% CIs included zero). Analyses stratified by sex revealed that CES-D Total was more strongly associated with 13-year increases protein intake in men (β = 0.011, p=.004) than in women (β = 0.027, p = .246). Findings from this larger, longitudinal, epidemiologic study suggest that the prospective relationship between depression and future obesity risk may be explained, in part, by intake of certain diet composition factors. Advancing the understanding of the relationship between depression and diet changes will inform clinical efforts to prevent or manage depression-related obesity.

The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire is an internationally widely used instrument assessing different eating styles that may contribute to weight gain and overweight: emotional eating, external eating, and restraint. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the 30-item German version of the DEBQ including its measurement invariance across gender, age, and BMI-status in a representative German population sample. Furthermore, we examined the distribution of eating styles in the general population and provide population-based norms for DEBQ scales. A representative sample of the German general population (N = 2513, age > 14 years) was assessed with the German version of the DEBQ along with information on sociodemographic characteristics and body weight and height. The German version of the DEQB demonstrates good item characteristics and reliability (restraint: α = .92, emotional eating: α = .94, external eating: α = .89). The 3-factor structure of the DEBQ could be replicated in exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and results of multi-group confirmatory factor analyses supported its metric and scalar measurement invariance across gender, age, and BMI-status. External eating was the most prevalent eating style in the German general population. Women scored higher on emotional and restrained eating scales than men, and overweight individuals scored higher in all three eating styles compared to normal weight individuals. Small differences across age were found for external eating. Norms were provided according to gender, age, and BMI-status. Our findings suggest that the German version of the DEBQ has good reliability and construct validity, and is suitable to reliably measure eating styles across age, gender, and BMI-status. Furthermore, the results demonstrate a considerable variation of eating styles across gender and BMI-status.

Thesis advisor: Barbara E. Wolfe / The core defining features of bulimia nervosa (BN) are repeated binge eating episodes and compensatory purging behavior. The biobehavioral aspects of binge eating are complex and not fully understood. One area of recent interest is the role of the satiety-signaling peptide cholecystokinin (CCK). Previous research observed a blunted postprandial plasma CCK response in those with BN, therefore suggesting this may be a cause, consequence, or maintenance factor in binge eating. It is unknown whether this altered response is due to a state versus trait phenomenon, thus having implications in the development of clinical treatment strategies. To examine the nature of this altered response, this study assessed whether CCK normalizes following remission from BN (RBN). This biobehavioral study utilized a comparative design to prospectively evaluate the biological CCK response and the corresponding behavioral ratings of satiety and other eating-related sensations in individuals with BN (n=10), RBN (n =14), and healthy controls (CON, n=13). CCK and behavioral ratings were assessed at baseline, +15, +30, and +60 minutes following the ingestion of a standardized liquid test meal. The BN group's CCK response was blunted and approached significance (p =.052) when compared to the RBN and CON groups. As predicted the RBN and CON groups' CCK response did not significantly differ. This finding supports the premise that CCK may normalize following abstinence from binge and purge (vomit) episodes and that this is a state versus trait related phenomenon. A significant positive relationship between CCK response and ratings of satiety occurred in the RBN group only (r=.59, p<.05). A new and unanticipated finding in the BN group was a significant relationship (r=.86, p < .01, two-tailed) between their CCK response and urge to vomit. A greater urge to vomit was reported by those individuals who had increased CCK response. Therefore, it is unknown whether the normalization of CCK functioning is a protective or liability factor in the stabilization and recovery process. Replication studies utilizing a larger sample size are needed to understand the role of CCK in recovery and the subsequent development of novel treatment strategies for those suffering with BN. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2012. / Submitted to: Boston College. Connell School of Nursing. / Discipline: Nursing.

Thesis advisor: Stephen Heinrichs / The present study seeks to use an animal model to examine how dietary restriction, physiological and non-physiological needs, and nicotine administration influence eating behavior. Diets restricting proteins were fed to rats in order to assess if any abnormalities in feeding behavior result. Following a plan of limited access to the restricted nutrient a physiological rebound occurred, involving increased selection for the restricted nutrient. Non-physiological needs were also be studied by observing the effect of taste modification on the eating behavior. The taste of the restricted nutrient was modified to have a preferred, sweet taste or non-preferred, bitter taste. Non-physiological drives to avoid unpleasant tastes were overridden by the physiological need for the restricted nutrient. Furthermore, the drive to increase consumption of a pleasant tasting food was seen only in protein deficient rats, whereas rats that were not deficient in protein ate as much of the sweet tasting food as the unadultered food. Nicotine administration was seen to suppress the physiological need for the deficient nutrient, and withdrawal of nicotine resulted in a return to the normal physiological drive for the restricted nutrient. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2004. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Psychology. / Discipline: College Honors Program.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-12-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:20:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 magalhaes_p_dr_arafcf.pdf: 668780 bytes, checksum: 99778a7ebc1db6f74e837e7ec77b098c (MD5) / Fmrp-Usp / O comportamento alimentar e a imagem corporal de estudantes de nutrição tem sido objeto de crescente interesse e pesquisa, dada a ocorrência de transtornos alimentares e prática de alimentação restritiva, nessa população. Independentemente de tais distúrbios, esses estudantes, como quaisquer outros indivíduos, possuem um repertório de cognições, atitudes e habilidades que pode ou não ser coerente com a competência necessária para a atuação profissional. As grades curriculares dos cursos de graduação em nutrição tem predomínio de disciplinas da área biológica, sendo a abordagem psicossocial do comportamento alimentar pouco desenvolvida. O presente estudo propôs-se a caracterizar o comportamento alimentar, o estado nutricional e a imagem corporal de estudantes de Nutrição quando de seu ingresso e ao final do último ano da graduação, discutindo-o à luz da abordagem psicossocial. A população foi formada por 167 estudantes do sexo feminino, ingressantes (n=64) e concluintes (n=103), de três instituições de ensino do interior do Estado de São Paulo, com média de idade de 21,6 anos (ingressantes) e de 24,5 anos (concluintes). A metodologia adotada foi a quantiqualitativa, mediante levantamento de dados antropométricos e recordatório alimentar de 24 horas, identificação do estilo alimentar (pelo Questionário Holandês do Comportamento Alimentar), das atitudes relativas à imagem corporal (Escala de Silhuetas) e realização de grupos focais, para questionamento das atitudes, percepções e sentimentos relativos à alimentação e imagem corporal, ao início e quando da conclusão do curso. Os resultados mostram 10,9% de excesso de peso entre as ingressantes... / Eating behavior and body image of nutrition students has been the subject of increasing interest and research, given the occurrence of eating disorders and restrictive feeding in this population. Regardless of such disorders, these students, like any other individual, have a repertoire of cognitions, attitudes and skills that may or may not be consistent with the skills necessary for professional practice. The curriculum of undergraduate nutrition courses has a predominance of disciplines of biological and psychosocial approach of eating behavior is poorly developed. This study aimed to characterize the eating behavior, nutritional status and body image of nutrition students at the beginning and in the last year of undergraduate course, according to the psychosocial approach. Participants for this study were 167 female students (64 freshmen and 103 graduates) from three institutions of Sao Paulo State, aged between 21.6 (freshmen) and 24.5 (graduates). The methodology was quantiqualitative by anthropometric profile, the 24 h recall, eating style identification (Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire), attitudes toward body image (Silhouette scale) and focal groups to investigate the attitudes, perceptions and feelings related to eating. The results showed 10.9% of overweight among... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

<p>Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva personers erfarenheter av sina kost- och motionsvanor före respektive efter en kirurgisk behandling mot fetma. Vidare var syftet att beskriva om personerna ansåg att operationen påverkat deras psykiska och fysiska hälsa. Kirurgiska behandlingar mot fetma har ökat under de senaste åren och forskning visar att det är den metod som ger bäst effekt för att behålla en långvarig viktnedgång i jämförelse med diverse dieter och fysisk aktivitet. En kvalitativ metod med innehållsanalyser användes där fem kvinnor som genomgått en operation mot fetma intervjuades. Kategorier har skapats utifrån hur det har sett ut före och efter operationen när det gäller kost- och motionsvanor samt psykisk och fysisk hälsa. Resultatet visade att kostvanorna hos alla deltagare före operation var oregelbundna där det mesta av maten intogs på kvällarna. Motion utövades i regel inte alls av de flesta deltagarna. Efter operation har samtliga regelbundna kostvanor och äter små portioner. Motionsvanorna har förändrats i den mån att fler promenader utförs men i övrigt ingen ökad fysisk aktivitet. Den psykiska hälsan har förbättrats för de flesta genom bättre självförtroende och ökad livskvalitet. Även den fysiska hälsan har förbättrats då deltagarna upplever mer ork och färre besvär med bland annat värk och högt blodtryck. Slutsatserna från studien är att kost- och motionsvanor förändrats men endast i viss utsträckning, däremot har den fysiska och psykiska hälsan förändrats till det bättre.</p> / <p>The purpose of this study is to describe how people who have undergone surgical treatment for obesity experience their diet and exercise habits before and after surgery. Furthermore, it intends to describe if the participants believe that the operation affected their mental and physical health. Surgical treatments for obesity has become more popular in recent years and research shows that it is the method most effective for maintaining weight loss in comparison with various diets and physical activities. A qualitative method with content analysis was used and five women who had surgery for obesity participated. The results showed that the dietary habits of all participants before surgery was irregular and the participants all ate large meals in the evenings. Exercising in general did not exist among the participants. After surgery, all participants had a regular diet and ate smaller portions. Exercise habits have changed to the extent that all take more walks but otherwise they have not increased their physical activity. Mental health has improved for most through better self-esteem and quality of life. Physical health has improved and the participants feel more strength and fewer symptoms, such as pain and high blood pressure. The conclusion from this study is that diet and exercise habits have changed but only to a certain extent, however, the physical and mental health has changed for the better.</p>

Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva personers erfarenheter av sina kost- och motionsvanor före respektive efter en kirurgisk behandling mot fetma. Vidare var syftet att beskriva om personerna ansåg att operationen påverkat deras psykiska och fysiska hälsa. Kirurgiska behandlingar mot fetma har ökat under de senaste åren och forskning visar att det är den metod som ger bäst effekt för att behålla en långvarig viktnedgång i jämförelse med diverse dieter och fysisk aktivitet. En kvalitativ metod med innehållsanalyser användes där fem kvinnor som genomgått en operation mot fetma intervjuades. Kategorier har skapats utifrån hur det har sett ut före och efter operationen när det gäller kost- och motionsvanor samt psykisk och fysisk hälsa. Resultatet visade att kostvanorna hos alla deltagare före operation var oregelbundna där det mesta av maten intogs på kvällarna. Motion utövades i regel inte alls av de flesta deltagarna. Efter operation har samtliga regelbundna kostvanor och äter små portioner. Motionsvanorna har förändrats i den mån att fler promenader utförs men i övrigt ingen ökad fysisk aktivitet. Den psykiska hälsan har förbättrats för de flesta genom bättre självförtroende och ökad livskvalitet. Även den fysiska hälsan har förbättrats då deltagarna upplever mer ork och färre besvär med bland annat värk och högt blodtryck. Slutsatserna från studien är att kost- och motionsvanor förändrats men endast i viss utsträckning, däremot har den fysiska och psykiska hälsan förändrats till det bättre. / The purpose of this study is to describe how people who have undergone surgical treatment for obesity experience their diet and exercise habits before and after surgery. Furthermore, it intends to describe if the participants believe that the operation affected their mental and physical health. Surgical treatments for obesity has become more popular in recent years and research shows that it is the method most effective for maintaining weight loss in comparison with various diets and physical activities. A qualitative method with content analysis was used and five women who had surgery for obesity participated. The results showed that the dietary habits of all participants before surgery was irregular and the participants all ate large meals in the evenings. Exercising in general did not exist among the participants. After surgery, all participants had a regular diet and ate smaller portions. Exercise habits have changed to the extent that all take more walks but otherwise they have not increased their physical activity. Mental health has improved for most through better self-esteem and quality of life. Physical health has improved and the participants feel more strength and fewer symptoms, such as pain and high blood pressure. The conclusion from this study is that diet and exercise habits have changed but only to a certain extent, however, the physical and mental health has changed for the better.

Introdução: Eventos perinatais podem afetar a saúde do indivíduo a médio e em longo prazo. Além disso, a relação mãe-bebê se relaciona com o risco para psicopatologias durante a vida, e também parece influenciar a nutrição e o crescimento da criança. Crianças nascidas com restrição de crescimento intrauterino (RCIU), especialmente as meninas, apresentam maior consumo de alimentos palatáveis em várias fases do desenvolvimento, o que aumenta o risco para obesidade ao longo da vida. Nosso grupo vem demonstrando que alterações no sistema de recompensa do cérebro possam estar envolvidas. O uso da intervenção musical tem demonstrado melhora em uma série de parâmetros comportamentais e fisiológicos, assim como a aceitação alimentar em bebês nascidos com baixo peso no início da vida. Recentemente, estudos de neuroimagem têm sugerido que a exposição à música ativa o sistema de recompensa do cérebro. Entretanto, ainda não se sabe os efeitos de uma intervenção musical no início da vida sobre estes desfechos em longo prazo. Objetivos: Avaliar o impacto de uma intervenção em pares de mães e bebês (exposição a aulas de música) sobre desfechos relacionados à saúde da criança em longo prazo, buscando associálos com o peso ao nascer. Metodologia: Estudo longitudinal controlado que avaliou 56 crianças com idades entre 5 e 9 anos em desfechos antropométricos, nutricionais, comportamentais e de expressão musical. O grupo exposto foi recrutado de uma amostra de crianças que participou de uma intervenção musical estruturada de 2004 a 2007 no Curso de Extensão Música para Bebês do Departamento de Música do Instituto de Artes da UFRGS. O grupo não exposto foi recrutado de uma amostra de controles populacionais da mesma idade, na área de abrangência da Unidade Básica de Saúde Santa Cecília. Uma série de General Linear Model (GLMs) foram feitas, ajustadas para nível sócio-econômico e educação materna, para avaliar a interação entre a exposição à música, o peso ao nascer e sexo sobre o consumo de alimentos através de questionário de frequência alimentar. Resultados: Cinquenta e seis crianças foram avaliadas, sendo 28 expostas. Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos exposto e não exposto na distribuição do sexo (p=0.42). Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas quanto aos instrumentos Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), domínio estabilidade familiar no Recursos do Ambiente Familiar (RAF), Questionário sobre o temperamento da criança (CBQ), Questionário sobre o comportamento alimentar da criança (CEBQ), Critério de Classificação Econômica Brasil e Questionário de Frequência Alimentar (QFA). Tampouco na avaliação musical ou nas medidas de cortisol. Entretanto, quanto à escolaridade do responsável, ao nível sócioeconômico e ao domínio processos proximais do RAF, os dados apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p<0,001). Houve diferença marginal quanto à Razão de Crescimento Fetal (p=0,051), à idade das crianças (p=0,003) e ao domínio ligação famíliaescola do RAF (p=0,041). Há uma interação entre o peso ao nascer, sexo e exposição à música sobre o consumo de açúcares na infância (Wald=7,87, df=2, p=0.02). A análise da interação mostra que, nas meninas não expostas à música, há aumento do consumo deste alimento conforme o peso ao nascer diminui (B=-8,673, p<0.0001), sem efeito nas expostas (B=3,352, p=0,15) ou nos meninos (expostos B=2,870, p=0.44; não expostos B=3,706, p=0,236). Não foram encontrados efeitos na análise de outros alimentos como frutas ou gorduras, mostrando que o efeito é específico para o doce. Conclusões: Os dados sugerem que intervenção musical em bebês pode moderar os efeitos da RCIU sobre a preferência a alimentos palatáveis na infância em meninas. Acreditamos que a musicalização de bebês pode ser uma intervenção relevante em populações vulneráveis como a das crianças nascidas com RCIU. / Introduction: Perinatal events can have mid- to long-term effects on a person's health. Besides, the mother-baby relationship is related to the risk of psychopathologies during life, and also seems to influence the nutrition and growth of the child. Children born after intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), especially girls, present a higher intake of palatable foods in many stages of development, which increases the risk of obesity throughout life. Our group has demonstrated that alterations in the brain's rewarding system may be involved. The use of musical interventions has helped with a series of behavioral and physiological parameters, as well as with the acceptance of food in babies born with low birth weight. Recently, neuroimage studies have suggested that exposition to music activates the brain's rewarding system. However, the effects of a musical intervention in the beginning of life on these parameters are still unknown. Objectives: The objective is to evaluate the impact of an intervention in mother-baby pairs (exposed to music classes) on the outcomes related to the health of the child in the long term, associating it to the birth weight. Methodology: This is a controlled longitudinal study that evaluated 56 children, ages 5 to 9, regarding anthropometric, nutritional, behavioral and musical expression outcomes. The exposed group was recruited from a sample of children who participated in a structured musical intervention which happened from 2004 to 2007 at the Music for Babies Extension Course of the Art Institute of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil. The nonexposed group was recruited from a populational communitarian age-matched sample, in the area encompassed by the Santa Cecília Public Hospital. A series of General Linear Models (GLMs) were performed, according to SES and maternal education. This was done to evaluate the interaction between exposure to music, birth weight and sex about the consumption of food through a food frequency questionnaire. Results: Fifty-six children were evaluated, and 28 were exposed. There was no significant difference between the exposed and the nonexposed group regarding sex (p=0.42). Statistically significant differences were not found regarding the instruments Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), family stability with Resources of Family Environment (RAF - Recursos de Ambiente Familiar), Children's Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ), Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ), Brazil's Socioeconomic Classification Criteria, and Food Frequency Questionnaire. There was no significant difference in the musical or the cortisol evaluation. However, regarding the education of the mother, the socioeconomic status, and the grasp of closeness processes with RAF, the data presented statistically significant differences (p<0,001). There was a marginal difference regarding the Fetal Growth Ratio (p=0.051), the children's age (p=0.003) and the connection between family-school evaluated in RAF (p=0.041). There is an interaction between birth weight and exposure to music on the intake of sugar during childhood (Wald=7.87, df=2, p=0.02). The analysis of the interaction shows that girls who were not exposed to music had an increased consumption of this food as the birth weight lowers (B=- 8.673, p<0.0001). There was no effect on the girls who were exposed (B=3.352, p=0.15) nor on the boys (exposed B=2.870, p=0.44; nonexposed B=3.706, p=0.236). This interaction was not found regarding other foods, such as fruits or fats, which shows this is specific to sweets. Conclusions: The data suggest that musical intervention for babies can control the effects of IUGR about the preferences for palatable foods during childhood in girls. We believe that the musicalization of babies can be a relevant intervention in vulnerable populations, such as children born after IUGR.