Sustainable approaches have been extensively proposed in product, process and system levels. However, a lack of applicable solutions for these methods is identified in the existing research. This research considers uncertainties affecting sustainable systems and comprehensively discusses the need for the optimal design in product and system levels under uncertainty. Based on the economic, social and environmental requirements of a sustainable product, and uncertainties in engineering systems, two innovative methods are proposed. The methods, including agent-based modeling (ABM) and Big Data, quantify effects of users’ preference changes as a significant uncertainty source in a product design process. The effect of quantified uncertainties on the product sustainability is then evaluated, and solutions to reduce the effects are developed. Through a novel control engineering method, uncertainties are modeled in the design process of a product. Using two mathematical models, the cost and environmental impacts in the design process are minimized under users’ preference changes. The models search for an optimal number of iterations in the design process to achieve a sustainable solution. The methods have been extended to model and optimize the sustainable system design under uncertainties. Design of Eco-Industrial Parks (EIPs) is a practical and scientific solution to achieve sustainable industries. To improve the feasibility of flow exchanges between industries in an EIP under several uncertainties, this research provides a perspective analysis for establishing flow exchanges between industries. The sources of uncertainties in the EIPs are then comprehensively studied, and research gaps are highlighted. Finally, models to optimize flow exchanges between industries are presented and the validity of models is evaluated using real data. A major is including all sustainability pillars in the proposed approach. The research addresses users’ preferences to highlight the role of individuals in the society. Moreover, the economic and environmental objective functions have been considered for optimal decision making in the design process. This research underlines the role of uncertainty studies in the sustainable system design. Multiple classifications, perspective analysis, and optimization objectives are presented to help decision makers with the optimal design of sustainable systems under uncertainties. / February 2017

A centralização da discussão da sustentabilidade e desenvolvimento sustentável colocou em evidencia conceitos como ecologia industrial oferecendo oportunidades e soluções para o desenvolvimento sustentável. Desta forma, este estudo apresenta como objeto central os eco-industrial parks que representam uma forma prática de aplicar o conceito de ecologia industrial. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar se e quais práticas de green supply chain management (GSCM) poderiam contribuir para a existência efetiva das características cooperação e integração entre empresas participantes de um eco-industrial park (EIP) e de outras características que determinam um parque como um EIP, visado o sucesso no desenvolvimento e operação desses parques ao longo do tempo. Para isso, foram realizadas duas revisões bibliográficas sistemáticas: a primeira referente à características de eco-industrial parks; a segunda sobre práticas de GSCM a fim de levantar na literatura as características de um eco-industrial park e as práticas de green supply chain management. Posteriormente, foram realizados três estudos de casos em parques que se nomeavam como eco-industrial park objetivando verificar a percepção de um EIP real além de analisar como os entrevistados relacionavam a contribuição das práticas de GSCM para a existência efetiva das características de um EIP levantadas por meio da revisão bibliográfica sistemática, podendo ser: contribuição forte, contribuição moderada e não existência de contribuição. Desta forma, constatou-se que poucas características de EIPs encontradas na literatura estão presentes nestes parques; as características comuns de EIPs presentes nos três casos são principalmente uso comum de serviço e infraestrutura e construção e arquitetura sustentável. Quanto à contribuição das práticas de GSCM para a existência das características de um EIP constatou-se que as práticas de GSCM denominadas \"comprometimento da alta gerência\" e \"suporte de nível médio\" são práticas que apresentam contribuição forte para a existência das onze características de EIPs encontradas na literatura revisada. Já as características de EIPs denominadas \"ciclo fechado\", \"empresas membros com certificação ambiental\" e \"simbiose industrial\" são as características que sofrem influência positiva do maior número de práticas de GSCM. Outra observação a ser feita é que somente a prática de GSCM denominada \"rotulagem ambiental\" não apresenta contribuição para a existência efetiva de nenhuma característica de EIP. / The centralization of sustainability and sustainable development discussion put in evidence concepts such as industrial ecology providing opportunities and solutions for sustainable development. Thus, this study presents as central object the eco-industrial parks that represent a practical way to apply the concept of industrial ecology. The objective of this study was to identify whether and which practices of green supply chain management (GSCM) could contribute to the effective existence of the characteristics cooperation and integration among participating companies an eco-industrial park (EIP) and other characteristics that determine a park like an EIP, aimed at the successful development and operation of these parks over time. For this, there were two systematic literature reviews: the first related to the eco-industrial parks characteristics; the second on GSCM practices in order to raise the literature the characteristics of an eco-industrial park and practices of green supply chain management. Subsequently, three case studies in parks that appointed them as eco-industrial park aimed to verify the perception of a real EIP were performed in addition to examining how respondents related the contribution of GSCM practices to the actual existence of the characteristics of an EIP raised by through systematic literature review and may be: strong contribution, moderate contribution and absence of contribution. Thus, it was found that few EIP features found in the literature are present in these parks; the common features of EIPs present in the three cases are particularly common use service and infrastructure construction and sustainable architecture. As for the contribution of GSCM practices for the existence of the characteristics of an EIP it found that the GSCM practices called \"top management commitment\" and \"midlevel support\" are practices that have strong contribution to the existence of the eleven features EIPs found in the reviewed literature. Already the EIPs features called \"closed loop\", \"member companies with environmental certification\" and \"industrial symbiosis\" are the features that suffer positive influence from as many GSCM practices. Another point to be made is that only the practice of GSCM called \"environmental labeling\" has no contribution to the actual existence of any characteristic of EIP.

A centralização da discussão da sustentabilidade e desenvolvimento sustentável colocou em evidencia conceitos como ecologia industrial oferecendo oportunidades e soluções para o desenvolvimento sustentável. Desta forma, este estudo apresenta como objeto central os eco-industrial parks que representam uma forma prática de aplicar o conceito de ecologia industrial. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar se e quais práticas de green supply chain management (GSCM) poderiam contribuir para a existência efetiva das características cooperação e integração entre empresas participantes de um eco-industrial park (EIP) e de outras características que determinam um parque como um EIP, visado o sucesso no desenvolvimento e operação desses parques ao longo do tempo. Para isso, foram realizadas duas revisões bibliográficas sistemáticas: a primeira referente à características de eco-industrial parks; a segunda sobre práticas de GSCM a fim de levantar na literatura as características de um eco-industrial park e as práticas de green supply chain management. Posteriormente, foram realizados três estudos de casos em parques que se nomeavam como eco-industrial park objetivando verificar a percepção de um EIP real além de analisar como os entrevistados relacionavam a contribuição das práticas de GSCM para a existência efetiva das características de um EIP levantadas por meio da revisão bibliográfica sistemática, podendo ser: contribuição forte, contribuição moderada e não existência de contribuição. Desta forma, constatou-se que poucas características de EIPs encontradas na literatura estão presentes nestes parques; as características comuns de EIPs presentes nos três casos são principalmente uso comum de serviço e infraestrutura e construção e arquitetura sustentável. Quanto à contribuição das práticas de GSCM para a existência das características de um EIP constatou-se que as práticas de GSCM denominadas \"comprometimento da alta gerência\" e \"suporte de nível médio\" são práticas que apresentam contribuição forte para a existência das onze características de EIPs encontradas na literatura revisada. Já as características de EIPs denominadas \"ciclo fechado\", \"empresas membros com certificação ambiental\" e \"simbiose industrial\" são as características que sofrem influência positiva do maior número de práticas de GSCM. Outra observação a ser feita é que somente a prática de GSCM denominada \"rotulagem ambiental\" não apresenta contribuição para a existência efetiva de nenhuma característica de EIP. / The centralization of sustainability and sustainable development discussion put in evidence concepts such as industrial ecology providing opportunities and solutions for sustainable development. Thus, this study presents as central object the eco-industrial parks that represent a practical way to apply the concept of industrial ecology. The objective of this study was to identify whether and which practices of green supply chain management (GSCM) could contribute to the effective existence of the characteristics cooperation and integration among participating companies an eco-industrial park (EIP) and other characteristics that determine a park like an EIP, aimed at the successful development and operation of these parks over time. For this, there were two systematic literature reviews: the first related to the eco-industrial parks characteristics; the second on GSCM practices in order to raise the literature the characteristics of an eco-industrial park and practices of green supply chain management. Subsequently, three case studies in parks that appointed them as eco-industrial park aimed to verify the perception of a real EIP were performed in addition to examining how respondents related the contribution of GSCM practices to the actual existence of the characteristics of an EIP raised by through systematic literature review and may be: strong contribution, moderate contribution and absence of contribution. Thus, it was found that few EIP features found in the literature are present in these parks; the common features of EIPs present in the three cases are particularly common use service and infrastructure construction and sustainable architecture. As for the contribution of GSCM practices for the existence of the characteristics of an EIP it found that the GSCM practices called \"top management commitment\" and \"midlevel support\" are practices that have strong contribution to the existence of the eleven features EIPs found in the reviewed literature. Already the EIPs features called \"closed loop\", \"member companies with environmental certification\" and \"industrial symbiosis\" are the features that suffer positive influence from as many GSCM practices. Another point to be made is that only the practice of GSCM called \"environmental labeling\" has no contribution to the actual existence of any characteristic of EIP.

Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire étudient les problématiques transactionnelles posées par le développement des éco-parcs industriels (EPI). Nos travaux visent donc à fournir une analyse économique des synergies éco industrielles (substitution de ressource, mutualisation d'infrastructures) afin de compléter les approches techniques principalement développées en sciences de l'ingénieur. Notre unité d'analyse sera donc les transactions. Nous proposons une typologie des pratiques de synergies éco-industrielles ainsi qu'une représentation de leur processus de mise en oeuvre. Nous analysons le cas de l'EPI Green Valley (France). Nous caractérisons et mettons en perspective son développement et les principaux facteurs ayant affecté son processus de déploiement. Ensuite, en faisant appel à des arguments issus de l'économie des coûts de transaction, nous proposons l'usage de contrats de long terme complexes pour organiser les transactions associées aux SI. En conséquence, un cadre de conception des contrats incluant des clauses spécifiques (tarification, pénalités, garanties) est proposé de manière à tarifer les flux et à partager le risque. Dans une dernière partie, nous étudions les décisions d'investissement en capacités mutualisées. / This thesis report aims at addressing transactional issues raised by the undertaking of eco-industrial parks (EIP) development. The economics of eco-industrial synergies (resource "flow" substitution and infrastructure/service "capacity" sharing) is investigated so as to complement existing engineering-oriented approaches. A focus is made on industrial stakeholders' interplay in industrial symbiosis (IS) and their strategic decisionmaking in terms of investment and contracting practices. First, a survey of practices actually observed in EIPs in function is conducted through a literature review. A taxonomy of eco-industrial synergies is thus proposed and an IS implementation process representation is derived. Then we conduct a case study on the GreenValley eco-industrial park (France) Then, from economic arguments (transaction costs) we advocate the use of long term contracting in organizing IS related transactions. Following this, a contract design framework including specific provisions (tarification, penalties, warranties) is proposed in order to perform pricing of flows exchanges and risk sharing. In a last part, investment decisions in shared capacities is studied using economic modelling both in cooperative and non-cooperative game setting. Key economic parameters (size, back-up costs, scaling factor) and behavioral decisions (investment, commitment) are described and uncertainty is treated in two different approaches.

This thesis considers the problem of how to design an industrial network to reduce cost, increase efficiency, and reduce environmental burdens. A recent approach is further developed that uses analogies with biological food webs to guide industry design. Studying ecological food webs shows that among the metrics in use, critical quantities of interest for industry design include the internal cycling of energy, the ratio of producers to consumers, and the ratio of efficiency to redundancy in the network. Metrics that are calculated using flow based information are also introduced for use in industry, a significant step forward for bio-inspired network design. A comprehensive data set of proposed, operational, and failed eco-industrial parks is compiled for use with structural food web analyses. A data set of biological food webs is also assembled to calculate sustainable benchmark values used as goals for the industrial designs. This research an essential difficulty in bio-inspired design approaches by quantitatively analyzing components of food web design by reconstructing found relationships from science and engineering 1st principles, specifically using thermodynamic 1st law efficiency. Results from this work have the potential to provide industry-wide cost savings, increase efficiency, and reduce environmental burdens through a reduction in raw material consumption and waste disposal. The results also support the view that financial competitiveness and sustainability need not be mutually exclusive: using food web network patterns embodying both economically and environmentally desirable properties, biologically redesigned industrial networks can ease both environmental and economic burdens.

Ce travail présente une optimisation bi-niveau pour la conception de réseaux durables de ressources dans les parcs éco-industriels (EIP). Tout d'abord, les méthodes d'optimisation multiobjectif sont explorées afin de gérer la nature multicritère des problèmes de conception de réseaux dans les EIP. Ensuite, différents cas d’étude sont explorés et analysés afin de maintenir un équilibre concernant les coûts opératoires des usines, tout en minimisant la consommation des ressources naturelles. Ainsi, le problème est modélisé selon une structure bi-niveau reprenant les concepts de la théorie des jeux, où les usines des entreprises jouent un jeu de Nash entre elles, tout en étant dans une structure de jeu de Stackelberg avec l'autorité environnementale. Cette structure définit un modèle qui doit être transformé en un problème MOPEC (Multiple Optimization Problems with Equilibrium Constraints). Différents cas d’étude sont explorés : le premier cas est le réseau d'eau mono-polluant d’un EIP dans lequel l’influence des paramètres opératoires des usines est étudiée afin de déterminer ceux qui favorisent la symbiose entre les usines. Le réseau d'eau est composé d'un nombre fixe de procédés et d’unités de régénération où les concentrations maximales d’entrée et de sortie des polluants sont définies a priori. L'objectif est alors de déterminer quelles sont les allocations entre procédés et unités de régénération. Les résultats obtenus mettent en évidence les avantages de la structure du modèle proposée par rapport aux approches multiobjectif traditionnelles, en obtenant des gains économiques équilibrés d’usines différentes (gains entre 12-25%) tout en maintenant une faible consommation globale des ressources. Ensuite, d'autres études de cas sont abordées à l'aide de la structure bi-niveau : il s’agit d'inclure simultanément les réseaux d'énergie et d’eau dans une formulation multileader multi-follower où les deux «autorités » environnementales sont supposées jouer un jeu non-coopératif de Nash. Dans un premier cas, le gain économique est plus important en incluant des réseaux d'énergie dans la structure de l’EIP. La deuxième étude de cas industriel explore un modèle de réseau d’utilités offre-demande où l'autorité environnementale vise à minimiser les émissions totales de CO2 dans le parc. La conclusion des différents cas explorés montre des résultats extrêmement favorables en termes de coût et d’impact environnemental ce qui vise à encourager les entreprises à participer à l'EIP. / This work presents a bilevel programming framework for the design of sustainable resource networks in eco-industrial parks (EIP). First, multiobjective optimization methods are explored in order to manage the multi-criteria nature of EIP network design problems. Then, different case studies are modeled in order to minimize and maintain in equilibrium participating plants operating costs while minimizing resource consumption. Thus, the structure of the model is constituted by a bilevel programming framework where the enterprises’ plants play a Nash game between them while being in a Stackelberg game structure with the authority. This structure defines a model which, in order to be solved, has to be transformed into a MOPEC (Multiple Optimization Problems with Equilibrium Constraints) structure. Regarding the case studies, monocontaminant water networks in EIP are studied first, where the influence of plants operating parameters are studied in order to determine the most important ones to favor the symbiosis between plants. The water network is composed of a fixed number of process and water regeneration units where the maximal inlet and outlet contaminant concentrations are defined a priori. The aim is to determine which processes are interconnected and the water regeneration allocation. Obtained results highlight the benefits of the proposed model structure in comparison with traditional multiobjective approaches, by obtaining equilibrate different plants operating costs (i.e. gains between 12-25%) while maintaining an overall low resource consumption. Then, other case studies are approached by using the bilevel structure to include simultaneously energy networks in a multi-leader-multi-follower formulation where both environmental authorities are assumed to play a noncooperative Nash game. In the first case study, economic gain is proven to be more significant by including energy networks in the EIP structure. The second industrial case study explores a supply-demand utility network model where the environmental authority aims to minimize the total equivalent CO2 emissions in the EIP. In all cases, the enterprises’ plants are encouraged to participate in the EIP by the extremely favorable obtained results.

L’écologie industrielle a pour objectif de résoudre les questions liées à l'utilisation des ressources technologiques dans les sociétés, dans le but d'ajouter à la partie des connaissances nécessaires pour commencer à évaluer les problèmes de qualité liés à l'environnement et les questions de disponibilité des ressources. Le concept d’écologie industrielle peut être réalisé et pratiqué à travers d’établissement des parcs éco-industriels. Un parc éco-industriel est une communauté de fabrication et de service des entreprises situées ensemble sur une propriété commune. Les membres cherchent la performance environnementale, économique et sociale accrue grâce à la collaboration dans la gestion des questions environnementales et de ressource. L’objectif principal de la thèse est de créer des modèles mathématiques d’optimisation pour maximiser des flux des échanges dans un parc éco-industriel et pour réduire les impacts négatifs des industries sur l’environnement. Les sept parcs éco-industriels symboliques et emblématiques dans le monde ont été étudiés durant la thèse pour obtenir une vision pratique de la problématique et pour acquérir les informations du développement des éco-parcs de la réalité. Les dix outils informatiques et les modèles d’optimisation pour les parcs éco-industriels ont été étudiés. Trois modélisations d’optimisation sont proposées avec les simulations numériques effectuées. / Industrial ecology aims to resolve issues related to the use of technological resources in societies in order to add to the party the knowledge to begin to assess quality issues related to the environment and resource availability issues. The concept of industrial ecology can be realized and practiced through the establishment of eco-industrial parks. An eco-industrial park is a manufacturing community and service businesses located together on a common property. Members seek environmental performance, increased economic and social through collaboration in managing environmental and resource. The main aim of this thesis is to create mathematical optimization models to maximize trade flows in an eco-industrial park and to reduce the negative impacts of industry on the environment. The seven symbolic eco-industrial parks have been studied in this thesis in order to get a practical view of the issues and to acquire information from the development of eco-parks in reality. The numerical tools and optimization models for eco-industrial parks were studied. Three optimization models have been proposed with numerical simulations in this thesis.

La thèse étudie le rôle que les centrales nucléaires pourraient jouer dans la décarbonisation des secteurs du chauffage en Europe et en France. Un réacteur nucléaire est d’abord une source de chaleur à longue durée de vie qui peut produire de l’électricité grâce à un turboalternateur. Mais il peut également être utilisé en mode cogénération en produisant à la fois de l’électricité et de la chaleur. Cette option présente plusieurs avantages dont celui de fournir une chaleur exempte d’émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) et celui d’offrir de la flexibilité au réseau électrique.Aujourd’hui, l'exploitation la plus courante des centrales nucléaires est la fourniture exclusive d’électricité. Cependant, cela entraîne le rejet dans l'environnement de grandes quantités de chaleur issues de la conversion en électricité. Le transfert d'une partie de cette chaleur aux puits industriels ou aux systèmes de chauffage urbain à proximité réduirait la consommation de combustibles fossiles et les émissions de GES. Si cette chaleur venait en substitution de combustibles fossiles importés, cela permettrait également d'améliorer l’indépendance énergétique, favorisant ainsi la stabilité des prix à long terme. / The Ph.D. Thesis studies the role that nuclear plants could play in decarbonizing the European and French heating sectors. A nuclear power plant is basically a thermal plant that convert the nuclear heat into electricity using a turboalternator. But it could also be used in a cogeneration mode producing simultaneously power and heat. The latter offers many advantages including the low carbon profile and the ability to provide flexibility to the power grid.The most widely spread operation of nuclear plants today is electricity only production, which imply the dumping into the environment a large amount of heat that has not been converted to electricity. Transferring part of this heat to nearby industrial sinks or district heating systems would reduce fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gases emissions. If this heat is replacing imported fossil-fuels that would also improve energy self-sufficiency, favouring long-term price stability.

Cette étude concerne l’optimisation multiobjectif de réseaux d’eau industriels via des techniques de programmation mathématique. Dans ce travail, un large éventail de cas est traité afin de proposer des solutions aux problèmes de réseaux les plus variés. Ainsi, les réseaux d’eau monopolluants sont abordés grâce à une programmation mathématique linéaire (MILP). Cette méthode est ensuite utilisée dans le cadre d’une prise en compte simultanée des réseaux d’eau et de chaleur. Lorsque le réseau fait intervenir plusieurs polluants, le problème doit être programmé de façon non linéaire (MINLP). L’optimisation multicritère de chaque réseau est basée sur la stratégie epsilon-contrainte développée à partir d’une méthode lexicographique. L’optimisation multiobjectif suivie d’une réflexion d’aide à la décision a permis d’améliorer les résultats antérieurs proposés dans la littérature de 2 à 10% en termes de consommation de coût et de 7 à 15% en ce qui concerne la dépense énergétique. Cette méthodologie est étendue à l’optimisation de parcs éco-industriels et permet ainsi d’opter pour une solution écologique et économique parmi un ensemble de configurations proposées. / This study presents a multiobjective optimization of industrial water networks through mathematical programming procedures. A large range of various examples are processed to propose several feasible solutions. An industrial network is composed of fixed numbers of process units and regenerations and contaminants. These units are characterized by a priori defined values: maximal inlet and outlet contaminant concentrations. The aim is both to determine which water flows circulate between units and to allocate them while several objectives are optimized. Fresh water flow-rate (F1), regenerated water flow-rate (F2),interconnexions number (F3), energy consumption (F4) and the number of heat exchangers (F5) are all minimized. This multiobjective optimization is based upon the epsilon-constraint strategy, which is developed from a lexicographic method that leads to Pareto fronts. Monocontaminant networks are addressed with a mixed linear mathematical programming (Mixed Integer Linear Programming, MILP) model, using an original formulation based on partial water flow-rates. The obtained results we obtained are in good agreement with the literature data and lead to the validation of the method. The set of potential network solutions is provided in the form of a Pareto front. An innovative strategy based on the GEC (global equivalent cost) leads to the choice of one network among these solutions and turns out to be more efficient for choosing a good network according to a practical point of view. If the industrial network deals with several contaminants, the formulation changes from MILP into MINLP (Mixed Integer Non Linear Programming). Thanks to the same strategy used for the monocontaminant problem, the networks obtained are topologically simpler than literature data and have the advantage of not involving very low flow-rates. A MILP model is performed in order to optimize heat and water networks. Among several examples, a real case of a paper mill plant is studied. This work leads to a significant improvement of previous solutions between 2 to 10% and 7 to 15% for cost and energy consumptions respectively. The methodology is then extended to the optimization of eco-industrial parks. Several configurations are studied regarding the place of regeneration units in the symbiosis. The best network is obtained when the regeneration is owned by each industry of the park and allows again of about 13% for each company. Finally, when heat is combined to water in the network of the ecopark, a gain of 11% is obtained compared to the case where the companies are considered individually.