This thesis has established models of water footprint in the Eco-industrial Park. The model was presented in three different levels, namely the level of Eco-industrial Park, the level of enterprises and the level of products. There are two parts of each model. The first part is the schema tization of different components of the water footprint. The second part is the mathematical model of water footprint counting.   After the models, we made several case studies using these m odels established in this thesis. The first case is the water footprint assessment of the Yixing Economic Development Zone (YEDZ). There are water footprints of the YEDZ in the year of 2009, 2012 and 2015 separately, which are 6787613.6 10 × m3,  61110018 10 × m3 and 62413749 10 ×  m3. Considering the different scales of the YE DZ, for example, the increasing industrial production and economic development, we also make the water footprints per capital of the YEDZ in the year of 2009, 2012 and 2015. The results are 19690.34 ×103m3/capita, 24667.07 ×103m3/capita and 48274.98 ×103m3/capita.  In the level of Eco-industrial Park,  we take several enterprises as case studies. The enterprises are within different types of industries including Chemical industry, Textile and dye ing industry, Optoelectronic industry, and Mechanical, Photovoltaic industry and machinery manufacture industry, etc. These enterprises are investigated by surveys and statistical documents. From  the results, we can see that the enterprises with big footprint are mostly in Chemical industry, Textile and  dyeing industry and Photovoltaic industry.  In order to make the data more reasonable, we also calculated the water footprint per unit out-put value. What’s interesting, the enterprises in Chemical industry, Textile and dyeing industry and Photovoltaic industry also have big water footprint per unit out-put value.  In the level of product, we take the surfactants produced by Jiangsu Guanyang Fine Chemical Co., Ltd. This enterprise has moved to a new place and made some improvement in the production. On one hand, they have increased the scale of production for three times than before; on the other hand they have adopted a lot of water saving facilities and measures, such as the use of rain wa ter, the increase of water recycling and the involvement of water cascade utilization. So in this thesis, we comp ared the water footprint of surfactants before and after moving. The Water Footprint of surfactants per year before moving is 22914.8(m3), after moving is 56804.4 (m3). However, the Water Footprint of surfactants before moving  is  2.52 (m3/t), while after moving is 2.08 (m3/t).  Finally, we gave some response options after the analysis and discussion of the results. The suggestions are given in three levels as well. The first one is to the gov ernment or so-called policy makers; the second one is to the enterprises; the third one is to the staff members in the Yixing Economic Development Zone.

The Woodlands, Texas, is a 27,000-acre new town created with Ian McHarg's ecohydrological planning approach. The Woodlands is the best example of ecologically based new town planning in the United States during the 1970s. The Woodlands survived storms in excess of one-hundred-year levels in 1979 and 1994 with little property damage, while Houston, 31 miles away, was severely flooded in both events. For the past three decades, very few studies have been conducted to assess the effectiveness of McHarg's planning approach. The objective of this study is three fold: (1) To document McHarg's ecohydrological planning concepts, implementation and unveil the barriers to continue his approach; (2) To compare flood mitigation effectiveness of different drainage systems used in The Woodlands development; and (3) To simulate "what if" land-use scenarios using different planning approaches. Original development information is collected from published monographs, journal articles, newspapers and designers' collections. Geographic Information System (GIS) parcel data are obtained from Montgomery County Appraisal District. Streamflow data are acquired from the USGS website. Weather data are downloaded from the NOAA website. Land use and land cover data are collected from various national datasets. Two GIS hydrologic models--the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and the Kinematic Runoff and Erosion model (KINEROS)--are used for watershed simulation. The statistic analysis tool SPSS is used for correlation analysis. Results show that McHarg's planning approach was followed in the early phases of development (1974-1996) but was largely abandoned in the later phases when its ownership was changed in 1997. McHarg's approach ceased to be implemented because of the low public acceptance of ecohydrological planning strategies and the conflicts between short-term investment return and long-term environmental stewardship. In addition, comparative study shows that the early phases of development responded to rainfall similarly to its pre-development forest conditions. However, the later phases generated runoff volumes three times greater than the early phases. Therefore, McHarg's ecohydrological planning approach demonstrates flood mitigation effectiveness that is superior to the conventional approach. Finally, using soil permeability to coordinate development density and land use presents a viable solution for mitigating environmental impacts from a stormwater perspective.

In the era of knowledge economy, more and more people view online communities of practice (CoPs) as wellspring of precious knowledge. Interestingly, many researchers support the notion that CoPs must develop over time; they are not designed or made but grown, however, there is no systematic theory of online community development (Matzat, 2003). Furthermore, when changes with time are specialized concerned, several questions regarding CoPs development remain unanswered. Since online CoPs are formed by groups of people, existing group development models may provide valuable lens for us to understand the driving forces behind. Nevertheless, drawn on the autotrophic and open system of online CoPs, there exist several differences between traditional groups and online CoPs, such as self-select membership, high member fluidity, impossible to know all members in a large member base, unlimited life spans, and no given tasks have to complete. Furthermore, some defects in prior group development studies are also identified. To answer the research question and avoid problems identified in prior group development studies, this study plans to conduct a longitudinal exploratory study on three online CoPs lasting at least three years by overcoming the defects of unreal subjects such as experimental student groups or arranged tasks. Besides, three years of longitudinal study may prevent from the bias drawn from single snapshot and limited life span. Furthermore, we decide to adopt the ecological perspective for several reasons: First, the evolutionary process is akin to the central theme of ecological theory. Therefore the mechanisms of change can be suitably inferred from ecological perspective. Moreover, the ecological perspective is more holistic and macroscopic, and accordingly the problem of high individual member fluidity can be easily tackled. Second, many ecological concepts are used in numerous CoPs-related literatures to describe CoPs. In addition, being immersed in some CoPs for several years, we found that members usually use some ecological terms to describe their CoPs or other members. Third, several studies indicated that the ecological approach provides a powerful framework for understanding complex human social issues. We view each CoP as an ecosystem because ecosystem is the lowest level in the ecological hierarchy that is complete with all the necessary components for function and survival over the long term. This research also adopts the multiple case study approach. Firstly, online CoPs are categorized based on group member interaction statistics. Three categories of online CoPs are identified and three online CoP belonging to these three categories, respectively, are selected as representative cases. Every six months the aggregated data of targeted online CoPs are treating as the unit of analysis. The whole 'lives' of online CoPs under study are analyzed, by the way to avoid the problems of zero-history groups and drawn bias conclusion from observation of groups over different time periods. We attempted to detect and analyze the changes of community structures in the ecosystem using social network analysis tools. Moreover, since quantitative data may fail to capture some interaction modes, this study employs content analysis and semi-structural interviews as complementary vehicles to gain insights into the detailed evolutionary process. Finally, this dissertation follows Yin's (1994) analytic strategy of descriptive framework, and thus uses the metaphor of an ecosystem to integrate and organize sets of dimensions in relation to the evolutionary process of online CoPs. Drawn on Odum¡¦s (1971, 1983, 1993) model of ecosystem, this study proposes a descriptive framework based on ecosystem ecology and network analysis. There are primarily three components: organisms, energy, and nutrients; three types of connections: interactive network, keystone structure, and roles distribution. There are also five categories of constraints on the ecosystem functioning. They serve as dimensions of describing changes within an ecosystem over time. Further, these changes are interpreted from ecological perspectives, where insights into the mechanism governing the development process are generated to postulate the development model of online CoPs.

The whole environment - The climate of the earth. Because of the technology innovation causes the problem on ecological environmental protection. The implementation of the agreement of Kyoto, Already alert environmental protection of people on the global village. The organic industry is to safeguard the ecology, environmental protection and industry good for health. This thesis does the discussion to the development overview of the industry, carrying on consumers will do the market survey to the cognition of the organic products, purchase motive and buying the consideration, etc., probe into the organic marketing strategy in the supermarket of food. This thesis is consumed by two group (buyer and unbuyer) is investigated and analysed, in accordance with the demographic parameter, motive of buying, buy the parameter of considering, carry on comparative analysis, and the characteristic that the supermarket thorough fare is bought does analysis, to probe into the organic food on the thorough fare in the supermarket, feasible marketing strategy, this research from the product category to the organic industry, maker, supplyer the production and marketing system arriving and is worthy of selling to investigate , understand the marketing overview of organic industry's supplier , distributor in depth. Two consuming groups investigated by this research, the difference had in accordance with the demographic parameter is compared, in the characteristic to the organic consuming groups, the education degree is relatively high, there is more age by 41~50 and 51~60, the sex is mostly women, the professional housewife is in the majority, secondly government employees and teachers, income medium-sized income, buy the motive and rely mainly on the fact that there is no agriculture chemical, pollution-free and will not be endangered oneself and family's body, two colony that buy all with authentication most important government, to of fine qualities to afford to buy. As to the thing that production ground, the seller's trust will facilitate the trade, not the buyer will relatively consider whether the cost-effective and price are rational. The system of producing and selling of the organic industry, different from the general industry, the persons who engage in at present rely mainly on popularizing the idea more, For example ecological environmental protection to make the clever equilibrium of people's body and mind, healthy, also some are that Buddhism group make for good fortune, joining and popularizing in will engineering way, it is an invisible maturity sense to pursue, the persons who engage in at present have a good prospect to the future development of the industry generally because people can contact the organic products , go to experience one's own impression actually, nonpoisonous and light all over, and then promote the quality of life.

Since the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) took place in Rio De Janeiro in 1992, the concept of ¡§sustainable development¡¨ has gone deep into human minds. The countries all over the world make the efforts to consider the problem to the ¡§sustainable development¡¨ in their countries. Therefore, the concept of ¡§sustainable development¡¨ becomes the contemporary academic model. The concept of ¡§sustainable development¡¨ is not only limited to using in the ecological environmental protection, but also used in the harmonious development of economic society, ecological system, and living standard. The development of tourism pursues the increase of the quantity in economic growth; however, the ¡§sustainable development¡¨ emphasizes the promotion of the quality in all aspects. Although the increase of income is important, the human being¡¦s true happiness, people expect, is the promotion of the welfare in all aspects. All economic and environmental policies have to be considered the future generations¡¦ welfare in order to help them preserve the possibility and flexibility in the most extensive choices. These policies can¡¦t be violated because of the excessive development. This research is aimed at discussing the tourism development of Kenting National Park and acceptation or rejection of the ecological conservation; in addition, in the opinion of the national park¡¦s ¡§sustainable development¡¨, try to think abut this problem to seek the balance between the tourism development and the ecological conservation. This paper adopts the research in the qualitative by gathering and reading about the documents, observing the site in person, collecting the problems. Moreover, by interviewing the government officials, the present proprietors, the local residents, the scholars, the experts, and so on, I organize into five issues: the usage of natural resources, economic development, beneficial conflict, the usage of nuclear energy and reprocessed energy, and the education about the ecology. These five issues, surrounding the concept of tourism resources, ecological conservation, and sustainable development, go on the analysis and the discussion in order to explain and clear the reason why the tourism and conservation do not conflict with each other. The result of this research is that the resource of the ecological tourism is the assets human beings possess, but it will exhaust as the economic activity causes the damage to the environment. The abundant natural ecology of Kenting provides us the development of tourism to flourish the local economy. Nevertheless, we can¡¦t destroy the natural ecological resources owing to the excessive development and the usage of the society. In order to achieve the goal of ¡§sustainable development¡¨ in tourism, we should carry out the education about the ecology so as to arouse the nationals to love their country and the nature. These are the most basic and solid methods of ¡§sustainable development¡¨ ¡iKey words¡j: the National Park, the resource(s) of tourism, ¡§sustainable development¡¨ , the ecological conservation.

This study refers to developed ecological model abroad, and established the seagrass model with MATLAB compiler. I also took the seagrass meadows in south Taiwan-Nanwan for my studying case, and simulated the dynamic effect of seagrass and epiphyte biomass, as well as nutrient, and attempted to go on probing into the cause with northeast monsoon and typhoon. The simulating site of this study was Nanwan, which is located at Hengchun Peninsula, the southern tip of Taiwan. The dominant species in this area is Thalassia hemprichii. South Taiwan is situated at a tropical climate, and the variation of air temperature is small. Additionally, Kurshio embranchment cause the variation of water temperature smaller, about 24 (¢J) to 30 (¢J).The northeastern monsoonal winds, formed downhill winds, are extremely forceful from October to April, so the wind speed is greater during this period than the rest of the year. In South Taiwan, dry-wet season is clearly. The dry season is from November to April, and the wet season is from May to October. The main rainfall comes from southwest monsoon, especially summer typhoon (June to September). The wind speed is raised abruptly by typhoon and makes water agitate, which not only cause the mortality raising but also the sediment turbulence. By Lin¡¦s research (2005), the growing area of seagrass meadow in Nanwan is a half-closed tidal pool where human makes huge effect and there is a lot of drainage of house and inn sewage. Furthermore, these seagrasses in Nanwan would be exposed to air during the period of poor tide and the emerged period is the longest of these three areas -Nanwan, Dakwan and Wanliton. The seasonal dynamic of seagrass, which is located in the high site of intertidal zone, is obvious, and the biomass is larger in summer than in winter; but that is not obvious in the low site and tidal pool. By the seasonal condition and some specially climate condition mentioned above, the analysis of simulate cases would be go on. Comparing of the modeling result and real measurement, the seasonal changing situation mostly match up. No matter high site (emerged and dried) or low site, there is the maximum of seagrass biomass (including above ground, below ground, or shoot density) in summer, and the minimum in winter. Typhoon causes the biomass losing abruptly in summer. R/S ratio (below-ground biomass division above-ground biomass) is bigger in winter than in summer. On one hand the inside nitrogen redistribution is larger in summer, because the larger growth rate occurs in summer, and the more nutrient is supplied from roots, on the other the redistribution is smaller in winter cause the less nutrient is supplied from roots. Epiphyte biomass has the maximum in summer, when the nutrient concentration of water is larger. In the section of the difference between low and high site seagrass, it is apparent that the high site seagrass would be exposed to air and dried by northeast monsoon. Although typhoon comes up, its influence is not so strong as northeast monsoon at high site. The maximum biomass still occurs in summer, and it is presumed that the living environment of high site seagrass is with more pressure by nature. The above-ground biomass of high site seagrass is smaller than low site, but the below-ground biomass is much lager at high site. Besides, shoot density is larger at high site. The biomass of epiphyte is larger at low site just opposite to shoot density. It is supposed that high site seagrass is emerged to air and limited by environment factors so above-ground biomass would be reduced and store up the sustenance to below-ground biomass. It is conjectured that the main factor with shoot density is affected by light density and below-ground biomass. In shallow water, the seagrass at high site could accept more light energy, moreover the below-ground biomass is sufficient and the recruitment rate is large, thus there are more shoots at high site. Epiphytes are also limited by water depth and wind, and the biomass of epiphyte at high site is smaller than at low site.

To this day, the field of the information systems (IS) research, belonging to an intact field, has evolved over thirty years. Due to the rapid development of information technology, the information systems have not only influenced enterprises and personal life but also impacted on IS research field. The development of Taiwan IS research community though lags behind that of foreign countries. During the past decade, the proportion of IS research community in Taiwan has increased tremendously and the IS research community has played an important role in local information systems and accumulation of relevant knowledge about business electronics as well. However, when the researchers want to propose their research results, they will encounter several difficulties, for instance: they do not fully understand the ecology of IS research, and it is not easy for them to keep up with the trends of future development of the IS, so they just follow the trends and cannot create them by themselves. In order to transform local IS researches into becoming mainstream of international academic studies, we have to gain insights into IS ecology and diversity of IS studies. Many years earlier, there had been numerous studies about IS research community, but many of them focused on the classifications of IS studies. They did not have concise and accurate predictions, so we try to use rigid ecological modeling method to investigate IS research community in our research. This research will include the foundings, mortality, evolution, density dependence, key species of different IS research issues, and main internal and external environmental forces of IS research diversity as well in order to build the ecological model of IS studies. We hope to not only get hold of evolution and trends of IS studies but also enhance the qualities of IS studies and applications of information systems in Taiwan through this ecological model.

Jung Jeng Lake located in Mei Nong in south of Taiwan, is the origin of Mei Nong Hakka culture. Owing to stockbreeding hogs, cultivation and domestic wastewater in the upstream of Jiang Tz Liau River that finally flows into Jung Jeng Lake for years, the lake thus suffered extremely serious problem of eutrophication. In addition, the water hyacinth remain seeds in the lake and reproduce resulting in speeding up the lacustrine silt that would greatly shorten the life of Jung Jeng Lake. Using artificial lagoon and artificial floating island were found able to improve the water quality of lake. Therefore, we could sightseeing resource, historic site, and ecological resources of Mei Nong. This research applied the advantages of ecological engineering methods to restore the Jung Jeng Lake, and thus the southern Taiwan unique Hakka tourism can be presented.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 364-378).