Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2008. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Today agriculture sector has a big contribution to the development of economy for many countries. Irrigation is a method which supplies amount of water required in proper time to the cropped land and contributes to the increases of agriculture productivity. Using diesel pump to deliver water to the place of use causes problems both in terms of profitability and environmental perspectives. Higher price of diesel increases operation costs of diesel water pumping system thereby reducing the incomes. In addition the use of diesel pump emits a huge amount of CO2 emissions which cause global warming. A possible solution to those problems is to use solar energy, a source of energy which is environmental friend and available for free. The main target of this thesis is to design and optimize a cost effective PVWPs considering three alternatives with tank storage, battery storage and a system without storages medium. The two areas in Eastern province of Rwanda were taken as case study to grow coffee and cassava with five hectares each. To run simulations, different tools have been used. Those includes CROPWAT to determine water requirements for two crops; MS Excel to design a PVWPs directly connected to irrigation system, make economic analysis, evaluate CO2 emissions and calculate other parameters. Furthermore in PVsyst software the design and simulation for PVWPs with storages medium has been carried out.  Results showed that using PVWPs directly connected to irrigation system is the most profitable way when compared to the rest two alternatives.  They also showed that systems designed to irrigate coffee becomes the most profitable due to huge amount of electricity surplus and higher price per kilogram of coffee. Finally fully replacement of DWPs results in annual reduction of CO2 emissions by 6.6 tonnes. Keywords: Photovoltaic system, storages medium, pumping system, economic analysis, reduction in CO2 emissions.

Texas House Bill 790 resulted in the expansion of the newborn screening panel from 7 to 27 disorders. The long-term economic implications of this expansion have not been studied. The objective of this study was to estimate the incremental cost-effectiveness of the expanded newborn screening program compared to the previous standard screening in Texas. A Markov model (for a hypothetical cohort of Texas births in 2007) was constructed to compare life-time costs and QALYs between the expanded newborn screening and pre-expansion newborn screening. Estimates of costs, probabilities of sequelae, and utilities for disorder categories were obtained from Texas statistics, the literature, and expert opinion. A baseline discount rate of 3% was used for both costs and QALYs, with a range of 0% to 5%. Analyses were conducted from a payer's perspective, so only direct medical cost estimates were included. The life-time incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) for expanded versus pre-expansion screening was about $12,000/QALY. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis using key variables showed that results ranged from about $9,500 to $13,000 /QALY. This range is well below the commonly cited willingness to pay threshold of $50,000/QALY. Therefore, expanded newborn screening results in additional expense to the payer but also improves patient outcomes by preventing avoidable morbidity and mortality. The screened population benefits from greater QALYs as compared to the unscreened population. Overall, expanded newborn screening in Texas was estimated to be a cost-effective option as compared to unexpanded newborn screening. / text

Renewable energy sources have become very popular in the last years in electricity generation thanks to the technological developments, the increase in the price of fossil fuels and the environmental concerns. These factors have also prompted Turkey to utilize her very rich renewable energy sources to meet the demand increasing around 7% annually. In this study, solar and wind energy potential of Turkey is analyzed in terms of its economics to find out whether these sources are real alternatives to fossil fuels in electricity generation. Before this analysis, wind and solar energy technologies and costs and wind and solar energy potential of Turkey are discussed. Then, models are set up for five technologies which are onshore wind, offshore wind, solar PV, solar trough and solar tower technologies models to calculate cash flows which are used to calculate payback, NPV, IRR, LCE and shut-down price to conduct economic analysis. In addition to base case scenario, uncertainty analysis is done for the most promising technologies which are onshore wind and solar tower technologies by evaluating NPV and LCE under uncertain environment. The main finding of these analyses is that only onshore wind projects are attractive in Turkey; none of other technologies is attractive. However, with a minor increase in the regulated price for solar thermal electricity, tower plant projects will also be attractive. / text

According to current research in many countries there were studies showing effectiveness of MMT programs in drug use prevention, but there is no data on effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of MMT in Lithuania. There are hard political discussions about feasibility and needs of such harm reduction and drug prevention programs also this is associated to intentions to finance such maintenance programs from the state health care budget. Aim - we aimed to analyze economic effectiveness of six month methadone maintenance treatment program in Lithuanian primary health care setting. Objectives 1. To analyze effectiveness of methadone maintenance program and quality of life changes during program implementation. 2. To account costs for methadone maintenance program in Lithuania. 3. To analyze cost – utility of methadone maintenance program and to compare results with available data from other analogical studies.

Les progrès techniques qui caractérisent la révolution numérique modifient les rapports au sein de la société. Elle est sans conteste à la base d'une profonde modification du caractère de la création artistique. L'avènement de nouveaux moyens de communication de masse tels que l'Internet permettent la diffusion des oeuvres et cela sans frontières géo-temporelles. À ce contexte se superposent des prouesses techniques défiant les rêves les plus irréels. Le droit d'auteur se trouve confronté aux nouvelles techniques qui s'améliorent sans cesse. En réponse à cela, la gestion numérique des droits est apparue en tant que solution la plus appropriée: la technologie venant contrer à son tour la technologie. Cette approche a nécessairement influencé les initiatives législatives menant ainsi à une refonte du cadre légal tant en Amérique du Nord qu'en Europe. La récente vague de lois a-t-elle eu pour effet de modifier la conception du droit d'auteur ? Le droit d'auteur apparaît alors tel un instrument permettant la métamorphose économique du droit d'auteur. Le droit d'auteur se perd et se dissout non seulement par l'influence croisée avec le copyright mais notamment par la prolifération des droits au profit de personnes non auteur. Face à un tel constat, il est primordial de s'interroger sur l'opportunité économique que procure le droit d'auteur. Toutes ces réformes n'ont-elles pas eu lieu pour des enjeux financiers ? L'analyse économique s'avère indispensable afin de déterminer dans quelle mesure le droit des marchés s'en trouve affecté. Au regard de l'analyse économique, est-il possible de rendre la loi pour la protection du droit d'auteur plus optimale? En tant que propriété utile et vouée à circuler, une logique d'investissement semble dominer. Le cas de l'industrie musicale est une bonne illustration. Avec la construction d'un marché du téléchargement légal, la concurrence s'ouvre et amorce l'avènement d'un nouveau modèle d'exploitation des oeuvres. / The technical advances characterising the digital revolution do modify relations within society. This revolution is without dispute the basis of a complete change in the character of artistic creation. The arrivaI of new mass media such as the Internet allows works of art to be spread regardless of space and time boundaries. Technical miracles defying even the most unrealistic dreams are added to this context. Authors' rights are confronted to new technologies which are continually changing. In response to this, digital rights management has appeared as the most appropriate solution: it is a case of technology confronting technology. This approach has necessarily influenced legislative initiatives and led to an overhaul of the legal framework in North America as weIl as in Europe. Ras this recent wave of laws changed the conception of authors' rights? Authors' rights thus appear as an instrument for the economic metamorphosis of authors' rights. Authors' rights become lost and dissolve not only through cross influence with copyright but particularly through the proliferation of rights for the benefit of persons other than authors. In the face of such an acknowledgement, it is of the utmost importance to look into the economical opportunity offered by authors' rights. Raven't aIl these reforms been implemented for a financial stake? An economical analysis becomes essential in order to determine to what extent market law is affected. Is it possible, in regard to the economical analysis, to optimize the law for the protection of authors' rights? As useful property destined to circulate, the logic of investment appears to dominate. The case of the music industry is a prime example: as the competition opens up, a new mode! for the exploitation ofworks of art is initiated. / "Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maître en droit (L.L.M.) option Technologies de l'information"

Magistro baigiamajame darbe išanalizuoti ir susisteminti įvairių Lietuvos ir užsienio autorių teoriniai ir praktiniai investicinių fondų aspektai – sąvokos, investicinių fondų rūšys bei jų formavimosi ypatumai, klasifikacija pagal pelningumą ir riziką, fondų aktyvaus valdymo privalumai bei trūkumai, investuotojai, investiciniai fondai pasaulyje ir kiti esminiai investicinių fondų bruožai. Praktinėje darbo dalyje apžvelgiami licenzijuoti Lietuvos investiciniai fondai ir pagal atrankinius kriterijus pasirenkami analizuojami investiciniai fondai. Pateikiama investicinių fondų charakteristika: investavimo strategija, tipinio investuotojo apibūdinimas, fondo taikomi mokesčiai. Analizuojami fondų investicinių vienetų verčių pokyčiai. Pasitelkiant gautus rezultatus fondai vertinami pagal jų pelningumą (skaičiuojant investicinių fondų pelningumą ir jų standartinį nuokrypį) bei riziką (vertinant Šarpo rodiklį). Išanalizuoti investiciniai fondai rekomenduojami skirtingiems investuotojų tipams. Darbo pabaigoje sudarytas vidutinės ir aukščiausios rizikos grupėje esančių investicinių fondų portfeliai su maksimaliu pelnu ir minimalia rizika. Pateikiamos susistemintos darbo išvados bei rekomendacijos. / The master‘s paper contains systematization of various Lithuanian and foreign authors works on the oretical and practical mutual funds issues. The concept of mutual fund types and their formation, classification of profitability and risk, active management funds advantages and disadvantages, investors, investment funds in the world and other essential features of mutual funds. In the practical part of the study licensed Lithuanian investment funds and of sample criteria analyzed in selected investment funds. Available Investment Funds response: investment strategy, the typical investor, the fund subject to tax. Analyzing fund unit values change. With the help of the results obtained funds are valued according to their profitability (in terms of fund profitability and its standard deviation) and risk (Sharpe invoked indicators). To analyze the mutual funds recommended for different types of investors.At the end made up of medium and high-risk group of mutual fund portfolios with maximum profit and minimum risk. Are systematic conclusions and recommendations.

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On October 1st, 2013, a mandate was adopted by the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) requiring that 1.325 GW of energy storage capability be installed on the California electricity grid by 2024, through the actions of the state’s three investor-owned utilities. While this is a bold first step towards mandated energy storage in the United States, it may be only the beginning for an energy storage industry in this state. It has been well established that energy storage would prove to be a useful asset on the California electrical grid, but the development of storage capacity past the requirements of the mandate will depend upon whether storage can be made cost-effective. Much of the value that storage creates is a public good: many storage applications allow the grid to operate more efficiently as a whole, but not necessarily in a way that can be monetized by any particular party. As a public good, these systemic benefits of storage capacity will be supplied sub-optimally in the absence of government intervention. The energy storage industry will accordingly be one that is strongly affected by the tides of change in technology, regulation and economics in the California energy market. This report will focus primarily on the intersection of the second two of these factors, largely leaving the technological questions to more well-informed parties while seeking to establish what regulatory and economic considerations might be undertaken to ensure that the road to deployment of appropriate energy storage systems is made as clear as possible so that this technology can reach the socially efficient level on the California electricity grid. It is the aim of this report not to promote a specific technology or even an energy storage industry, but rather to shed some light on the effects that the development of such an industry could have on the California electricity market and the energy use paradigm that governs modern electricity grids worldwide. With the adoption of AB 2514, a grand experiment was set in motion that will benefit the entire world as California tests the uncharted technological, regulatory and economic territories of grid-scale energy storage capacity. It is a time of change in the electricity industry, and energy storage is a potentially transformative technology that could very well enable the shattering of an energy use paradigm that has held the world captive to fossil fuels for over a century.

Lic.-avh. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2003. / Härtill 2 uppsatser.