La presente investigación tiene como principal objetivo analizar la relación a largo plazo entre la innovación y el crecimiento económico para proporcionar evidencia empírica al estudio del crecimiento económico. Para ello, se realiza un análisis dinámico del efecto de tres variables de creatividad económica y tres variables de implementación de la innovación en el crecimiento del producto por trabajador. Para lograr este objetivo, utilizamos modelos de ecuaciones estructurales en una muestra de 39 países de las bases de datos del Banco Mundial y el World Economic Forum, de los cinco continentes, con ingresos altos, medios y bajos, durante el período comprendido entre 2014 y 2018, utilizando máxima verosimilitud como método de estimación. Los resultados muestran que el efecto de la innovación sobre el crecimiento económico es inverso en un periodo de 4 años. / The paper has the main objective of examines the long-term relationship between innovation and economic growth to provide empirical evidence for the study of economic growth. For that purpose, a dynamic analysis of the effect of three variables of economic creativity and three variables of implementation of innovation in the growth of the product per worker is carried out. To achieve this goal, we used structural equation models in a sample of 39 countries from the World Bank and World Economic Forum databases, from the five continents, with high, medium and low incomes, during the period between 2014 and 2018, using maximum likelihood as estimation method. The results show the effects of innovation is inversely on economic growth over a period of 4 years. / Trabajo de investigación

Este trabajo de investigación se busca estimar el impacto que tiene el precio del cobre sobre la dinámica de los créditos al sector privado en la economía peruana. La literatura nos muestra que el crecimiento del crédito desmesurado puede debilitar el sistema financiero en una economía y más aún si esta depende de la exportación de commodities. El efecto de los denominados booms de commodities suelen llevar a incrementos atípicos en el crédito otorgado al sector privado. Este comportamiento a largo y mediano plazo puede conducir a crisis financieras. Para el caso del Perú, no solo se sigue el modelo primario exportador, sino que también se ha registrado en su economía un crecimiento persistente en los créditos otorgados al sector privado a lo largo de casi 20 años. Sumado a esto, la incertidumbre provocada por la guerra comercial EE. UU y China ha impactado en los precios de los commodities y la balanza comercial peruana ya que ha disminuido la demanda de cobre, la exportación principal del Perú, del gigante asiático, su mayor comerciante. Cabe resaltar que en este trabajo no se está tomando en consideración los posibles efectos de la actual crisis sanitaria causada por el SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Dada la literatura sobre los orígenes de las crisis financieras y la coyuntura actual del Perú, se analizará el comportamiento del precio del cobre, commodity principal exportado del país, y su relación a largo plazo con el crédito total privado peruano. El periodo de análisis escogido es desde el 2004 hasta el primer trimestre del 2020 debido a que a partir de ese periodo es que el crédito demuestra un crecimiento inusual que se ha mantenido hasta la fecha. / This paper seeks to estimate the impact that the Price of the cooper has on the private credit Dynamic for the peruvian economy. Literature shows that excessive growth of private credit could have a negative effect on the financial system and it could be even worse if said economy is commodity dependent. The effect of the so called commodity boom usually leads to an unsual increase on the private credit. In the long run, if such behavior persists, it could end up in a financial crisis. For the peruvian case, not only are its economy commodity dependant but his economy has registered a persistent growth of the credit provided to the private sector for almost 20 years. Moreover, the uncertainty caused by the trade war between USA and China has impacted the prices of some of the most important commodities to Peru and therefore had negative implications on their comercial balance. Copper demand from China has decreased, copper been the main commodity exported by Perú and China its bigger partner. It should be noticed that this paper will not take in consideration the possible effects of the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). By taking in consideration the literature about financial crisis and given the peruvian economic enviroment, in this work we will focus on analysing the intenational prices of cooper, main commodity exported by Peru, and it’s relationship with the private credit. Our time period will be from 2004 to the first quarter of 2020. / Trabajo de investigación

The environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis describes the relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation through an inverted U-shape where environmental degradation first increases with economic growth, to later stagnate and decline as economic growth reaches specific threshold limits. The aim of this study is to investigate the EKC hypothesis when environmental degradation is measured through a country’s renewable energy implementation. This is achieved through multiple scatterplots and a Granger causality test, and the key finding are (1) that a consensus regarding the relationship between economic growth and energy consumption is missing, (2) that countries seems to significantly increase their consumption of renewable energy between US$ 30 000 - 50 000 when measured in real GDP per capita, (3) that the theoretical shape of the EKC holds for most countries, (4) a unidirectional causality running from economic growth to fossil fuel consumption for a panel of developing countries, and (5) a unidirectional causality running from economic growth to both fossil fuel and renewable energy consumption as well as a unidirectional causality running from renewable energy consumption to fossil fuel consumption for a panel of developed countries. When the EKC is measured though a country’s renewable energy implementation the hypothesis seems to hold for most countries. However, the decrease in environmental degradation is so far limited to developed countries with smaller economies and populations. These countries also need to ensure that decreases in environmental degradation is a result of underlying mechanisms like energy efficiency improvements and not other more counterproductive behaviors like outsourcing and deindustrialization.

The purpose of the paper is to study the differences between Chinese and IMF lending in Africa, in particular the effect on economic growth and the relationship between lending and risk of debt distress. The assumption starting out were that the Chinese loans would not be marginally worse than their IMF counterparts. To analyze this, panel data for 53 countries on the African continent during the timespan 2000-2019 were used and combined into five-year average values to account for the effects of the loans. Two different types of regressions were created, one on the effects of Chinese and IMF lending on economic growth and one on the distribution and probability of Chinese and IMF loans to go to countries in risk of debt distress. The results showed no statistical significance but the comparisons that were done showed only slight differences between the two creditors.

This research is an empirical effort to uncover the causal effect of political attitudes on economic growth. The case of study is a sample of OECD countries. Using identification strategy borrowed from Cahuc (2010), the hypothesis of the effect of political attitudes on economic growth is tested in two cross-sectional and fixed effect regression analysis. The result of OLS regression in cross sectional analysis shows a positive significant correlation between inherited political attitudes and economic growth. This means that countries with more social tendencies towards Right (versus Left in political context) are associated with higher economic growth rates. The result of OLS regression in fixed-effect analysis does not show a significant correlation between political attitudes and growth. As a result of weak first-stage, the 2SLS regression cannot provide statistically acceptable conclusion about the causal effect in neither of cross-sectional and fixed-effect frameworks. Thus, the question of causal effect of political attitudes on growth remains open at the end. Moreover, a strong correlations between political attitudes of individuals and their characteristics like gender, age, income, religion and country is detected.

No description available.

Foreign direct investment is a medium for technology transfers between countries, a stimulant to economic growth, trade promotion, and international economic integration between economies; thus, many studies have studied the relationship between growth and foreign direct investment. This study also aims to investigate the relationship between economic growth and foreign direct investment in the East African country of Kenya. The study used the growth accounting approach as the basis for an econometric model. The data used is a time series from 1970 to 2019. An ordinary least squares method is employed to investigate whether foreign direct investment is significantly associated with economic growth. The findings show that the relationship between foreign direct investment and economic growth in Kenya is negatively insignificant. These findings can further the economic growth and foreign direct investment research on individual African countries whilst considering a country’s individual circumstances, like economical history, in comparison to cross-country studies, where each country’s individual circumstances might not be considered.

This paper examined the nexus between health care expenditure and economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. It is widely acknowledged that health is a type of human capital and a critical factor in the process of economic growth. Health production, in turn, is a major determinant of health outcomes. While the former relationship has been extensively researched in developed countries, very few studies have attempted to investigate this relationship in developing countries, particularly Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Furthermore, very few studies have been conducted in SSA to investigate the relationship between health determinants, health outcomes, and economic growth. This study takes on the challenge of investigating this three-way relationship for SSA countries. Different variables like population, saving and foreign direct investment were found to be statistically significant determinants of economic growth using the Arellano-Bond Dynamic GMM technique for 26 SSA countries, while food availability were found to be significant determinants of life expectancy. On the other hand, none of the health indicators are significant determinants of economic growth in the region, implying that health outcomes must be improved in order to have a significant impact on growth. The findings should prompt immediate policy changes to harmful indicators in order to better stimulate health-led economic growth in SSA.

Investment incentive policies have been major policy instruments used in Canada and elsewhere to achieve economic growth and stabilization. In this study an attempt is made to isolate the specific effects contained in these policies, and to measure their impact on investment expenditures in Canada. There are three major sections to the study. First, various well-known models of investment behaviour are used to illustrate how investment incentive policies may be expected to influence investment expenditures. Secondly, a group of major Canadian incentive policies are described in detail, together with an outline of the institutional framework in which the policies were conceived and operated. Thirdly, these major policies are incorporated into investment functions to test for their impact on investment expenditures. From the empirical analysis, the investment incentive policies do not appear to have influenced investment expenditures to any substantial degree. At the same time the cost of these policies in terms of revenue foregone has been substantial. The major conclusion is that the case for investment incentive policies as instruments of short run stabilization policy is extremely weak. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Understanding the antecedents determining technology adoption in agriculture is essential to promote technology adoption to improve agricultural productivity in developing nations. The aims of this research were to understand the meaning of technology adoption for people involved in farming activities in developing nations, the antecedents determining technology adoption, their effect and how their interaction influences decision-making with regards to technology implementation in agriculture in developing nations. This study was qualitative in nature and followed an exploratory approach. This allowed the researcher to gain and understand new insights about the antecedents determining technology adoption in agriculture in developing nations. A total of 12 synchronous online semi-structured interviews were conducted with farmers and agriculture technicians from developing nations where the reliance on the agriculture sector is high. These interviews were analysed using thematic content analysis approach which led to the development of ‘The antecedents determining technology adoption in agriculture in developing nations’ Framework. This Framework refuted literature findings which highlighted the existence of four antecedents determining technology adoption in agriculture in these nations. Five predominant antecedents namely: awareness; financial assistance; applicability of technology; training and technical support; and demonstrations were identified in this study. This framework explains that the interaction of the identified antecedents is essential to foster technology adoption among farmers in developing nations and is important for stakeholders since it can provide a better understanding and guidance for the creation of integrated strategies to improve technology adoption in agriculture in developing nations. / Mini Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2021. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / MBA / Unrestricted