Cette thèse s'intéresse au rôle de la qualité des institutions sur le développement économique des pays. Elle se situe dans la perspective des travaux de la nouvelle économie politique. La méthodologie utilisée est principalement l'analyse économétrique de données originales, notamment d'évènements historiques profonds comme par exemple l'identité du colonisateur, les conflits lors de l'Indépendance, la guerre froide et les soutiens des États puissants du monde. Elle traite dans un premier chapitre de l'effet des institutions sur la croissance économique via les variables qui affectent la productivité totale des facteurs. Le résultat indique que la qualité des institutions explique les différentiels de croissance de la productivité totale des facteurs. La manière dont les institutions et les politiques économiques agissent sur celle-ci dépend également du niveau du développement humain de chaque pays. A partir de ce résultat acquis, la thèse se propose ensuite de savoir pourquoi dans certains pays, en particulier les pays africains, les institutions sont de moins bonne qualité que dans d'autres. La principale cause de l'existence d'un système institutionnel néfaste au développement économique serait l'existence de fortes incitations des élites ou des groupes sociaux qui exercent le pouvoir politique à maintenir des politiques et institutions inefficaces afin de rendre l'expropriation des rentes du secteur des ressources naturelles immobiles plus facile. Il est montré, en effet, que ces élites peuvent se maintenir au pouvoir voire s'enrichir sans mettre en œuvre des institutions et des politiques économiques développementalistes c'est-à-dire favorables au développement économique. Le deuxième chapitre présente un modèle théorique permettant d'analyser la politique gouvernementale endogène et les divergences dans les performances économiques liées aux incitations politiques générées par les rentes des ressources dans les pays d'Afrique. Le troisième chapitre analyse empiriquement l'impact de la qualité des institutions et de la dépendance aux ressources naturelles sur le taux de croissance du PIB. L'analyse montre qu'il n'y a malédiction des ressources naturelles que dans les pays où les institutions extractives ont été mises en place pendant la colonisation. De plus, le phénomène de la malédiction diminue en Afrique au fur et à mesure que l'on s'éloigne de la fin de la Guerre froide. Le quatrième chapitre explique à partir des modèles de durée les grandes divergences de longévité au pouvoir des présidents africains. Le test trouve que c'est plus le mécénat des Etats puissants que la présence de ressources naturelles qui explique la longévité au pouvoir et que l'aide soviétique est plus efficace que l'aide américaine lorsqu'il s'agit de maintenir les dictateurs au pouvoir. L'utilisation des mécénats pour leur défense militaire permet aux dictateurs d'éviter de développer des institutions efficaces et la taxation. Le cinquième et dernier chapitre analyse l'effet de l'institutionnalisation des partis politiques (mesurée par la différence, dans un pays, entre le nombre d'années du parti politique du dirigeant, et le nombre d'années d'exercice du pouvoir de ce dernier) sur la qualité institutionnelle d'un pays. Il montre que lorsque le parti s'organise autour d'un homme, les débats à l'intérieur du parti portent uniquement sur le leadership, alors que quand il se fonde autour d'un programme le débat porte sur la définition de l'intérêt général. L'analyse montre également que l'absence d'institutionnalisation des partis a un effet sur la sélection des élites et sur le mode de gouvernance d’un pays, c'est-à-dire la Qualité des institutions. / This thesis focuses on the impact of institutional quality on the economic development of countries. It is in the perspective of the work of the new political economy. The methodology used is mainly econometric analysis of original data, including deep historical events such as the identity of the colonizer, conflicts at Independence, the Cold War and the support of powerful states in the world. It deals in the first chapter of the effect of institutions on economic growth via the variables that affect the total factor productivity. The variable 'quality of institutions' explains differential growth of total factor productivity. However, the analysis conducted shows that the way institutions and economic policies affect it depends on the level of human development in each country. There is therefore no universal model of good institutions. Instead, institutions should be adapted to contexts according t the degree of development. From the result obtained, the thesis then explains why in some countries, especially African countries, institutions are of lower quality than in others. The main cause of the existence of an adverse institutional system to economic development is the existence of strong incentives for elites or social groups who wield political power to maintain inefficient policies and institutions to make the rents expropriation easier in sector with immobile natural resources. It is shown, in fact, that these elites can maintain power to enrich themselves even without implementing institutions and 'developmentalist' economic policies that is to say in favor of economic development. The second chapter presents a theoretical model allowing to analyze the endogenous government policy and differences in economic performance related to political incentives generated by resource rents in African countries. The third chapter empirically analyzes the impact of institutional quality and dependence on natural resources on the growth rate of GDP. The analysis shows that there is a curse of natural resources in countries where extractive institutions were established during the colonial period. ln addition, the phenomenon of the curse decreases, gradually in Africa as, one moves away from the end of the Cold War. The fourth chapter explains from the duration models, large differences in longevity in the power of African presidents. The test found that it is sponsorship by powerful States more than the presence of natural resources which explains the longevity in power and Soviet aid is more effective than American aid when it comes to keeping dictators in power. The use of sponsorships for their military defense allows dictators to avoid developing effective institutions and taxation. The fifth and final chapter analyzes the effect of institutionalization of political parties (measured by the difference in a country, the number of years the leader of the political party, and the number of years of exercise of power the latter) on the institutional quality of a country. It shows that when the party is organized around a man, debates within the party are only on leadership, whereas when it is based around a program debating the definition of general interest. The analysis also shows that the lack of institutionalization of the parties has an effect on the selection of elites and the governance of a country, in other words, the quality of its institutions.

Durante a crise asiática, ocorrida em 1997, Indonésia, Coreia e Tailândia enfrentaram uma intensa fuga de capitais que ocasionou sérios desequilíbrios em seus balanços de pagamentos. Diante das dificuldades, os países pediram socorro ao FMI e, em contrapartida aos empréstimos recebidos, se submeteram aos programas de ajuste da organização. O trabalho analisa os programas sob dois aspectos: o compliance das condicionalidades e o efeito sobre o desempenho econômico. O compliance é medido, por meio de um índice global, posteriormente separado em duas categorias: uma associada ao cumprimento de medidas macroeconômicas e outra vinculada às reformas estruturais. Os índices indicam o número de condições que foram cumpridas em relação ao número total de condições prescritas. Para os três países, os graus de compliance são altos. A partir dos resultados, é feita a verificação do efeito dos programas sobre as economias, mediante a análise da evolução de indicadores macroeconômicos selecionados. Conclui-se que o nível de compliance dos países está associado positivamente à recuperação da crise e à estabilidade econômica no longo-prazo, sendo mais forte a primeira relação. / During the Asian crisis, occurred in 1997, Indonesia, Korea and Thailand faced a severe capital flight which led to serious imbalances in their balance of payments. Given the difficulties, the countries requested the IMF\'s support and, as conditional to the loans, they submitted themselves to the adjustment programs. This research analyzes two aspects of the programs: compliance of Fund\'s conditionalities and the effects on economic performance. Compliance is measured by a global index that was, after, separated into two categories: one associated with the compliance of macroeconomic policies and other related to structural reforms. The indices indicate the number of conditions that were met as a proportion of the total number of conditions that were prescribed. For all countries, the levels of compliance are high. Taking into account the compliance results, the effects of the programs on the economies are verified by an analysis of the progress of selected macroeconomic indicators. The study presents evidences that the countries\' degrees of compliance are positively associated with the recovery from the crisis and the economic stability in the long run, being the first relationship stronger.

Durante a crise asiática, ocorrida em 1997, Indonésia, Coreia e Tailândia enfrentaram uma intensa fuga de capitais que ocasionou sérios desequilíbrios em seus balanços de pagamentos. Diante das dificuldades, os países pediram socorro ao FMI e, em contrapartida aos empréstimos recebidos, se submeteram aos programas de ajuste da organização. O trabalho analisa os programas sob dois aspectos: o compliance das condicionalidades e o efeito sobre o desempenho econômico. O compliance é medido, por meio de um índice global, posteriormente separado em duas categorias: uma associada ao cumprimento de medidas macroeconômicas e outra vinculada às reformas estruturais. Os índices indicam o número de condições que foram cumpridas em relação ao número total de condições prescritas. Para os três países, os graus de compliance são altos. A partir dos resultados, é feita a verificação do efeito dos programas sobre as economias, mediante a análise da evolução de indicadores macroeconômicos selecionados. Conclui-se que o nível de compliance dos países está associado positivamente à recuperação da crise e à estabilidade econômica no longo-prazo, sendo mais forte a primeira relação. / During the Asian crisis, occurred in 1997, Indonesia, Korea and Thailand faced a severe capital flight which led to serious imbalances in their balance of payments. Given the difficulties, the countries requested the IMF\'s support and, as conditional to the loans, they submitted themselves to the adjustment programs. This research analyzes two aspects of the programs: compliance of Fund\'s conditionalities and the effects on economic performance. Compliance is measured by a global index that was, after, separated into two categories: one associated with the compliance of macroeconomic policies and other related to structural reforms. The indices indicate the number of conditions that were met as a proportion of the total number of conditions that were prescribed. For all countries, the levels of compliance are high. Taking into account the compliance results, the effects of the programs on the economies are verified by an analysis of the progress of selected macroeconomic indicators. The study presents evidences that the countries\' degrees of compliance are positively associated with the recovery from the crisis and the economic stability in the long run, being the first relationship stronger.

Portos são elos que ligam o transporte terrestre ao transporte marítimo e são fundamentais para o comércio internacional. Por sua importância para o desenvolvimento dos países, portos vêm demandando técnicas mais aprimoradas para sua gestão e também para a avaliação de seu desempenho. Nesse contexto, surgem questões importantes, tais como a definição, métricas utilizáveis e também dimensões de desempenho a serem avaliadas. Uma questão que surge é a da avaliação de desempenho ambiental do porto, já que por serem interfaces entre a terra e o mar, portos impactam nos ecossistemas marinhos e terrestres. Porém, a avaliação ambiental geralmente envolve critérios técnicos, e o impacto econômico e financeiro acaba em segundo plano. Sendo assim, esta dissertação propõe compreender as questões envolvidas na avaliação de desempenho de portos, e especificamente na avaliação de desempenho ambiental nos mesmos. Para isso, foi realizada uma pesquisa exploratória que busca compreender o tema de avaliação de desempenho ambiental levando em consideração aspectos econômicos e financeiros. Ao longo desta pesquisa, os resultados apontam que ainda havia uma lacuna na literatura, onde não havia um modelo que levasse em consideração critérios econômicos e financeiros ao avaliar o desempenho ambiental. Para solucionar este problema, foi proposto um modelo de indicadores de referência. Entretanto, para avaliar a viabilidade de implantação do modelo proposto, foram realizadas entrevistas com stakeholders do setor portuário. Os entrevistados foram a Gerência de Meio Ambiente da ANTAQ (Agência Nacional de Transporte Aquaviário), a SEP/PR (Secretaria Especial de Portos da Presidência da República) e duas Superintendências do Rio Grande do Sul, que são responsáveis pelos portos públicos do estado: a SPH (Superintendência de Portos e Hidrovias) e a SUPRG (Superintendência do Porto do Rio Grande). Os resultados das entrevistas apontam que o modelo proposto não seria aplicável neste momento. Então, a proposta foi adaptada e criou-se um modelo simplificado e outro que poderá ser implantado quando já houver base de dados suficiente para tal. Portanto, a contribuição acadêmica deste trabalho está relacionada à criação de indicadores para a medição de desempenho ambiental e econômico em portos e a discussão do tema para portos brasileiros. / Ports are links that connect the inland transport to maritime transport and are essential for international trade. Because of its importance to the development of countries, ports are demanding improved techniques for their management and for evaluating their performance. In this context, there are important issues such as the definition, usable metrics and also dimensions of performance to be evaluated. One important question is the environmental performance of the port. Ports impact both on maritime and inland ecosystems, and it is necessary to minimize these impacts. However, the environmental assessment usually involves technical variables, and economic and financial impact are not taken into account. Thus, this dissertation proposes to understand the issues involved in assessing the performance of ports, and specifically in environmental performance evaluation on them. For this, an exploratory research was carried out aiming to understand the environmental performance evaluation issue taking into account economic and financial aspects. Throughout this study, the results showed that there was still a gap in the literature, where there was not a model to take into account economic and financial criteria to evaluate environmental performance. To solve this problem, a model with indicators to evaluate the performance was proposed. However, to assess the implementation feasibility of the proposed model, interviews were held with stakeholders in the port sector. Respondents were Environmental Management Sector of ANTAQ (National Agency of Waterway Transportation), SEP/PR (Special Secretariat of Ports of Precidency of Republic) and two Superintendents of Rio Grande do Sul, which are responsible for public ports in the state: SPH (Superintendence of Ports and Waterways) and SUPRG (Superintendence of Port of Rio Grande). The results of the interviews show that the proposed model would not apply at this time. So the proposal was adapted and created a simplified model and one that can be deployed when there is already sufficient database. Therefore, the academic contribution of this study is related to the establishment of indicators for measuring the environmental and economic performance in ports and the subject of discussion for Brazilian ports.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l'analyse de l'organisation et de la performance économique de la filière bioéthanol en France et aux Etats-Unis et s'intéresse plus particulièrement aux relations entre les producteurs agricoles et leurs clients, industriels-transformateurs. L'hypothèse qui a guidé nos travaux est que la performance économique des unités productrices de bioéthanol en France et aux Etats-Unis intervient sur plusieurs niveaux : au niveau de la rentabilité de l'activé de transformation, au niveau des modes de gouvernance, au niveau des modes de contractualisation et au niveau de l'organisation de l'approvisionnement ou encore la coordination technique entre les acteurs. Nous avons associé trois types de démarches : (i) des études empiriques d'organisations de filières et de relations producteurs-transformateurs, (ii) des démarches de modélisation visant à étudier plus précisément certaines difficultés observées sur le terrain en mobilisant trois cadres théoriques : analyse des relations verticales, choix des politiques de commande et théorie des contrats et (iii) des démarches d'intervention visant à aider les opérateurs à résoudre les problèmes mis en évidence. En mobilisant ces trois types d'éclairage, nous avons pu identifier plus précisément certains des problèmes sur lesquels bute aujourd'hui la coordination entre clients et fournisseurs au sein de la filière bioéthanol, tout en développant, à la fois, des cadres d'analyse de ces problèmes et des outils plus opérationnels visant à guider les opérateurs dans une démarche de résolution de ces difficultés. / This thesis aims to analyze the organization and the economic performance of the bioethanol sector in France and in the USA with a particular interest in the relationships between the farmers and their clients the processors. The hypothesis that leads our research is that the economic performance of the bioethanol plants in France and in the USA intervenes in several levels: the level of the profitability of the processing activity, the level of governance mechanisms, the level of contracts types and the level of input procurement's organization or the technical coordination between the actors involved. We associated three types of approaches: (i) empirical studies of sectors' organizations and the relationships between producers and processors, (ii) modeling approaches in order to study precisely certain difficulties observed in the field using three theoretical frames: vertical relationships analysis, command strategy choice and contracts theory and (iii) intervention approaches to help the operators in solving problems. Using these three types of approaches, we identified certain problems in the coordination between clients and suppliers in the bioethanol sector with developing analysis frames of problems and operational tools to guide the operators in an approach of solving the identified difficulties.

The aim of my diploma thesis is the macroeconomic analysis of the Visegrad Four countries after joining the EU, which will be evaluated in the international context. It will be assessed on three levels, both in terms of economic performance of V-4 converging countries, based on Eurostat statistical data and the Czech Statistical Office. At the second level, it will be assessed in terms of multi-criteria evaluation of the Global Competitiveness Report, which in addition to hard statistical data, is working with soft data as well. At the third level, the Competitiveness will be evaluated in terms of innovation performance, based on an evaluation tool of EU Innovation Union Scoreboard.

Com o objetivo de estudar o plantio mecânico da cana-de-açúcar avaliando o desempenho operacional e econômico de uma plantadora de cana, foram realizados ensaios padronizados em condições de campo na Cosan - Costa Pinto, município de Piracicaba, SP, entre outubro de 2005 e outubro de 2006. A variedade de cana foi a SP 80-3280 de 11 meses e primeiro corte e, sob as mesmas condições de campo foram efetuados o plantio mecânico e o convencional (utilizado como testemunha). A densidade de plantio foi de 8,4 e 11,1 t ha¹, para o plantio convencional e mecânico, respectivamente, sendo que o mecânico apresentou menor número de perfilhos e consequentemente um maior número de falhas. Falhas essas, que refletiram na produtividade agrícola, cujos resultados foram de 88,9 para o plantio convencional e de 77,4 t ha¹, para o mecânico. Quanto à avaliação de desempenho operacional, a plantadora Santal PCP2 operou em velocidade de plantio de 5,5 km h¹, exigindo esforço tratório médio de 3060 kgf, consumo efetivo de combustível de 37,80 L h¹ e Capacidade Efetiva de 1,64 ha h¹. Em termos de custos operacionais de plantio, foi, significativamente, mais vantajoso, com custo de R$ 77,60 ha¹, em comparação ao plantio convencional que apresentou valores de R$ 216,20 ha¹, o que representa uma redução da ordem de 64,1%, nos custos da operação, sem envolver custos anteriores (corte, carregamento e transporte de mudas até a área de plantio). Quanto aos aspectos agronômicos envolvidos, pode-se concluir que, os danos provocados pelo fracionamento dos colmos em rebolos, utilizados no plantio mecânico, reduz a quantidade de gemas viáveis, contribuindo para um menor perfilhamento, maior número de falha e menor produtividade apesar da maior densidade de mudas utilizada. / In order to study the mechanized planting of sugarcane and evaluate the operational and economic performance of the sugarcane planter, standardized field assays were conducted at Cosan - Costa Pinto, in Piracicaba, SP, between October 2005 and October 2006. The cane variety used was SP 80-3280 with first harvest at 11 months. Mechanized and conventional (used as the control) planting methods were performed under the same field conditions. The planting density was 8,4 e 11,1 ton ha¹, for the conventional and the mechanized plantings, respectively, with the mechanized planting resulting in a lower tiller stand and, consequently, a higher number of missing plants. Missing plant numbers were reflected in the crop productivity with yields of 88,9 and 77,4 t ha¹ for the conventional and the mechanized planting, respectively. The operational performance analysis demonstrated that the Santal PCP2 planter operated at 5,5 km h¹ during planting, requiring a mean tractor effort of 3060 kgf, with average fuel use of 37,8 L h¹ and effective capacity of 1,64 ha h¹. In relation to total operational cost, the mechanized planting was significantly advantageous in relation to the conventional planting with total cost of R$ 77,60 per ha compared to R$ 216,20 per ha for the conventional planting, a reduction of 64,1% in operational costs, without any consideration of preliminary costs such as sett cutting, loading and transport of the setts to the field. In relation to the agronomic aspects, the damage caused by the fractioning of the sugarcane stalks into setts, which were used for the mechanized planting, reduced the number if viable buds, and contributed to a lower number of tillers, greater number of missing plants, and a lower productivity despite a greater planting density.

Healthcare is an organizational field that has undergone profound change in the last few decades, an era characterized by market reform. Healthcare production has revealed both economic and quality problems in past eras, and reporting on these problems can be seen to have contributed to pressures for social reform. Yet, the move toward more market-oriented governance structures and design solutions also reflects a wider isomorphic institutional tendency for organizing social order.The conceptual frame work of this study takes a pessimistic stance on whether the market reform has achieved the intended goals with respect to advancing organizational quality performance. The framework draws on institutional theory and complementary collective action notions in organization theory concerned with boundedly rational decision-making to reason that healthcare evidences certain contextual characteristics that are not a good fit with the market enterprise model of organizing organizations. Specifically, hazards to the efficient market thesis were considered to include uncertain outcomes, a high degree of technical and coordination complexity, and the need to account for intertemporal process transformations of significant duration.A longitudinal design was used to test efficient market thesis propositions. Inpatient administrative data was used to develop two latent hospital quality performance variables, a Mortality quality indicator and an Errors quality indicator. The two latent variables were derived from three selected AHRQ patient safety indicators and an inpatient mortality rate. The measurement model was validated as evidencing significant systematic between-hospital variation. Audited survey data, along with inpatient discharge data was used to develop hospital economic performance variables and process control variables.A set of predictive supply-and-demand models were used to test: 1) whether there is evidence of any trend in quality performance, and how market competition relates to observations of improvement; 2) whether quality cost more; and, 3) whether preferences for better quality outcomes related to hospital economic performance. A hierarchical linear model growth-curve design was employed to assess the predicted relationships and to account for unmeasured organizational dependent relations determinant of hospital quality performance. The unaccounted for systematic between-hospital variance was taken to estimate an "unspecified" hospital-specific institutional effect, independent of material-resource factors. The measurement model results for each of the quality indicators selected evidenced construct validity for patient-level risk-adjustment. Each quality indicator demonstrated a significant systematic between-group variance component in all of the four years studied. The two latent hospital quality performance variables also demonstrated systematic between-hospital variance in growth trajectories in the linear growth-curve model.The predictive models evidenced no significant growth rate trend for either of the quality indicators, indicating the competitive bar on quality performance was unaffected during this period of market reform. Neither was there any evidence that pricing mechanism were able to price the utility of better outcomes, as higher quality did not cost more. Neither was there evidence that consumer preferences for better quality related to better hospital economic performance, as measured by hospital operating margins.

<p>The study draws on secondary data from the Bureau of Statistics in Lesotho. Simple and multiple linear regression models techniques are used to analyze the relationship between the GDP of Lesotho and the GDP of manufacturing. The secondary data is analyzed using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Excel. The major finding is that there exists a strong positive linear relationship ( r = 0.986) between the GDP of Lesotho and the GDP of manufacturing. This means that every time the GDP of manufacturing increases the GDP of Lesotho does the same. Based on this finding, the study recommends that in order to improve, sustain and maintain the economic growth and to avoid further deterioration in the manufacturing industry, the manufacturing capacity must be strengthened for it to effectively deal with growing competition and rapid economic changes.</p>

Based on previous study, Reinartz, Krafft & Hoyer (2004) argued two outcomes. One is that CRM process measure outlines three key stages: initiation, maintenance, and termination; the other one is that the implementation of CRM process has a moderately positive association with both perceptual and objective company performance. This research uses statistical way to exam the three stages of Customer Relationship Management along with human resources management, coordination between various departments in enterprise, the computer technology three factors, carries out the customer relationship management compared with various steel and iron enterprises to tell the degree that management level value and invest, whether affects the enterprise economic performance. During this research induces the customer relationship management flow and the steel and iron industry relations is: (I) The customer relationship initiation, the customer relationship maintenance stage and the computer technology has the frontage influence to the enterprise achievements. (II) The customer relationship termination stage and the human resources management have partial influence to the enterprise achievements. (III)The coordination between departments in enterprise and enterprise achievements, the influence is not certainly obvious.