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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Gas station managers' management competency, human resource management and work motivation on operational performance.

Tseng, Hsin-chieh 03 August 2006 (has links)
The oil price in the global market hit new records in the recent years. Under the circumstance of opened market and fierce competition, the gas station industries toward lower profit due to high operation cost plus price war and intensive promotion. The station managers are responsible for operation management, market analysis, administrative, personnel as well as sale. Although the station scale is small, it is a business unit indeed. In the diversity of management and competition environment, the station managers shall possess not only the ability of certain expert or supervisory but also multiply requirement. Except personal technical skill, the station managers with the competency of human resource management are one of key successful factors. This research is trying to find out the human resource management is necessary for the station managers. Furthermore, this research would like to find out the interaction effects of management competency, human resource management and work motivation on operational performance.
2

Operational performance measurement model based on knowledge management to reduce orders returned for a distribution company

Burga, Mario, Jimenez, Jesus, Sotelo, Fernando, Raymundo, Carlos 01 January 2019 (has links)
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Peru present problems such as access to the national market due to limited capital or access to technology compared to large companies. However, they also lack an adequate definition and conceptualization of their processes, as well as a low level of business information transfer, which causes an absence in the measurement, control of processes and low operational performance. Given this situation, we propose the application and implementation of knowledge management tools in a company dedicated to the marketing and distribution of school supplies, which represents an SME in Peru. The tools used as the map of processes and flowcharts of the different processes were used to make the participants of the processes known. Through the realization of training, performance evaluations and internal audit, the learning of the operator is analyzed. As a result, there was a 57.63% decrease in errors in armed orders during picking, as well as a decrease of 7.98% and 8.59% of times in the execution of the processes under study for small orders and larger orders, respectively. Similarly, 96.56% of dispatches generated correctly were obtained.
3

Evaluating relative operational performance of firms on sustainability metrics using multi-level multi attributed decision making (MADM)

Walia, Rajdeep Singh 20 January 2017 (has links)
Investors, stock exchanges and financial regulatory institutions can be used as strong levers for making firms accountable for achieving sustainable operational performance and not just maximizing profits. The objective of this research study is to enhance the quantitative tools available to stakeholders for evaluating relative operational performance of firms, thereby encouraging the financial investors to base their portfolio investment decisions on the basis of sustainable operational performance of firms. The study reviews the existing literature on evaluating relative operational performance of firms on sustainability metrics and proposes multi-level multi criteria decision making (MCDM) quantitative methods for measuring the same. The research work demonstrates the research framework proposed in the study by evaluating the 2014 Sustainable Operational Performance of firms in the oil & gas sector. The reason for choosing the oil & gas sector for this case study is in view of the relative large ecological and social impact which this industry has on different stakeholders. Due to the same reasons, the oil & gas sector is a bit more advanced in terms of its sustainability performance reporting standards. The review of past literature and the sustainability reports of firms for the year 2014 is initially used to develop the construct for measuring the firm operational performance on three pillars of TBL i.e. for the ecological, social and economic dimensions. / February 2017
4

Inovação e melhoria nas facilidades e desempenho operacional / Innovation and improvement in facilities and operational performance

Quinello, Robson 23 November 2010 (has links)
Diversos autores apontam a inovação como uma atividade crítica para todas as empresas inseridas num contexto concorrencial, pois ela orienta a estratégica da empresa, direciona a alocação de recursos e influencia os indicadores de desempenho. Como os altos investimentos em P&D não são suficientes para assegurar o sucesso de seus produtos, o diferencial competitivo das organizações não estaria relacionado apenas às grandes diferenças de conhecimento tecnológico, mas a maneira como cada uma delas aperfeiçoa os seus processos internos para implementar um novo produto. Esta condição reforça o papel das áreas funcionais periféricas, na construção de um ambiente inovador, não apenas modificando o desempenho da organização, mas também o impulsionando. Mas como será a participação dessas áreas, por exemplo, as de facilidades (termo traduzido do anglo-saxão facilities management), que estão fora do eixo tradicional de P&D, nesse ambiente inovador? Elas inovam? Como suas inovações afetam o desempenho das empresas? O objeto de estudo da tese consistiu na caracterização das inovações e melhorias em facilidades e os impactos no desempenho das organizações. A hipótese principal foi que as inovações em facilidades afetariam diretamente a eficiência operacional e esta, por sua vez, os desempenhos financeiros, ou seja, as inovações em facilidades seriam intermediárias na obtenção dos resultados das operações. A pesquisa foi descritiva-relacional, quantitativa e qualitativa, utilizando triangulação metodológica. Os resultados foram obtidos por meio de casos coletados em campo durante a fase empírica, estudo de caso único e por questionários semiestruturados. Foram inquiridos 163 profissionais da área e analisadas 220 mudanças técnicas e organizacionais em facilidades, entre os anos de 2007 e 2010. Esperou-se com essa tese aprofundar os estudos da dinâmica das inovações e melhorias em facilidades; estender a teoria da inovação por meio da investigação das em facilidades e avançar na discussão do papel delas no desempenho organizacional, dando um novo significado à gestão de facilidades dentro da área de Operações. Os resultados da tese apontaram que as mudanças técnicas e organizacionais nas facilidades constituem melhorias e inovações que impactam principalmente os fatores de eficiência operacional - produtividade e meio ambiente e, indiretamente, os financeiros - lucro. Todavia, numa análise fatorial, pode-se notar a formação de conglomerados específicos chamados aqui de inovações e melhorias em facilidades para apoio à produtividade, sustentabilidade, qualidade e rentabilidade. Esses grupos indicam que as melhorias e inovações geradas em facilidades são oriundas de intensa relação entre parceiros, busca contínua pela redução de custos e aumento do ciclo de vida dos ativos e das infraestruturas de apoio das organizações. Constataram-se diferenças na composição, na dinâmica e no propósito dessas inovações e melhorias, revelando assim que as estratégias e gestões para o desenvolvimento e implantação dessas mudanças, nesses ambientes, não são iguais aos recomendados pelas teorias correntes. As mudanças técnicas e organizacionais encontradas foram adotadas, na sua maioria, em caráter informal e tácito, gerando indiretamente novos serviços e produtos em facilidades, além de aprendizado infraestrutural. O grau de novidade variou de melhorias contínuas à inovações incrementais e raramente radicais. / Several authors place the innovation as a critical activity for all companies included in a competitive environment because it supports the strategic direction of the company, directs the allocation of resources and influences the performance of the indicators. As the high investments in R & D are not sufficient to ensure the success of its products, the competitive advantage of organizations would not be related only to large differences in technological knowledge, but how each one improves your internal processes to implement a new product. This condition strengthens the assumption that the role of peripheral functional areas, the construction of an innovative, can not just change the organization\'s performance, but also boost it. But how will the participation of these areas, for example, the facilities management, which are outside the traditional R & D in this innovative environment? Do they innovate? How their innovations affect corporate performance? The subject of the thesis was the characterization of the innovations in facilities and its impacts on performance of organizations. The main hypothesis was that the innovations in facilities would directly affect operational efficiency and this, in turn, financial performance, in other words, the innovations in facilities would be intermediate in obtaining superior results in operations. The research was a descriptive-relational, quantitative and qualitative, using methodological triangulation. The results were obtained from cases collected in the field during the empirical phase and semi-structured questionnaires applied to 163 professionals and 220 innovations and improvements on facilities. It was expected that thesis with further study of the dynamics of innovation in facilities; extend the theory of innovation through research in the facilities and advance the discussion of their role in organizational performance, giving new meaning to the facilities management within Operations field. The results of the thesis showed that the changes and organizational in facilities producing improvements and innovations that impact primarily the factors of operational efficiency: productivity and environment and, indirectly, the financial markets: profit. However, a factor analysis, one could note the formation of specific clusters called here, innovations and improvements in facilities to support the productivity, sustainability, quality and profitability. These groups indicate that improvements and innovations generated by the facilities are artifacts coming from a close relationship between partners, continuous search for lower costs and increase the life cycle of assets and infrastructure in support of the organizations. There were differences in the nature, composition, dynamics and purpose of innovations and improvements, thus revealing that the strategies and management activities for the development and deployment these changes, these environments are not exactly the same as recommended by current theories. The technical and organizational changes found were adopted, mostly in an informal and tacit way, indirectly generating new services and products in facilities, and infrastructural learning. The degree of novelty varied from the continuous improvements to the incremental innovations, and, rarely, to radical.
5

Proposição de uma metodologia para a comparação de desempenho operacional de terminais portuários de granéis sólidos minerais. / Proposal of a methodology for comparison of operating performance of seaport ore terminals.

Cardoso, João Stefano Luna 15 February 2011 (has links)
As maiores dificuldades ao se avaliar o desempenho operacional portuário concentram-se na identificação e na expurgação das particularidades físico-operacionais que podem distorcer as comparações e mascarar algumas ineficiências. Por esta razão, a maior parte dos autores considera a produtividade em um nível macro de agregação de valores e atividades, o que dificulta a orientação de ações corretivas. O propósito deste trabalho é desenvolver um método de avaliação do desempenho capaz de subsidiar a identificação das melhores práticas e a determinação de metas operacionais efetivamente pertinentes para cada sistema. Para isso, elaborou-se uma estrutura de indicadores de desempenho capaz de identificar e expurgar os efeitos das particularidades dos terminais. O cerne da estrutura de indicadores sugerida é o atendimento aos navios por terminais especializados na exportação de minério de ferro, sob o ponto de vista do operador portuário. Seu desenvolvimento fundamenta-se em conceitos e instrumentos já consagrados de gestão por processos, gestão de organizações e gestão da qualidade. O escopo do trabalho compreende a proposição do método de comparação e o estabelecimento de metas aplicado em um estudo de caso no contexto de um grande operador portuário. Conclui-se que o método é simples e eficaz, na medida em que cumpre seu objetivo de aperfeiçoar o monitoramento e o controle do desempenho operacional, podendo ser um instrumento importante para o desenvolvimento dos operadores portuários e, porque não, do Brasil, que é carente em infraestrutura. / The greatest difficulty in evaluating the operational performance of seaports lies in the identification and treatment of physical-operational particularities that can distort comparisons and mask inefficiencies. For this reason, the majority of authors consider port productivity at a highly aggregated level of values and activities, which hampers the orientation of corrective actions. This study aims at developing a performance evaluation method capable of assisting with the identification of best practices and the determination of operational goals which are indeed relevant to each system. The core of the proposed structure of indicators is the servicing of ships in specialized iron ore export terminals, from the port operator standpoint. The structure is elaborated on well-established concepts and instruments of process management, organizational management and quality management. The scope of this study encompasses the proposition of comparison method and the definition of goals applied to a case study regarding a large port operator. The study concludes that the method is simple and effective, as it fulfills its objective of enhancing the monitoring and the control of operational performance. The method could be an important tool for the development of port operators and, perhaps, of infrastructure-deficient Brazil.
6

Plantio mecânico de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.): desempenho operacional e econômico / Mechanized planting of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.): operational and economic performance

Cebim, Geraldo José 06 October 2008 (has links)
Com o objetivo de estudar o plantio mecânico da cana-de-açúcar avaliando o desempenho operacional e econômico de uma plantadora de cana, foram realizados ensaios padronizados em condições de campo na Cosan - Costa Pinto, município de Piracicaba, SP, entre outubro de 2005 e outubro de 2006. A variedade de cana foi a SP 80-3280 de 11 meses e primeiro corte e, sob as mesmas condições de campo foram efetuados o plantio mecânico e o convencional (utilizado como testemunha). A densidade de plantio foi de 8,4 e 11,1 t ha¹, para o plantio convencional e mecânico, respectivamente, sendo que o mecânico apresentou menor número de perfilhos e consequentemente um maior número de falhas. Falhas essas, que refletiram na produtividade agrícola, cujos resultados foram de 88,9 para o plantio convencional e de 77,4 t ha¹, para o mecânico. Quanto à avaliação de desempenho operacional, a plantadora Santal PCP2 operou em velocidade de plantio de 5,5 km h¹, exigindo esforço tratório médio de 3060 kgf, consumo efetivo de combustível de 37,80 L h¹ e Capacidade Efetiva de 1,64 ha h¹. Em termos de custos operacionais de plantio, foi, significativamente, mais vantajoso, com custo de R$ 77,60 ha¹, em comparação ao plantio convencional que apresentou valores de R$ 216,20 ha¹, o que representa uma redução da ordem de 64,1%, nos custos da operação, sem envolver custos anteriores (corte, carregamento e transporte de mudas até a área de plantio). Quanto aos aspectos agronômicos envolvidos, pode-se concluir que, os danos provocados pelo fracionamento dos colmos em rebolos, utilizados no plantio mecânico, reduz a quantidade de gemas viáveis, contribuindo para um menor perfilhamento, maior número de falha e menor produtividade apesar da maior densidade de mudas utilizada. / In order to study the mechanized planting of sugarcane and evaluate the operational and economic performance of the sugarcane planter, standardized field assays were conducted at Cosan - Costa Pinto, in Piracicaba, SP, between October 2005 and October 2006. The cane variety used was SP 80-3280 with first harvest at 11 months. Mechanized and conventional (used as the control) planting methods were performed under the same field conditions. The planting density was 8,4 e 11,1 ton ha¹, for the conventional and the mechanized plantings, respectively, with the mechanized planting resulting in a lower tiller stand and, consequently, a higher number of missing plants. Missing plant numbers were reflected in the crop productivity with yields of 88,9 and 77,4 t ha¹ for the conventional and the mechanized planting, respectively. The operational performance analysis demonstrated that the Santal PCP2 planter operated at 5,5 km h¹ during planting, requiring a mean tractor effort of 3060 kgf, with average fuel use of 37,8 L h¹ and effective capacity of 1,64 ha h¹. In relation to total operational cost, the mechanized planting was significantly advantageous in relation to the conventional planting with total cost of R$ 77,60 per ha compared to R$ 216,20 per ha for the conventional planting, a reduction of 64,1% in operational costs, without any consideration of preliminary costs such as sett cutting, loading and transport of the setts to the field. In relation to the agronomic aspects, the damage caused by the fractioning of the sugarcane stalks into setts, which were used for the mechanized planting, reduced the number if viable buds, and contributed to a lower number of tillers, greater number of missing plants, and a lower productivity despite a greater planting density.
7

Influência dos segmentos de listagem em indicadores de desempenho operacional de empresas brasileiras de capital aberto

Boas, Marco Antonio F. Villas January 2017 (has links)
Nesta dissertação entende-se Governança Corporativa como um conjunto de práticas empresariais potencialmente relacionadas com o desempenho operacional e o desempenho frente ao mercado de capitais, seguindo estudos que têm sugerido essa relação. A pesquisa se propôs a investigar, no caso das companhias abertas brasileiras, a significância do pertencimento aos segmentos diferenciados de listagem da Bolsa de Valores do Estado de São Paulo (BM&FBOVESPA) sobre os indicadores de resultado operacional das empresas listadas no Brasil, mais especificamente em relação aos retornos sobre ativos (ROA) e sobre patrimônio líquido (ROE), e a outros indicadores lastreados no lucro antes de juros e impostos (EBIT) e no lucro antes de juros, impostos, depreciação e amortização (EBITDA). Empregaram-se, aqui, métodos quantitativos em um modelo de regressão linear. O trabalho teve como referência principal o artigo de Brown e Caylor (Corporate Governance and Firm Operating Performance, 2009). Os resultados foram mistos e inconclusos em termos de significância, ao modelar ROA, ROE e indicadores baseados em EBIT e EBITDA, contra os segmentos de listagem, mesmo empregando variáveis de controle como o valor de mercado, a razão entre o patrimônio líquido e o valor de mercado, e o endividamento das empresas. Recomenda-se, assim, para estudos futuros, aprofundar a análise e a determinação das variáveis de controle, além de buscar atenuar as limitações devidas à endogeneidade e à causalidade reversa, pelo uso de variáveis instrumentais, e pelo emprego de métodos econométricos mais robustos, como equações estruturais. / In this research, we understand corporate governance as a set of corporate practices potentially related to the operational performance and to the capital market performance of the firm, following several studies that have suggested such a relationship. The research intended to investigate whether there is a significant relationship between the listing in BM&FBOVESPA’s higher corporate governance segments, and the operational indicators of listed Brazilian companies, more specifically, return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE), as well as other earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) and earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) related indicators. Quantitative methods – linear regressions – were employed. The main reference for the research was Brown and Caylor’s article (Corporate Governance and Firm Operating Performance, 2009). The results were mixed and not conclusive in terms of significance, when modeling ROA, ROE and the other performance indicators in relation to the listing segments, despite market value, equity divided by market value, and debt to equity ratio as control variables. The study recommends future deeper analyses and selection of control variables, as well as addressing endogeneity and reverse causality limitations through the use of instrumental variables, and more robust econometric models such as structural equations modeling (SEM).
8

Alguns parâmetros de desempenho operacional de um sistema de recolhimento de palhiço de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.) a granel. / Operational analyses of barn collecting system of the sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) trash.

Fabiana Nicoleti Franco 30 January 2004 (has links)
O presente trabalho teve como objetivos estudar o desempenho operacional dos equipamentos utilizados num sistema de enleiramento e recolhimento de palhiço de cana-de-açúcar colhida mecanicamente, sem queima prévia. O experimento foi desenvolvido em área pertencente ao Grupo COSAN, Usina Costa Pinto. Foi adotado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado para avaliar os dois diferentes tratamentos adotados neste estudo. Com o intuito de facilitar o entendimento das variáveis consideradas, estas foram agrupadas em três capítulos. Foram consideradas as variáveis nas operações de enleiramento e recolhimento do palhiço: velocidade de trabalho, capacidade efetiva e operacional, consumo de combustível, eficiência de campo, produtividade e poder calorífico do material, palhiço recolhido e remanescente, massa específica e percentagem de terra no palhiço, energia disponível por hectare, eficácia de manipulação e custos do sistema. Pode-se concluir que a utilização dos diferentes enleiradores não influenciou de maneira significativa as características do palhiço recolhido, nem o desempenho operacional da recolhedora. O sistema de recolhimento a granel, sob o ponto de vista operacional, pode ser considerado como uma opção viável no manejo do palhiço de cana-de-açúcar, visando seu recolhimento e utilização na geração de energia. / This work had as goal to study the operational performance of equipments used in an rowing and collecting system of the sugarcane trash of the crop harvested mechanically, without being previously burned. The experiment was developed in an area belonged to COSAN Group, Costa Pinto sugar mill. An experimental delineation entirely random was adopted to evaluate two different treatments adopted in this study. Aiming to ease the understanding of the considered variables, these were grouped in three chapters. The considered variables were: work speed, effective and operational capacities, fuel consumption, work efficiency, yield and heat power of the material, collected and remaining sugarcane trash, its density and the dust percentage in it, available energy per hectare, manipulation efficiency and system cost. It could be concluded that the use of different rowers did not affected in a significant manner the sugarcane trash features, nor the operational performance of the collecting machine. The barn collecting system, under the operational point of view, can be considered as an feasible way in the sugarcane trash management aiming its collecting and the use of it in energy generation process.
9

Plantio mecânico de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.): desempenho operacional e econômico / Mechanized planting of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.): operational and economic performance

Geraldo José Cebim 06 October 2008 (has links)
Com o objetivo de estudar o plantio mecânico da cana-de-açúcar avaliando o desempenho operacional e econômico de uma plantadora de cana, foram realizados ensaios padronizados em condições de campo na Cosan - Costa Pinto, município de Piracicaba, SP, entre outubro de 2005 e outubro de 2006. A variedade de cana foi a SP 80-3280 de 11 meses e primeiro corte e, sob as mesmas condições de campo foram efetuados o plantio mecânico e o convencional (utilizado como testemunha). A densidade de plantio foi de 8,4 e 11,1 t ha¹, para o plantio convencional e mecânico, respectivamente, sendo que o mecânico apresentou menor número de perfilhos e consequentemente um maior número de falhas. Falhas essas, que refletiram na produtividade agrícola, cujos resultados foram de 88,9 para o plantio convencional e de 77,4 t ha¹, para o mecânico. Quanto à avaliação de desempenho operacional, a plantadora Santal PCP2 operou em velocidade de plantio de 5,5 km h¹, exigindo esforço tratório médio de 3060 kgf, consumo efetivo de combustível de 37,80 L h¹ e Capacidade Efetiva de 1,64 ha h¹. Em termos de custos operacionais de plantio, foi, significativamente, mais vantajoso, com custo de R$ 77,60 ha¹, em comparação ao plantio convencional que apresentou valores de R$ 216,20 ha¹, o que representa uma redução da ordem de 64,1%, nos custos da operação, sem envolver custos anteriores (corte, carregamento e transporte de mudas até a área de plantio). Quanto aos aspectos agronômicos envolvidos, pode-se concluir que, os danos provocados pelo fracionamento dos colmos em rebolos, utilizados no plantio mecânico, reduz a quantidade de gemas viáveis, contribuindo para um menor perfilhamento, maior número de falha e menor produtividade apesar da maior densidade de mudas utilizada. / In order to study the mechanized planting of sugarcane and evaluate the operational and economic performance of the sugarcane planter, standardized field assays were conducted at Cosan - Costa Pinto, in Piracicaba, SP, between October 2005 and October 2006. The cane variety used was SP 80-3280 with first harvest at 11 months. Mechanized and conventional (used as the control) planting methods were performed under the same field conditions. The planting density was 8,4 e 11,1 ton ha¹, for the conventional and the mechanized plantings, respectively, with the mechanized planting resulting in a lower tiller stand and, consequently, a higher number of missing plants. Missing plant numbers were reflected in the crop productivity with yields of 88,9 and 77,4 t ha¹ for the conventional and the mechanized planting, respectively. The operational performance analysis demonstrated that the Santal PCP2 planter operated at 5,5 km h¹ during planting, requiring a mean tractor effort of 3060 kgf, with average fuel use of 37,8 L h¹ and effective capacity of 1,64 ha h¹. In relation to total operational cost, the mechanized planting was significantly advantageous in relation to the conventional planting with total cost of R$ 77,60 per ha compared to R$ 216,20 per ha for the conventional planting, a reduction of 64,1% in operational costs, without any consideration of preliminary costs such as sett cutting, loading and transport of the setts to the field. In relation to the agronomic aspects, the damage caused by the fractioning of the sugarcane stalks into setts, which were used for the mechanized planting, reduced the number if viable buds, and contributed to a lower number of tillers, greater number of missing plants, and a lower productivity despite a greater planting density.
10

Municipal solid waste disposal in developing countries : a case study of Wa Municipality, Ghana

Bowan, Patrick A. January 2018 (has links)
Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is a global challenge and the situation is worse in urban areas of developing countries due to ineffective disposal systems. In many industrialised countries, waste minimisation and recycling/reuse policies have been introduced to reduce the amount of waste generated, and increasingly, alternative waste management practices to waste disposal on land have been implemented to reduce the environmental impacts of MSWM. Nevertheless, research and MSWM in most developing countries have largely concentrated on waste collection. This doctoral study investigates how planning and decision-making for MSW disposal in developing countries with similar circumstances and MSW problems to Ghana can be improved, using the Wa Municipality as a case study. It established the baseline scenario of MSW disposal and examined MSW disposal management and operational performances. The methodology and research design for the study was a descriptive and interpretive case study that was analysed through both qualitative and quantitative research methods. The key research findings indicate that the current state of MSW disposal management performance in Ghana does not present an enabling environment for effective MSW disposal. Also, the present MSW disposal practices in the case study area and Ghana in general consist of some waste collection, transportation and open dumping, where the entire amount of waste is open dumped without pre-treatment. Evaluation of MSW disposal operational performance through modelling and scenario analysis showed that open dumping/landfilling of waste creates copious health effects (0.0001519 lbs/year on average), whereas, MSW disposal in an integrated solid waste management (ISWM) system optimises the minimisation of health effects (-0.0005812 lbs/year on average). The study developed and validated a framework for the improvement of planning and decision-making for MSW disposal, which can easily be applied in the context of developing countries. Also, the developed framework provides a theoretical standpoint for the concept of MSW disposal in ISWM. Appropriate MSW disposal treatment technologies based on the developed framework could be applied to ameliorate the impacts of MSW disposal in Ghana and other developing countries.

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