En person som yrkesmässigt förmedlar fastigheter är fastighetsmäklare. Förmedling tar sikte på att fastighetsmäklaren anvisar en motpart till sin uppdragsgivare och verkar för ett upprättande av köpeavtal mellan dessa. Genom fastighetsförmedling ändras ansvarsfördelningen mellan parterna då fastighetsmäklaren tillvaratar bådas intressen. Därmed uppstår frågan om vilken roll fastighetsmäklaren har och hur mycket ansvar som kan åläggas denne samt hur långtgående dennes undersöknings- och upplysningsplikt sträcker sig. Fastighetsmäklaren ska i sin förmedling agera omsorgsfullt samt värna om god fastighetsmäklarsed, vilket utvecklas genom rättspraxis. Denne ska även agera opartiskt gentemot båda parter i samband med att denne tillvaratar uppdragsgivarens ekonomiska intressen. Fastighetsmäklaren ska genomgå fastigheten med säljare och erhålla uppgifter från denne. Dock kan svårigheter uppstå med att avgöra hur omfattande fastighetsmäklaren ska undersöka säljarens uppgifter. Dennes upplysningsplikt innebär att information av betydelse för parterna ska vidarebefordras samt att denne ska upplysa parterna om deras undersöknings- respektive upplysningsplikt. Vad som är av betydelse varierar beroende på partens preferenser och bedöms i varje enskilt fall. Några förekommande tvister inom fastighetsköp är boarea, lockpriser och svikligt förfarande. Det finns ingen heltäckande lösning för dessa tvister och en lagreglering skulle inte leda till att tvister upphör att uppstå. Fastighetsmäklaren erhåller sitt arvode från säljaren av objektet och därmed kan dennes opartiskhet ifrågasättas särskilt när arvodet baseras på provision. En möjlig lösning är att köpare och säljare anlitar var sin fastighetsmäklare. Den främsta fördelen är att fastighetsmäklaren besitter kunskap om fastigheter genom sin yrkeserfarenhet, vilket köparen saknar. Denne kan således minimera risken att bli vilseledd av uppgifter. Fastighetsmäklaren intar rollen som ombud och därmed uppstår inte någon intressekonflikt. Den främsta nackdelen är ansvarsfördelningen av undersökningsplikten mellan köparen och fastighetsmäklaren samt kostnader som uppkommer för köparen vid anlitande. Vi förespråkar en fastighetsmäklare med hänsyn till lösningarna och diskussionen i analysen.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Les CPS intègrent des composants physiques et des composants logiciels. Ils sont particulièrement difficiles à modéliser et à vérifier. En effet, de par la nature hétérogène de leurs composants, leur conception nécessite l’utilisation de différents formalismes de modélisation. Les modèles de ces systèmes combinent à la fois des formalismes à temps continu, et d’autres à événements discrets, pour représenter respectivement leurs composants physiques et logiciels. La vérification de l'ensemble du système nécessite donc la composition de ces composants. La vérification globale peut être réalisée par co-simulation des différents composants. En particulier, la norme FMI offre une interface normative pour coupler plusieurs simulateurs dans un environnement de co-simulation, nommé « Master ». Celui-ci est chargé de fournir un algorithme pour une synchronisation efficace des différents composants du système, nommés FMU. Cependant, FMI est initialement conçu pour la co-simulation des processus physiques, avec un support limité des formalismes à événements discrets qui est modèle de calcul et de communication largement utilisé dans les environnements de modélisation spécifiques au logiciel. En particulier, aucune des solutions actuelles de co-simulation basées sur FMI ne permet de le prendre en considération les modèle UML. La thèse défendue dans ce document est que l'ingénierie système en général bénéficierait de l’intégration des modèles UML dans une approche de co-simulation basée sur la norme FMI. Cela permettra à un grand nombre de concepteurs logiciels d’évaluer le comportement de leurs composants logiciels dans un environnement simulé, et donc de les aider à faire les meilleurs choix de conception le plus tôt possible dans leur processus de développement. Cela pourrait également ouvrir de nouvelles perspectives intéressantes pour les ingénieurs système des CPS, en leur permettant d'envisager l’utilisation d’un langage largement utilisé pour la modélisation des composants logiciels de leurs systèmes. L'objectif de cette thèse est de définir et formaliser un environnement de co-simulation basé sur la norme FMI pour les CPS et intégrant des modèles UML pour la partie logicielle. Nous abordons principalement la question d’adaptation entre la sémantique d’exécution définie dans UML et celle de FMI. Notre contribution intervient à deux niveaux : localement, au niveau des modèles UML, et globalement au niveau du « Master ». Localement, nous mettons en place une approche incrémentale où nous abordons différents types de systèmes à événements discrets caractérisant les composants logiciels. Nous basons nos propositions sur les normes OMG fUML et PSCS qui définissent une sémantique d’exécution précise pour un sous-ensemble de UML. Ces deux normes constitue notre socle de définition nous donne une base intéressante et formelle pour l'intégration des modèles UML dans les approches de co-simulation de CPS. Pour chaque type de système, nous identifions d'abord un ensemble de règles pour le modéliser avec UML et les éventuelles extensions à fUML dans le cas où la sémantique d'exécution des éléments UML requis n’est pas définie dans fUML. Ensuite, au niveau global, nous proposons un algorithme de « Master » pour chaque type de systèmes. Les algorithmes de « Master » reposent sur l'adaptation de la sémantique d’exécution des modèles UML et celle de FMI. Sur cette base, le « Master » est capable de propager les données entre les composants et de les stimuler aux bonnes dates durant la simulation. L'approche est illustrée par des cas d'utilisation du domaine des bâtiments intelligents, où l’objectif est d’évaluer différentes stratégies de gestion d'énergie. Ces stratégies représentent des composants logiciels à différents niveaux de contrôle d’un bâtiment pour des fins d’optimisation de son auto-consommation en électricité. / Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) are integrations of physical and computational components. CPS are difficult to model and verify because the heterogeneous nature of their components requires many different modeling formalisms. The global verification of the system can be achieved by co-simulation. FMI standard offers a standard interface to couple two or more simulators in a co-simulation environment, known as master. This latter is responsible for providing an algorithm with efficient orchestration and synchronization of the involved components, known as FMUs. However, FMI was originally intended for co-simulation of physical processes, with limited support for formalisms such as DE and Dara-Flow, even if this kind of formalisms are commonly used to model the logic of software parts of a system. In particular, while UML is the reference standard for software modeling and is very commonly used in industry, none of the present-day FMI-based co-simulation solutions consider UML models. Our thesis is that system engineering in general would greatly benefit from the consideration of UML in FMI-based co-simulation approach. It would indeed enable a significant number of software designers to evaluate the behavior of their software components in their simulated environment, as soon as possible in their development processes, and therefore make early and better design decisions. It would also open new interesting perspectives for CPS system engineers, by allowing them to consider a widely used modeling language for the software parts of their systems. In this context, the objective of this work is to define an FMI-based co-simulation environment for CPS with integration of UML models for software part. Our contribution is twofold: locally at the level of UML models, and globally at the master level. At the local level, we set up an incremental approach where we address different kinds of discrete event systems characterizing the computational components. We base our proposals on OMG standards fUML and PSCS which define precise execution semantics for a subset of UML. They provide an interesting and formal basis for the integration of UML models in CPSs co-simulation approaches. For each kind of system, we first identify a set of rules to model it with UML and potential extensions to fUML in case where execution semantics of the required UML elements are not defined by fUML. Then, at the global level, we propose a master algorithm for each kind of systems. The proposed masters take into account not only external and internal dependencies between components and their capabilities, but also and especially their models of time. They rely on adaptation of fUML semantics to that of the FMI API. Based on these adaptations, the master algorithm is able both to propagate data between components and to trigger them at the correct points of time. The approach is illustrated with use cases from the energy domain where the purpose is to verify energy management strategies defined as software components at different levels of the control module of an energy system.

No presente contexto de redistribuição de poder e da consequente reorganização da ordem mundial, as economias emergentes têm gradualmente alcançado maior espaço nas deliberações multilaterais a respeito da governança econômica global. Esta ascensão tem ocorrido em níveis e ritmos distintos em diferentes instâncias da governança econômica global, como, por exemplo, no âmbito do FMI e do G20. Estas instituições internacionais, ainda que diferentes em sua composição, formalização, estrutura e governança, possuem aspectos importantes de sua missão que se sobrepõem, como o diálogo multilateral a respeito de políticas macroeconômicas e a promoção da estabilidade econômica e financeira mundial. Considerando que as economias emergentes têm investido na consolidação de seu recém-adquirido status no sistema internacional, este estudo pretende avançar na compreensão da sua atuação nestas instituições internacionais por meio de uma análise comparativa da configuração institucional do FMI e do G20. Na segunda parte deste estudo, partindo do fato de que as economias emergentes têm empreendido esforços para que as instituições internacionais aprimorem seu modelo de representatividade, no sentido de refletir em suas decisões as posições específicas destes países, pretende-se investigar a atenção que cada uma destas instituições dedica aos temas mais caros a uma destas economias emergentes em particular, o Brasil. A hipótese que norteará a pesquisa é a de que o consenso expresso pelo G20 apresenta maior conformidade em relação ao posicionamento oficial do governo do Brasil do que aquele expresso pelo FMI. / In the present context of redistribution of power and the resulting reorganization of the global order, emerging economies have gradually attained more influence in multilateral discussions regarding global economic governance. This rising has been taking place at different levels and paces in different fora of global economic governance, such as the IMF and the G20. These international institutions, though distinct in their composition, formalization, structure and governance, share important aspects of their mission, such as the multilateral dialogue concerning macroeconomic policy and the promotion of international financial and economic stability. Taking into consideration the notion that emerging economies have been working to consolidate their recently acquired status in the international system, this study intends to contribute to the comprehension of the actions of these countries within these international institutions through a comparative analysis of the institutional configuration of the IMF and the G20. In the second part of this work, taking notice of the effort that emerging economies have been applying to the improvement of representativeness within international institutions, so they can better reflect these countries\' positions in their decisions, the present study intends to investigate the attention that both of these institutions grant to the most relevant themes according to one of these emerging economies in particular, Brazil. The hypothesis here is that the consensus expressed by the G20 shares a higher level of conformity with the official positions of the government of Brazil than that expressed by the IMF.

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade Complutense de Madri, 2001. / Submitted by Jaqueline Oliveira (jaqueoliveiram@gmail.com) on 2008-12-22T12:55:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_JoseMatiasPereira.pdf: 2441098 bytes, checksum: 12c6f38be23a22f04b4df794329d82f2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Georgia Fernandes(georgia@bce.unb.br) on 2009-02-19T17:36:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_JoseMatiasPereira.pdf: 2441098 bytes, checksum: 12c6f38be23a22f04b4df794329d82f2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2009-02-19T17:36:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_JoseMatiasPereira.pdf: 2441098 bytes, checksum: 12c6f38be23a22f04b4df794329d82f2 (MD5) / La ciencia política -aceptada aquí como el campo académico cuya tarea única y general es el análisis de la política, en especial la política del Estado- engloba una gran parte del tradicional saber político de la humanidad en los últimos veinticuatro siglos. Su principal preocupación es "el mundo en que vivimos y el conocimiento político que pueda ayudar a los pueblos a tomar sus decisiones políticas -tanto en lo que se refiere a su propio destino, como al destino de las generaciones futuras". De esa forma, la política es una cuestión de hechos, de valores, de interés propio y de lealtad hacia los otros, de compromiso y de competencia. Les gusta a los hombres ver aquello que desean ver, pero para sobrevivir, no pueden prescindir de la verdad. Es la preocupación básica por la verdad, por el conocimiento que puede ser verificado, por la política que toma decisiones a través de medios públicos, lo que hace del estudio de la política una ciencia y de los que la practican, científicos políticos. Es el ansia de verdad, lo que hace que la política se convierta en una búsqueda de soluciones y de nuevos hallazgos, de nuevas formas de trabajo en conjunto y de decisión de nuestros propios destinos. La determinación de estudiar la interconexión entre la política y la economía forma parte de esas preocupaciones. El creciente interés por los problemas teórico-prácticos de la conexión entre la economía y la política ha dado origen, en las distintas disciplinas relacionadas con ellas, a un número incalculable de trabajos enmarcados en diferentes corrientes de pensamiento. La preponderancia de uno u otro enfoque en los estudios empíricos llevados a cabo durante este tiempo, puede ser trazada en una secuencia que va desde la primacía de los estudios económicos y políticos, y del marco conceptual de la modernización, hasta la acentuación de los estudios históricos y el desarrollo de la perspectiva del sistema mundial. La existencia de distintas escuelas - que bajo marcos conceptuales diferentes delimitan y definen la realidad de manera particular, dando lugar a metodologías e interpretaciones diferentesparece ya algo connatural a la ciencia social más que a ninguna otra. Así se evidencia que el interés por estudiar la relación entre los mundos de la política y de la economía no es algo nuevo. Por el contrario, los pensadores científicos sociales se han preocupado desde siempre de la conexión existente entre factores económicos y sociales y una determinada forma de organización política (Marx, Weber, Schumpeter, Linz, Diamond, Lipset).

This thesis implements and evaluates static scheduling for aggregated FMUs. An aggregate FMU is several coupled FMUs placed in a single FMU. The implementation creates task graphs from the internal dependencies and connections between the coupled FMUs. These task graphs are then scheduled using two different list scheduling heuristics, MCP and HLFET. The resulting schedules are then executed in parallel by using OpenMP in the runtime. The implementation is evaluated by looking at the utilization of the schedule, the execution time of the scheduling and the speedup of the simulation. These measurements are taken on three different test models. With model exchange FMUs only a really small speedup is observed. With co-simulation models the speedup varies a lot depending on the model, the highest achieved speedup was 2.8 running on four cores.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Relações Internacionais, 2013. / Submitted by Alaíde Gonçalves dos Santos (alaide@unb.br) on 2013-07-05T12:38:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_GuilhermedeFrançaTeixeira.pdf: 872893 bytes, checksum: 437a6a76b0cadbba22cf2c8620c7959a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Guimaraes Jacqueline(jacqueline.guimaraes@bce.unb.br) on 2013-07-05T12:43:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_GuilhermedeFrançaTeixeira.pdf: 872893 bytes, checksum: 437a6a76b0cadbba22cf2c8620c7959a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-07-05T12:43:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_GuilhermedeFrançaTeixeira.pdf: 872893 bytes, checksum: 437a6a76b0cadbba22cf2c8620c7959a (MD5) / A China, nos últimos sessenta e seis anos, passou por grandes transformações internas, tanto econômicas quanto sociais. Desde a Revolução Comunista de Mao de 1949 até as Reformas de 1978, introduzidas por Deng Xiaoping, a economia do país asiático cresceu, se modificou e se diversificou, alcançando o posto de segunda maior economia mundial. Os hábitos de sua enorme população também se modificaram, como resultado direto do enriquecimento do país. Com o aumento de sua capacidade econômica e material, a política externa econômica chinesa alça voos maiores e ambiciona influenciar o xadrez econômico nas instituições internacionais. A evolução da participação da diplomacia da China no Fundo Monetário Internacional, na busca por maior poder de decisão, é a maior consequência do enriquecimento econômico gerado pelas altas taxas de crescimento registradas pelos país desde as Reformas de 1978. _______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / China, in the last sixty-six years, passed through huge internal economic and social transformations. Since Mao’s Communist Revolution in 1949 until 1978 Reforms, implemented by Deng Xiaoping, the chinese economy has grown, modified and diversified, being placed as second world largest economy. The habits of its enormous population have also modified as a direct result of the enrichment of the country. The increasing of its material and economic capabilities made the chinese economic foreign policy try to influence the economic international institutions. The evolution of China’s diplomacy participation on International Monetary Fund, trying to get more decision power and influence, is the biggest consequence of the economic enrichment created by the high growth rates registered since 1978 Reforms.

No presente contexto de redistribuição de poder e da consequente reorganização da ordem mundial, as economias emergentes têm gradualmente alcançado maior espaço nas deliberações multilaterais a respeito da governança econômica global. Esta ascensão tem ocorrido em níveis e ritmos distintos em diferentes instâncias da governança econômica global, como, por exemplo, no âmbito do FMI e do G20. Estas instituições internacionais, ainda que diferentes em sua composição, formalização, estrutura e governança, possuem aspectos importantes de sua missão que se sobrepõem, como o diálogo multilateral a respeito de políticas macroeconômicas e a promoção da estabilidade econômica e financeira mundial. Considerando que as economias emergentes têm investido na consolidação de seu recém-adquirido status no sistema internacional, este estudo pretende avançar na compreensão da sua atuação nestas instituições internacionais por meio de uma análise comparativa da configuração institucional do FMI e do G20. Na segunda parte deste estudo, partindo do fato de que as economias emergentes têm empreendido esforços para que as instituições internacionais aprimorem seu modelo de representatividade, no sentido de refletir em suas decisões as posições específicas destes países, pretende-se investigar a atenção que cada uma destas instituições dedica aos temas mais caros a uma destas economias emergentes em particular, o Brasil. A hipótese que norteará a pesquisa é a de que o consenso expresso pelo G20 apresenta maior conformidade em relação ao posicionamento oficial do governo do Brasil do que aquele expresso pelo FMI. / In the present context of redistribution of power and the resulting reorganization of the global order, emerging economies have gradually attained more influence in multilateral discussions regarding global economic governance. This rising has been taking place at different levels and paces in different fora of global economic governance, such as the IMF and the G20. These international institutions, though distinct in their composition, formalization, structure and governance, share important aspects of their mission, such as the multilateral dialogue concerning macroeconomic policy and the promotion of international financial and economic stability. Taking into consideration the notion that emerging economies have been working to consolidate their recently acquired status in the international system, this study intends to contribute to the comprehension of the actions of these countries within these international institutions through a comparative analysis of the institutional configuration of the IMF and the G20. In the second part of this work, taking notice of the effort that emerging economies have been applying to the improvement of representativeness within international institutions, so they can better reflect these countries\' positions in their decisions, the present study intends to investigate the attention that both of these institutions grant to the most relevant themes according to one of these emerging economies in particular, Brazil. The hypothesis here is that the consensus expressed by the G20 shares a higher level of conformity with the official positions of the government of Brazil than that expressed by the IMF.

Modelica is a domain independent modeling language allowing for componentbased modeling of complex systems. Functional Mock-up Interface (FMI) defines a standardized interface for complex computer simulations. High Level Architecture (HLA) is an interoperability standard of a general purpose architecture for distributed simulation. This thesis aims to show the possibilities of having Modelica models in a distributed environment by usage of FMI and HLA. An additional objective is to provide a base for a possible generic solution.

Denna studie behandlar de rättsliga konsekvenserna för fastighetsmäklarföretag när den nya föreslagna Fastighetsmäklarlagen träder i kraft i juli. Denna studie undersöker därmed fastighetsmäklarföretags rättsläge enligt den nya fastighetsmäklarlagen. Lagen är tillämplig endast gentemot varje enskild fastighetsmäklare i Sverige men som nu skall ändras till att även fastighetsmäklarföretag skall tillämpas av. 2017 gav regeringen en överblick över lagen som sedan ledde till att man lämnade förslaget Statens Offentliga Utredning 2018:64 där förslaget består av att även fastighetsmäklarföretag skall omfattas av lagarna i fastighetsmäklarlagen. Som i sin tur har lett till Prop. 2020/21:119. Anledningen till varför en lagändring har varit betydande är främst för att man idag skall ha en större överblick över fastighetsmäklarbranschen och skapa en kraftig tillsyn så att konsumenterna känner trygghet när de ingår i ett fastighetsköp. Då en fastighetsaffär är en konsuments största transaktion under deras livstid är det oerhört viktigt att det även sker enligt spelets regler.  Fastighetsmäklarbranschen har blivit en betydande del för samhället där utvecklingen har skett i ett snabbt tempo. Den nya lagen kommer innebära att fastighetsmäklarföretag kommer att stå under FMI:s tillsyn och ger dem även möjlighet till att åtgärda problematik som behövs att åtgärda. Det kommer att ställas högre krav på företag för att de skall kunna få vara verksamma inom branschen där de även kommer få ett övergripande ansvar över deras fastighetsmäklare att de följer god fastighetsmäklarsed. Bland annat kommer fastighetsmäklarföretag som åsidosätter sina skyldigheter att kunna riskera att få en disciplinpåföljd, men även kunna ingripa vid fall ifall olämpliga personer finns i företagsledningen eller ägarkretsen. / This study deals with the legal consequences for real estate companies when the new proposed Real Estate law enters into force in July. This study thus examines the legal situation of real estate companies according to the new Real Estate agency Act. The entire real estate industry is responsible for the legal rules regulated in the Real Estate law. The law is applicable only to each individual real estate agent in Sweden, but which must now be amended so that real estate companies must also be applied by. In 2017, the government gave an overview of the law, which then led to the submission of the proposal Statens Offentliga Utredning 2018:64, which consists in real estate companies also being covered  the Real Estate agency Act. Which in turn has led to the government proposal 2020/21:119. The reason why a change in the law has been necessary is mainly to provide for a more efficient oversight of the real estate industry and so that consumers feel secure when they enter into real estate transactions. As a real estate transaction is a consumer's largest transaction during their lifetime, it is extremely important that it also takes place according to the rules of the game. The real estate industry has become a significant part of society where development has taken place at a rapid pace. The new law will mean that real estate companies will be under the supervision of the Real Estate Inspectorate and will also give them the opportunity to remedy problems that need to be remedied. Higher demands will be placed on companies in order for them to be able to operate in the industry, where they will also have overall responsibility over their real estate agents so that they follow good real estate practice. Among other things, real estate companies that violate their obligations will risk a disciplinary sanction. The Estate agents inspectorate will also be able to intervene in cases where unsuitable persons are in the company management or the circle of owners.