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Autonomous vehicles rely on real-time embedded systems called Electronic Control Units (ECUs) and it is crucial for safety and behavioural correctness that ECUs run fast enough, in other words, within their deadlines. In this thesis a high-performance ECU used at Volvo Autonomous Solutions (V.A.S.) running PetaLinux will be evaluated. To ensure that the ECU is able to run in real-time, it will be evaluated by simulating physical models in the form of Functional Mock-up Units (FMUs) that are cross compiled to aarch64. The ECU execution time will be measured to evaluate whether the models run in real-time and to compare it with the performance of a desktop computer. With the use of profiling tools, possible bottlenecks in the utilization of ECU will be identified. The results show that the ECU is capable of running the FMU simulation models faster than real-time and that the ECU runs at less than 10% of the speed of the desktop computer. FMU communication frequency, underutilization of available instructions, unnecessary allocation and unnecessary use of synchronization primitives where identified as the key possible bottlenecks. We conclude that the ECU is likely capable of running significantly more computationally demanding models in real-time if they are optimized for the ECU.

Sammanfattning Bakgrund Fastighetsmäklaryrket är en ständigt växande bransch med hög rörlighet och där allt fler individer väljer att utbilda och registrera sig till fastighetsmäklare varje år. Det finns även en relativt hög andel som väljer att lämna yrket inom kort tid efter registrering. Därmed växte ett intresse av att undersöka en mäklares första tid i branschen. Detta arbete kommer därmed belysa en faktor som kan vara relevant förknippat till detta, nämligen principalens påverkan på nyexaminerade fastighetsmäklare. Syfte Syftet med denna explorativa studie är att lyfta fram hur fastighetsmäklare har bemötts av sina principaler genom en tillbakablick från deras första tid som nyexaminerade fastighetsmäklare. Detta för att de som funderar på att ge sig in i yrket eller i dagsläget utbildar sig till mäklare, ska få en inblick i vad som väntar dem när de väl är klara med utbildningen och ger sig ut i branschen. Metod Arbetet kommer att utgå ifrån en kvalitativ metod där ett flertal olika semistrukturerade intervjuer med mäklare har genomförts, för att få en djupare inblick i ämnet. Denna metod lämpar sig bäst för att kunna besvara det syfte och frågeställningar som arbetet utgår ifrån.TeoriVid genomförande av denna del har redan befintliga teorier, studier och forskning inom det aktuella området tagits upp. Det som teorin bland annat behandlar är hur branschen ser ut idag, frågan kring arvode och löner samt principalens betydelse för den nyexaminerade mäklaren kopplat till motivation och ledarskap. Analys Genom att jämföra tidigare studier och forskning mot det resultat som intervjuerna gav formades flera intressanta infallsvinklar. Detta kopplat till bland annat de likheter och skillnader som mäklarna upplevde kopplat till bemötandet från deras principaler samt vilka faktorer som ligger bakom detta. Slutsats Principalen och de hjälpmedel som denne erbjuder har stor påverkan på hur väl en fastighetsmäklare kommer in i branschen. Av de mäklare som intervjuats så besitter alla olika erfarenheter från sin första period. De som har fått mycket stöd från sina arbetsgivare har fått en bättre och enklare start på sina karriärer. Något som är konsekvent är att det finns en ekonomisk stress för nyexaminerade mäklare att komma in i en bransch med ett provisionsbaserat lönesystem. Flera av principalerna erbjöd mäklarna ekonomiskt stöd i början av deras karriärer, vilket är något som vi skribenter anser är avgörande för mäklarnas start och bör således vara ett måste. / Abstract Grade: Bachelor`s thesis Background: The real estate agent profession is a constantly growing industry with high mobility, with a continuous growth of individuals choosing to educate themselves and register as real estate agents every year. However, there is a relatively high percentage of individuals who choose to leave the profession shortly after registration. This led to an interest in the real estate agents' initial time in the profession. As writers, we want to shed light on a factor that may be relevant in this context, namely the impact of principals on newly graduated real estate agents. Purpose: The purpose of this exploratory study is to highlight how real estate agents have been treated by their principals through a retrospective view of their early days as newly graduated real estate agents. This is to provide insight to those considering entering the profession or currently undergoing university to become real estate agents, so they have an idea of what to expect when they complete their education and enter the industry. Method: As writers, we have used a qualitative method in which we have chosen to conduct several semistructured interviews to gain a deeper understanding of the subject. We believe that this method is best suited to address the purpose and research questions we have formulated. Theory: In conducting this study, we, as writers, have relied on existing theories, studies, and research in the relevant field. Our theoretical framework includes discussing the current state of the industry, addressing issues of compensation and salaries, and exploring the significance of principals for newly graduated agents. Analysis By comparing previous studies and research with the results obtained from the interviews, we found several interesting similarities and differences in how the agents were treated by their principals, linked to motivation and leadership. Conclusion: The principal and the support provided by them have a significant impact on how well a real estate agent enters the industry. Among the interviewed agents, everyone has different experiences from their initial period. Those who have received substantial support from the beginning have had a better and easier start to their careers. Something that is consistent is financial stress, which is something that most real estate agents experience in the beginning. Several of the principals offered financial support at the beginning of their careers, which is something that we writers believe is crucial for the real estate agents and should thus be a must.

Wo FEM- und CFD-Analysen präzise Aussagen über einzelne Bauteile und überschaubare Baugruppen liefern, untersucht die dynamische Systemsimulation zeitveränderliche Vorgänge ganzer Systeme. Diese Systeme können auch aus Komponenten unterschiedlicher physikalischer Domänen bestehen. Somit lassen sich zum Beispiel die Wechselwirkungen und resultierenden Effekte aus Regelstrecken gekoppelt mit mechanischen, hydraulischen und oder elektrischen Strukturen komfortabel in nur einem Modell auf einer Plattform betrachten.

Durante a crise asiática, ocorrida em 1997, Indonésia, Coreia e Tailândia enfrentaram uma intensa fuga de capitais que ocasionou sérios desequilíbrios em seus balanços de pagamentos. Diante das dificuldades, os países pediram socorro ao FMI e, em contrapartida aos empréstimos recebidos, se submeteram aos programas de ajuste da organização. O trabalho analisa os programas sob dois aspectos: o compliance das condicionalidades e o efeito sobre o desempenho econômico. O compliance é medido, por meio de um índice global, posteriormente separado em duas categorias: uma associada ao cumprimento de medidas macroeconômicas e outra vinculada às reformas estruturais. Os índices indicam o número de condições que foram cumpridas em relação ao número total de condições prescritas. Para os três países, os graus de compliance são altos. A partir dos resultados, é feita a verificação do efeito dos programas sobre as economias, mediante a análise da evolução de indicadores macroeconômicos selecionados. Conclui-se que o nível de compliance dos países está associado positivamente à recuperação da crise e à estabilidade econômica no longo-prazo, sendo mais forte a primeira relação. / During the Asian crisis, occurred in 1997, Indonesia, Korea and Thailand faced a severe capital flight which led to serious imbalances in their balance of payments. Given the difficulties, the countries requested the IMF\'s support and, as conditional to the loans, they submitted themselves to the adjustment programs. This research analyzes two aspects of the programs: compliance of Fund\'s conditionalities and the effects on economic performance. Compliance is measured by a global index that was, after, separated into two categories: one associated with the compliance of macroeconomic policies and other related to structural reforms. The indices indicate the number of conditions that were met as a proportion of the total number of conditions that were prescribed. For all countries, the levels of compliance are high. Taking into account the compliance results, the effects of the programs on the economies are verified by an analysis of the progress of selected macroeconomic indicators. The study presents evidences that the countries\' degrees of compliance are positively associated with the recovery from the crisis and the economic stability in the long run, being the first relationship stronger.

Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar o processo de formação de coalizões dentro do Fundo Monetário Internacional e do Banco Mundial, evidenciando os motivos que levam os países a formarem blocos dentro dessas instituições. Como no FMI e no Banco Mundial as principais decisões são tomadas no âmbito do Diretório Executivo, este estudo se centrará na análise dos processos que levam à formação de alianças para a escolha de representantes nessa instância decisória. Por razões substantivas e metodológicas, este trabalho terá como escopo o caso brasileiro, buscando assim identificar os motivos que levariam os países a somarem seus votos na escolha de um brasileiro para representar seus interesses nessas instituições. Partindo da literatura que analisa como os países utilizam ajuda externa para perseguir seus objetivos, essa pesquisa analisará quantitativamente se os países mais pobres trocariam apoio político nas instituições financeiras internacionais por benefícios econômicos. Para tanto, será testada a hipótese de que os países que compõem a coalizão brasileira dentro dos Diretórios Executivos do FMI e Banco Mundial possuem mais chances de receber ajuda externa do Brasil do que os países que não apoiam o Brasil nessas instituições. Os resultados encontrados confirmam a hipótese. / This research analyzes the coalition formation processes within the International Monetary Fund and World Bank. More specifically, since the IMF and World Bank\'s main decisions are made by their Executive Directorate, this study focuses on the alliance formation for choosing the representatives for these boards. For substantive and methodological reasons, this work focuses on the Brazilian case, and identifies reasons why countries pool votes for a Brazilian to represent their interests within these organizations. Based on the literature about country\'s use of foreign aid to pursue foreign policy objectives, this paper quantitatively explores whether poor countries exchange their political support in the international financial arena for economic gains. Therefore, this research tests the hypothesis that members of the Brazilian constituencies in the IMF and World Bank are more likely to receive foreign aid from Brazil. The results confirm this hypothesis.

Durante a crise asiática, ocorrida em 1997, Indonésia, Coreia e Tailândia enfrentaram uma intensa fuga de capitais que ocasionou sérios desequilíbrios em seus balanços de pagamentos. Diante das dificuldades, os países pediram socorro ao FMI e, em contrapartida aos empréstimos recebidos, se submeteram aos programas de ajuste da organização. O trabalho analisa os programas sob dois aspectos: o compliance das condicionalidades e o efeito sobre o desempenho econômico. O compliance é medido, por meio de um índice global, posteriormente separado em duas categorias: uma associada ao cumprimento de medidas macroeconômicas e outra vinculada às reformas estruturais. Os índices indicam o número de condições que foram cumpridas em relação ao número total de condições prescritas. Para os três países, os graus de compliance são altos. A partir dos resultados, é feita a verificação do efeito dos programas sobre as economias, mediante a análise da evolução de indicadores macroeconômicos selecionados. Conclui-se que o nível de compliance dos países está associado positivamente à recuperação da crise e à estabilidade econômica no longo-prazo, sendo mais forte a primeira relação. / During the Asian crisis, occurred in 1997, Indonesia, Korea and Thailand faced a severe capital flight which led to serious imbalances in their balance of payments. Given the difficulties, the countries requested the IMF\'s support and, as conditional to the loans, they submitted themselves to the adjustment programs. This research analyzes two aspects of the programs: compliance of Fund\'s conditionalities and the effects on economic performance. Compliance is measured by a global index that was, after, separated into two categories: one associated with the compliance of macroeconomic policies and other related to structural reforms. The indices indicate the number of conditions that were met as a proportion of the total number of conditions that were prescribed. For all countries, the levels of compliance are high. Taking into account the compliance results, the effects of the programs on the economies are verified by an analysis of the progress of selected macroeconomic indicators. The study presents evidences that the countries\' degrees of compliance are positively associated with the recovery from the crisis and the economic stability in the long run, being the first relationship stronger.

Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar o processo de formação de coalizões dentro do Fundo Monetário Internacional e do Banco Mundial, evidenciando os motivos que levam os países a formarem blocos dentro dessas instituições. Como no FMI e no Banco Mundial as principais decisões são tomadas no âmbito do Diretório Executivo, este estudo se centrará na análise dos processos que levam à formação de alianças para a escolha de representantes nessa instância decisória. Por razões substantivas e metodológicas, este trabalho terá como escopo o caso brasileiro, buscando assim identificar os motivos que levariam os países a somarem seus votos na escolha de um brasileiro para representar seus interesses nessas instituições. Partindo da literatura que analisa como os países utilizam ajuda externa para perseguir seus objetivos, essa pesquisa analisará quantitativamente se os países mais pobres trocariam apoio político nas instituições financeiras internacionais por benefícios econômicos. Para tanto, será testada a hipótese de que os países que compõem a coalizão brasileira dentro dos Diretórios Executivos do FMI e Banco Mundial possuem mais chances de receber ajuda externa do Brasil do que os países que não apoiam o Brasil nessas instituições. Os resultados encontrados confirmam a hipótese. / This research analyzes the coalition formation processes within the International Monetary Fund and World Bank. More specifically, since the IMF and World Bank\'s main decisions are made by their Executive Directorate, this study focuses on the alliance formation for choosing the representatives for these boards. For substantive and methodological reasons, this work focuses on the Brazilian case, and identifies reasons why countries pool votes for a Brazilian to represent their interests within these organizations. Based on the literature about country\'s use of foreign aid to pursue foreign policy objectives, this paper quantitatively explores whether poor countries exchange their political support in the international financial arena for economic gains. Therefore, this research tests the hypothesis that members of the Brazilian constituencies in the IMF and World Bank are more likely to receive foreign aid from Brazil. The results confirm this hypothesis.

Si les fonctions principales de l’OMC sont de servir de cadre aux négociations commerciales et de faire respecter les règles commerciales multilatérales qui ont été négociées, figure parmi les nouvelles missions de l’OMC l’obligation de coopérer « (e)n vue de rendre plus cohérente l'élaboration des politiques économiques au niveau mondial ». En réalité, l’interdépendance du mandat de l’OMC avec d’autres organisations internationales est beaucoup plus large et imprègne une grande partie des accords négociés lors de l’Uruguay Round. La mondialisation a rendu encore plus nécessaire une coopération étroite entre les institutions multilatérales. Pour mettre en œuvre ce mandat sur la cohérence, l’OMC a établi un nouveau cadre général de coopération interinstitutionnelle. Et si l’OMC n’a pas vocation à devenir l’organisation internationale de la gouvernance, elle a réussi à trouver sa place dans l’archipel de la gouvernance internationale en contribuant à l’améliorer / If the main functions of the WTO are to serve as a forum for trade negotiations and enforce multilateral trade rules that have been negotiated, an important aspect of the WTO’s mandate is to cooperate with the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and other multilateral institutions to achieve greater coherence in global economic policy-making. The interconnectedness of the mandate of the WTO with other international organizations is much broader and permeates much of the agreements negotiated during the Uruguay Round. Globalization has made it even more necessary close cooperation between multilateral institutions. To implement this mandate on Coherence, the WTO has established a new framework for interinstitutional cooperation. And if the WTO is not intended to become the international organization of governance, it has managed to find its place in the archipelago of international governance in contributing to the improvement.

With the rise in computational power, the prospect of simulating a complex engineering system with a high degree of accuracy and in a meaningful way is becoming a real possibility. Modelling and simulation have become ubiquitous throughout the engineering life cycle, as a consequence there are many thousands of existing models and simulations that are potential candidates for integration. This work is concerned with ascertaining if systems engineering principles are of use in the support of virtual testing, from desire to test, designing experiments, specifying simulations, selecting models and simulations, integrating component parts, verifying that the work is as specified, and validating that any outcomes are meaningful. A novel representation of systems engineering framework is proposed and forms the bases for the methods that were developed. It takes the core systems engineering principles and expresses them in a way that can be implemented in a variety of ways. An end to end process for virtual testing with the potential to use existing models and simulations is proposed, it provides structure and order to the testing task. A key part of the proposed process is the recognition that models and simulations requirements are different from those of the system being designed, and hence a modelling and simulation specific writing guide is produced. The automation of any engineering task has the potential to reduce the time to market of the final product, for this reason the potential of natural language processing technology to hasten the proposed processes was investigated. Two case studies were selected to test and demonstrate the potential of the novel approach, the first being an investigation into material selection for a squash ball, and the second being automotive in nature concerned with combining steering and braking systems. The processes and methods indicated their potential value, especially in the automotive case study where inconsistences were identified that could have otherwise affected the successful integration. This capability, combined with the verification stages, improves the confidence of any model and simulation integration. The NLP proof of concept software also demonstrated that such technology has value in the automation of integration. With further testing and development there is the possibility to create a software package to guide engineers through the difficult task of virtual testing. Such a tool would have the potential to drastically reduce the time to market of complex products.