Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / This study is about Gender and small-scale enterprises following recent economic reforms in Tanzania. It deals with a case study of women entrepreneurs in Dar-es- Salaam, focusing on their prospects and problems, and the mechanisms they use to survive in a competitive free market. There is concern among policy analysts and gender activists that the economic reforms have negatively affected women entrepreneurs more than their male counterparts (Tibaijuka, 1992). However, these concerns have not yet been substantiated through detailed empirical evidence. The findings of my study reveal that it is a combination of factors which lead women entrepreneurs to establish small-scale enterprises. These motivating reasons are to fulfil the needs of their families such as school fees of their children. Similarly, Tanzanian women entrepreneurs start a small business so as to supplement their insufficient incomes, achieve independence and as a substitute to paid employment. However, they experience a variety of problems, such as the lack of business premises, high rental costs at commercial areas, competition, lack of start-up and working capital from banks and micro-financial institutions, lack of information, and bureaucracy around business licenses. Women entrepreneurs have developed various tactics to handle such difficulties they encounter in their businesses. These are: locating their enterprises in near or around their homes, employing relatives and other people, charging competitive and differentiated prices, diversifying their businesses, working for extra hours, and establishing informal credit associations. The recommendations are: the government should clarify and shorten the procedures of licenses and business premises acquisition, provide more commercial areas with cheaper rentals. Similarly, the government should be sympathetic towards women when it formulates and implements its developmental policies, women should be informed about available training opportunities. Future studies should investigate a larger sample of women entrepreneurs in small-scale enterprises involved in other sectors using the feminist research methods.

- Transformační proces v Alžírsku (1988-1999) Předkládaná práce analyzuje politické změny v Alžírsku po roce 1988, kdy byl po nepokojích v hlavním městě zahájen liberalizační proces a urychleny ekonomické tržní reformy. Politické reformy měly posílit postavení prezidenta Bendžedída a jeho spojenců na úkor konzervativních oponentů a zároveň obnovit legitimitu režimu. Autoři reforem každopádně nepočítali s výraznějším sdílením moci. Nečekaný úspěch islamistické strany mobilizoval konzervativce a protiislamisticky zaměřené armádní velení. Zrušení voleb kvůli jednoznačnému vítězství islamistů v lednu 1992 vedlo k eliminaci islamistické i sekulární opozice. Obnovený autoritářský režim dokázal dostat pod kontrolu islamistické povstání a s pomocí MMF i kritickou ekonomickou situaci. Návrat k ústavnímu režimu proběhl bez účasti islamistické i sekulární opozice, která byla fragmentovaná a režim ji dokázal částečně kontrolovat. Po roce 1996 byl nastolen autoritářský režim s omezenými pluralitními prvky s dominantním postavením prezidenta, které je však oslabováno výrazným vlivem armádního velení. Politické strany mohou působit, ale jejich vliv je omezen. Jisté limity má i svoboda tisku. Došlo k posílení soukromého sektoru, postavení státu je však stále výrazné a ekonomika je závislá na vývozu ropy a zemního...

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In the empirical literature on the revenue consequences of trade liberalization, most studies have focused on cross-country analysis. Because these studies are static in nature, they have not addressed the short-run and long-run dynamic public revenue and public investment consequences of economic reforms in developing countries. This dissertation contributes to the literature employing a dynamic time series analysis of the three East African countries-Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. The dissertation uses a co-integration and error-correction framework to distinguish between short-run and long-run relationships. The results indicate that trade reforms in Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda had varying impacts on government revenue, tax performance and public investment spending in these three countries. It is demonstrated that trade reforms had adverse impact on government revenue in Uganda, but not in Tanzania and Kenya. The results also show that Tanzania has had the weakest overall tax revenue and public investment. Poor tax performance and erratic revenue generation have been problems in all three countries, contributing to adverse impacts on public investment spending.

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L’objet de cette thèse est de permettre, par l’étude de la loi antitrust chinoise de 2008, de déterminer plus avant si les transferts juridiques, effectués dans un contexte différent, perdent de leur sens voire de leur substance une fois la transplantation réalisée dans le contexte chinois. La cohérence de transfert est souvent revendiquée par les auteurs chinois mais elle se heurte parfois à l’inadéquation du système politique et administratif dans lequel évolue le droit transféré. Considérant que les réformes économiques furent lancées à une période encore récente, il apparaît que le marché chinois est encore traversé par des turbulences de nature structurelle et institutionnelle, interdisant le transfert d’un droit antitrust sur le mode du "shock therapy". Ainsi, non seulement la mise en place d’un droit antitrust se doit d’être progressive, mais également circonstanciée pour éviter de bloquer un mode de croissance qui a montré ses fruits. Le droit antitrust de l’Union qui, sur le modèle du droit américain, ne voit plus que par le prisme de l’analyse économique d’inspiration néo-libérale, ne constitue pas un modèle « clef en main » pour la Chine. Cette dernière, si elle fait face à de nombreuses difficultés concernant la mise en place d’un droit technique dans une économie en transition, a pu montrer des indices de réussite dans la lutte contre certaines pratiques anticoncurrentielles. En ce sens, le droit chinois antitrust doit voir son transfert ajusté et modelé en fonction du contexte dans lequel il est reçu. Tant que la concurrence dispose de moyens juridiques lui assurant une « certaine » pérennité, il est primordial d’éviter que le droit antitrust ainsi transféré soit illégitimement taxé d’incohérent. Ce transfert de droit ne doit cependant pas être unilatéral et cette thèse s’emploie à démontrer que la politique chinoise aborde un patriotisme économique redorant une compétitivité industrielle laissée pour compte par la gouvernance économique de l’Union. / Following its accession to the WTO on December 11, 2001, China showed ongoing efforts to enact legal reform so as to reflect its market liberalization. From a central planned economy to a market based regulatory principles the road is long and obviously not without bumps. In order to achieve a successful economic reform (and not to say a political one) the country showed a great deal of institutional (ownership restructuring, market oriented industrial policy, decentralization of control etc.) and legal reform. This study examines how China did enact and enforce a competition regime through the 2008 antitrust law on a still recently chaotic and unruly market. If the AML clearly shows China’s willingness to implement an antitrust regime fashioned on the most advanced competition law systems, it also raised many concerns among foreign commentators and businesses that were expected a real markets-rules sacralization. Nevertheless, mainly due to its transitional state and also because of the socialist mindset, the text contend shows a peculiar set of problems that the AML is presumed to tackle from development economies which is suspiciously viewed by some as a way to implement interventionist gears. This paper will attempt to show that taping into foreign experience to shape an antitrust regime in a clearly reluctant and different economic, institutional and political context make such a legal transfer empty of meaning and risky for firm performance. By taking partially advanced antitrust EU provision, China is missing or either preventing the pro-competitive effects of some business behaviour which can only be evaluated with an advance and experienced economic analysis. The AML could be viewed as a medicine originally prescribed to cure little liberal market ills finally given to a socialist market economy facing critical transitional and political related diseases. Nevertheless, in some way, antitrust law is on the rise in China, which now experience many cases illustrating the AML enforcement and a relative success in overcoming the hurdles generated by anticompetitive behaviours. Also, the economic patriotism embodied by China’s antitrust regime could also be the starting point for EU commission to rethink its antitrust policy. That policy, always more liberal, is detrimental to a EU competitiveness in distress. Protectionism is, on that point, a Chinese medicine that could be recommended to the EU to reduce its liberal fever.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:51:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3442.pdf: 1314799 bytes, checksum: 72cd9127441471994abf8e917a56b30d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-17 / The purpose of this research is to determine and analyze the differences in the behavior of labor productivity between the process industry and assembly industry in the period 1990 to 2002. The main hypothesis which led to implementation of the study was that labor productivity growth in the assembly industry would have been higher than the labor productivity growth in the process industry. The reason for this lay in evidence in the literature showing that the adjustment of firms to new competitive context of the Brazilian economy was, mainly in their initial stages, through the adoption of modern management techniques and tools that were based on the toyota production system or lean production. Also according to this type of literature, such techniques and tools were most appropriate, and therefore more widespread, in the assembly industry. To achieve the objective and confirm or refute the hypothesis, the work was divided into four chapters. The first deals with the process of globalization and related issues, such as changes in industrial structure and economic reforms. The second chapter is devoted to discussing the concept of productivity and the results of several studies on the behavior of productivity in the Brazilian economy. The third chapter presents the characteristics of the process industry and industrial assembly.. The fourth chapter presents the methodology used to calculate the labor productivity in these different industries and presents also the results of calculations of labor productivity for the process industry and assembly industry made from three databases made available by IBGE. The main conclusion was that, especially in the period 1990 to 1996, growth in labor productivity in the assembly industry was actually higher than the growth of productivity in the process industry. / O objetivo da pesquisa é determinar e analisar a existência de diferenças no comportamento da produtividade do trabalho entre as indústrias de processo e de montagem no período de 1990 a 2002. A hipótese principal que conduziu a execução do trabalho foi a de que os ganhos de produtividade do trabalho nas indústrias de montagem teria sido superior aqueles apresentados pelas indústrias de processo. A razão para tal repousava em evidências encontradas na literatura que mostravam que o ajustamento das empresas ao novo contexto competitivo da economia brasileira ocorreu, principalmente nos seus momentos iniciais, através da adoção de modernas técnicas de gestão que tinham por base as ferramentas do sistema toyota de produção ou produção enxuta. Ainda de acordo com este tipo de literatura, tais ferramentas tinham o uso mais adequado e, consequentemente, mais difundido, nos processos produtivos das indústrias de montagem. Para atingir o objetivo proposto e confirmar ou refutar a hipótese citada, o trabalho foi dividido em quatro capítulos. O primeiro trata do processo de globalização e temas correlatos, como reestruturação produtiva e reformas econômicas. O segundo capítulo é dedicado à discussão do conceito de produtividade e dos resultados de vários estudos sobre o comportamento da produtividade na economia brasileira. O terceiro capítulo busca apresentar as características das indústrias de processo e das indústrias de montagem. No quarto capítulo é feita a apresentação da metodologia usada para o cálculo da produtividade do trabalho e é feita a apresentação dos resultados dos cálculos da produtividade do trabalho para as indústrias de processo e a indústrias de montagem. Tais cálculos foram realizados a partir de três bases de dados disponibilizadas pelo IBGE. O principal resultado encontrado foi o de que, principalmente no período 1990 a 1996, o crescimento da produtividade do trabalho nas indústrias de montagem foi realmente superior ao crescimento da produtividade nas indústrias de processo.

cooperation in the 1970's. Soviet relations during two General Secretaries' reign - Chernenko and examines influence of theirs reform efforts on two countries' Disertační práce se zabývá hospodářsko politickými vztahy Sovětského svazu a Československa v 1992 a zahrnuje analýzu rozličných aspektů tomu je rozčleněna do čtyř kapitol. První 70. letech 20. století, včetně obchodní a vědeckotechnické spolupráce. Druhá kapitola je zaměřena na analýzu změn v českoslove sovětských vztazích v rámci reformních snah dvou generálních tajemníků J.V. Andropova a K.U. Černěnka. Třetí kapitola specifikuje vzájemný obchod v čase a struktuře v Gorbačovovy Perestrojky. Analyzuje se i fenomén perestrojky jak v Sovětském svazu, tak v Československu, objasňují se její podstata a vliv na vzájemné vztahy. této části se též řeší otázka která ze zemí více profitoval ze stávající struktury vzájemného obchodu, investiční činnosti, vědeckotechnické kooperace a aterální kooperace. Verifikuje se také tvrzení, že s ohledem na strukturu obchodu byl Sovětský svaz pro ČSSR významný především dovozem surovin, recipročně Československo reprezentovalo pro sovětské hospodářství důležitý zdroj technologických postupů a pro strojírenské produkci a spotřebních výrobcích. Závěrečná část obsahuje analýzu vývoje obchodní směny, nastiňují se...