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In or Out: Interpretation of European Union Membership Criteria and its Effect on the EU Accession Process for Candidate and Potential Member States of Southeastern EuropeRasmussen, Ashley Marie 01 January 2011 (has links)
Since 1973, the European Union has been expanding its borders from its six founding members - West Germany, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Belgium, to include all of Western Europe and parts of Scandinavia by 1995. However, with the fall of the Soviet Union in 1990, the EU made a difficult but beneficial choice of paving the road for the Eastern and Central European (ECE) to become EU members. However, there was a need for the EU to determine the goals and guidelines that would format the transition of these former communist states into productive members of the EU. This paper will analyze the evolution of these guidelines - formally outlined by the Copenhagen Criteria - that set the precedent for these states to become members. The main issue of this paper will take these criteria a few steps forward, comparing states that were given membership based on the criteria and those who have been established by the EU as at least "potential EU members" but have not been deemed as satisfying these criteria enough to become candidates or full members. Both qualitatively and quantitatively, the comparisions of the 2004 and 2007 new EU members and other states of the Western Balkans and Turkey will be conducted to determine if the political and economic guidelines established by Copenhagen are the only guidelines being met, or if areas such as cultural values and "Europeanness" are also contributing to membership levels.
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Not-So Splendid Isolation: an IPE Study of Iranian Sanction BustingRilea, Ryan Christopher 01 January 2012 (has links)
This study analyzes the US sanction regime imposed on the Islamic Republic of Iran. This single case study assesses its weaknesses and shortcomings in order to present a preliminary conclusion of the character of Iranian policies to bust the US sanctions regime. In charting the evolution of the US sanction regime through three distinct "waves" of sanctions the study highlighted the general shortcomings of the regime. First, the US sanction regime has failed to impose significant costs on Iran. Second, the slow pace of unveiling each new wave of sanctions failed to bring the necessary immediate pressure on Iran. Third, the inability of the US to gain sufficient multilateral support has limited the scope of the sanctions. These failures has allowed the Iranian leadership to construct a viable counterstrategy to bust US sanctions and continue the stalemate over the conflict of an Iranian foreign policy based on supporting Hamas and Hezbollah and the continued secrecy of its nuclear program. The Iranian counterstrategy has been centered on a domestic economic policy of autonomy, the courting of states outside the US sanction regime through the use of its valuable energy resources and the procurement of sanctioned goods through regional third party states.
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Is the whole greater than its components? : a new regionalist analysis of the India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) dialogue forumBlindheimsvik, Katrine 11 1900 (has links)
There is a complex set of variables influencing a country's potential for economic growth. One of these
is investment, and in order to attract foreign capital flows a country needs, amongst other things sound
macro-economic policies and solid financial institutions. Solid financial institutions must be coupled with
an attention on integration of a country's financial markets. Through the building of these institutions and
a focus on integrating its financial markets a country is likely to become more attractive in the eyes of
the investors. The reason for this being important is that investment carries with it promises of economic
growth and the subsequent social upliftment. Therefore, closer cooperation between the IBSA members
is likely to offer great opportunities for India, Brazil and South Africa. It has been highlighted that a
closer integration of their financial markets might lead to them also becoming competitors in the quest
for the attention from the investors of the North. However, the loss in terms of competition is likely to be
outweighed by the benefits found in not having to face unilateralism as separate entities. New
Regionalism stresses the importance of regionalisation as a counter measure to the harmful effect of
globalisation for the marginalised countries of the world, and the topic of investment aptly illustrate this
point. Furthermore, a closer collaboration between the IBSA members as well as a continuous focus on
further integrating their financial markets into the world economy could offer great benefits. Moreover,
the trickledown effect could also broaden the scope of these benefits to include other emerging markets.
Because of this, investment is, amongst other very important sub-sectors of focus in terms of IBSA
cooperation, one of the most important one - both in terms of benefits for the individual countries, but
also due to what a successful cooperation could come to mean for the developing world in general.
The next chapter, the conclusion, will draw together the various discussion of this thesis in order to
highlight the arguments put forward and to suggest ways forward for the IBSA coalition, as well as
possible fields of further study / Political Science / M.A. (International Politics)
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Is the whole greater than its components? : a new regionalist analysis of the India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) dialogue forumBlindheimsvik, Katrine 11 1900 (has links)
There is a complex set of variables influencing a country's potential for economic growth. One of these
is investment, and in order to attract foreign capital flows a country needs, amongst other things sound
macro-economic policies and solid financial institutions. Solid financial institutions must be coupled with
an attention on integration of a country's financial markets. Through the building of these institutions and
a focus on integrating its financial markets a country is likely to become more attractive in the eyes of
the investors. The reason for this being important is that investment carries with it promises of economic
growth and the subsequent social upliftment. Therefore, closer cooperation between the IBSA members
is likely to offer great opportunities for India, Brazil and South Africa. It has been highlighted that a
closer integration of their financial markets might lead to them also becoming competitors in the quest
for the attention from the investors of the North. However, the loss in terms of competition is likely to be
outweighed by the benefits found in not having to face unilateralism as separate entities. New
Regionalism stresses the importance of regionalisation as a counter measure to the harmful effect of
globalisation for the marginalised countries of the world, and the topic of investment aptly illustrate this
point. Furthermore, a closer collaboration between the IBSA members as well as a continuous focus on
further integrating their financial markets into the world economy could offer great benefits. Moreover,
the trickledown effect could also broaden the scope of these benefits to include other emerging markets.
Because of this, investment is, amongst other very important sub-sectors of focus in terms of IBSA
cooperation, one of the most important one - both in terms of benefits for the individual countries, but
also due to what a successful cooperation could come to mean for the developing world in general.
The next chapter, the conclusion, will draw together the various discussion of this thesis in order to
highlight the arguments put forward and to suggest ways forward for the IBSA coalition, as well as
possible fields of further study / Political Science / M.A. (International Politics)
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Multilateralism in Anglo-American opinion and policy, 1941-1949Gardner, Richard N. January 1954 (has links)
No description available.
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Managing China's entry into the South African automotive industryVan der Westhuyzen, Margaretha 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MBA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The South African automotive industry has enjoyed unsurpassed growth over the past 15
years and the majority of its successes are attributable to the efforts of the Motor Industry
Development Plan (MIDP). Unfortunately, the MIDP cannot be a permanent solution for
accelerating growth and the longevity of industry role players such as vehicles and
component manufacturers is of great concern.
The Chinese automotive industry on the other hand is booming and millions of vehicles are
churned out annually. Internal market forces, overproduction and government initiatives
compel Chinese manufacturers to cross the Chinese borders in search of alternative and
mostly less developed markets for their motor vehicles. These vehicles can now be found
in most African countries south of the Sahara, including various brands on the South
African roads.
South Africa's roads accommodate almost a hundred models against which the Chinese
vehicles need to compete. What is attractive about the Chinese vehicles is their price, but
unfortunately the vehicle quality is not up to standard yet. Chinese vehicles have however
improved so much over the past few years that it is expected they will soon be able to
compete with well-established local brands such as Toyota, Volkswagen, Honda, etc.
Although the price tag of these vehicles is increasing the mobility of the average South
African consumer, the effect it might have on the existing automotive market is uncertain as
the Chinese vehicle has already proven to gain market share in a declining economy. So
where the average consumer will benefit from the Chinese vehicle, the industry workforce
might not be so lucky. It is thus crucial for the industry to establish ways to create
international dependence on South Africa's automotive industry. The opportunities are
endless and various management approaches can be taken to leverage the industry's
shortfalls.
A serious shortfall is the global shortage of innovators and as South Africa is known as one
of the most innovative countries in the world, it could easily gear itself in supplying
innovating concepts and leading-edge technology to the global industry. To be able to do
so successfully requires a concerted effort of all role players in the local industry.
The local industry needs to expand its reach into the world to guarantee its longevity.
Possible ways of doing so are to increase the level of value-adding activities and so too the
exportation of value-adding components and fully built-up vehicles. By proving itself as a
value-adding strategic partner, the industry can attract additional global manufacturers to
invest in manufacturing facilities in South Africa, which does not exclude Chinese
manufacturers.
Last but not least, the South African government needs to develop a manageable
instrument with a single objective, which is to grow and sustain an internationally
competitive automotive industry in order to attract and keep global investors within the
industry and the country. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suid-Afrikaanse motorindustrie het ongekende groei ervaar oor die afgelope 15 jaar
en die suksesse daarvan word grotendeels toegeskryf aan die Motor Industrie
Ontwikkelings Plan (MIDP). Ongelukkig kan die MIDP nie die permanente oplossing wees
om die groei van die industrie aan te hou stimuleer en versnel nie. Die toekomstige
lewensvatbaarheid van huidige spelers in die industrie wek egter groot kommer.
Die Chinese motorindustrie aan die ander kant bars uit sy nate en miljoene motors word
jaarliks vervaardig. So is dit ook dat interne markkragte, oorproduksie en regeringsinisiatiewe
Chinese motorvervaardigers dwing om oor hul grense heen te gaan op soek na
ander, minder ontwikkelde markte vir hul motors. Hierdie motors kan nou in meeste Afrika
lande suid van die Sahara gevind word en sluit in talle modelle op Suid-Afrikaanse paaie.
Die Suid-Afrikaanse paaie akkommodeer tans amper 'n honderd motormodelle teen wie
die Chinese motors sal moet kompeteer. Wat egter aantreklik is van hierdie motors is hul
prys, maar ongelukkig is die kwaliteit nog nie op standaard nie. Chinese motors het egter
oor die jare so verbeter dat dit verwag kan word dat hul binnekort met meer bekende make
soos Toyota, Volkswagen en Honda sal kan kompeteer.
Alhoewel die besonderse prys van die motors die mobiliteit van die gemiddelde Suid
Afrikaanse verbruiker verhoog, is die effek daarvan op die huidige motormark onseker
omdat Chinese motors alreeds bewys het dat hut markaandeel kan wen in 'n dalende
ekonomie. So waar die gemiddelde verbruiker mag bevoordeel word deur die Chinese
voertuig, kan die werkersmag in die huidige motorindustrie nie so gelukkig daaraantoe
wees nie. Dit is dus van kardinale belang dat die industrie maniere vestig om
internasionale afhanklikheid van Suid-Afrika se motorindustrie te kweek. Die geleenthede
is legio en talle invalshoeke kan geneem word om die industrie se tekortkominge te bestuur
en uit te balanseer.
'n Belangrike tekortkoming is die globale tekort aan innoveerders en omdat Suid-Afrika
gesien word as een van die mees innoverende lande ter wereld, kan die industrie maklik
voorberei word om innoverende konsepte en baanbrekerstegnologie aan die globale
industrie te verskaf. Om so iets suksesvol te doen het egter die gesamentlike insette nodig
van alle rolspelers in die Suid-Afrikaanse motorindustrie.
So ook het die industrie dit nodig om sy wereldwye impak te vergroot om sodoende sy
lewensvatbaarheid te vergroot. Moontlike maniere om dit te vermag is om die aantal
waardetoevoegende aktiwiteite te vergroot asook die uitvoere van waardetoevoegende
komponente en klaarvervaardigde voertuie. As die industrie hom self kan bewys as 'n
strategiese vennoot wat waarde toevoeg, kan die industrie addisionele internasionale
vervaardigers aantrek om te investeer in vervaardigingsfasiliteite in Suid-Afrika, wat
natuurlik nie Chinese vervaardigers uitsluit nie.
Ten laaste is dit nodig vir die Suid-Afrikaanse regering om 'n bestuursinstrument te
ontwikkel met een doel voor oe en dit is om die industrie se internasionale
kompeterendheid te bevorder en te behou sodat globale investeerders in die industrie en
Suid-Afrika in geheel kan investeer.
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A marketing plan for the export of citrus products to the People's Republic of ChinaDu Toit, Jacobus Stephan 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Bruce Sherr, commodities research expert, asked the question: "What are the three things
that drive global agriculture today?" "China, China, China", he quoted in answering his
own question.
China has 1,2 billion people with tremendous purchasing power and has maintained an
economical growth rate of more than 8% over the past five years. All indications are that
this growth rate will be sustained in the immediate future. This naturally makes China an
export market worth considering.
The South African citrus industry underwent material changes during 1997, which lead to
the deregulation of a single marketing structure from the 1st of January 1998 that
previously forced citrus producers to deliver all their citrus for export to Outspan, now
Capespan. This caught the majority of citrus producers off-guard, as they suddenly had to
decide among numerous agents/buyers who joined the industry as role players. A few of
the smaller citrus producers even embarked on the direct marketing of their citrus to cut
out the "middle man" in an attempt to save costs and negotiate higher prices, with mixed
results. It is generally believed that better prices can be achieved by embarking on a
direct marketing strategy, but is the process really that simple?
This study will investigate the possible exportation of citrus to the People's Republic of
China (PRC) by analysing the Chinese market as citrus exports to China has yielded
acceptable returns in the past and is certainly an export market to consider. The analysis
of the Chinese market will be followed by the broad design of an export marketing plan
for citrus to the PRC using a medium sized citrus export company as an example.
In conclusion and as a summary certain important issues impacting specifically on the
export of South African citrus to the PRC will be addressed and the findings on the
viability of implementing an export strategy for citrus to the PRC recommended. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Bruce Sherr, 'n kenner op die gebied van navorsing van kommoditeite het eendag die
vraag gevra: "Watter drie dinge dryf die wêreldlandbou deesdae?" "China, China, China"
het hy self sy vraag geantwoord.
China beskik oor 1,2 biljoen inwoners met 'n ongelooflike koopkrag en handhaaf 'n
ekonomiese groeikoers van meer as 8% per jaar oor die laaste 5 jaar. Alle aanduidings is
dat hierdie groeikoers volhou sal word vir die afsienbare toekoms. Hierdie feite maak van
China 'n vanselfsprekende mark om te oorweeg vir die uitvoer van produkte.
Die Suid-Afrikaanse sitrusbedryf het geweldige veranderings ondervind gedurende 1997,
wat gelei het tot die afskaffing van 'n een-kanaalbemarkingstruktuur vir sitrus vanaf 1
Januarie 1998, wat voorheen sitrusprodusente verplig het om alle sitrus vir die
uitvoermark aan Outspan, nou Capespan, te lewer. Hierdie wysiging het die meeste
sitrusprodusente onkant gevang wat skielik 'n keuse moes maak tussen die menigte
agente/kopers wat tot die Suid-Afrikaanse sitrusbedryf toegetree het. Sommige van die
kleiner sitrusprodusente het selfs hul hand aan direkte bemarking gewaag in 'n poging om
die "middelman" uit te skakel in 'n poging om koste te bespaar en hoër pryse te beding,
met gemengde welslae. Daar word algemeen geglo dat hoër pryse behaal sal kan word
deur 'n direkte bemarkingstrategie te volg, maar is die proses werklik so eenvoudig?
Hierdie studie sal die moontlike uitvoer van sitrus na die Peoples Republic of China
(PRC) ondersoek deur die Chinese mark te analiseer, aangesien sitrusuitvoere na China in
die verlede 'n aanvaarbare opbrengs gelewer het, wat dit sekerlik 'n uitvoermark maak
om te oorweeg. Die analise van die Chinese mark sal opgevolg word deur die breë
ontwerp van 'n uitvoerbemarkingsplan vir sitrus na die PRC deur 'n mediumgrootte
sitrusuitvoermaatskappy te neem as voorbeeld.
Ter afsluiting en opsomming sal sekere belangrike aspekte wat 'n invloed kan uitoefen op
die uitvoer van Suid-Afrikaanse sitrus na die PRC aangespreek word en sal daar 'n finale
bevinding gemaak word oor die lewensvatbaarheid van die implimentering van 'n
uitvoerbemarkingstrategie vir sitrus na die PRC.
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The reciprocity treaty of 1854 : its history, its relation to British colonial and foreign policy and to the development of Canadian fiscal autonomyMasters, Donald Campbell January 1935 (has links)
No description available.
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The political economy of Indian and Chinese foreign direct investment and multinationals in sub-saharan AfricaMessaris, Byron 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Africa’s rising international profile and geopolitical significance as well as the
continent’s relatively ‘under-exploited markets’ have been pull factors for many
emerging economies. Globally, the developing and emerging economies of the world
for the first time captured more than half of all global FDI in 2011. Changes in the
global investment regime are a clear indication of the changing dynamics in the global
economy. Since India and China’s FDI liberalisation processes began to gather steam
in the 1990s, they have been amongst the most aggressive of the emerging economy
investors. This study appraises the role of the government in facilitating investment by
Indian and Chinese firms abroad, specifically Sub-Saharan Africa. The study analyses
the motivations for such outward foreign direct invest flows, the sectoral trends, and
the entry mode differences of Indian and Chinese firms’ investments in Sub-Saharan
African markets. Yet, there is a lack of studies that focus on both Indian and Chinese
investments in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Drawing from theoretical constructs from political economy, International business
/economics and International Political Economy - a framework is provided to assess
the influence of these investments. The methodology is interpretive and qualitative
and draws largely on secondary material from international organisations, government
agencies, academic literature and the media. The study finds that the role of New
Delhi and Beijing in facilitating and financing outward investments is strategic and
pragmatic. These policies greatly influence firms, and the locations and types of their
investments. South-South cooperation provides India and China with a framework for long-term
political and economic investments and development cooperation with African states.
India and China’s engagements in Sub-Saharan Africa share similar and dissimilar
forms and motivations for FDI. Markets and resources are primary motivations for
these two countries’ firms to invest in the region. India and China’s growing
commercial activities in Sub-Saharan Africa provide the region with opportunities for
further international market integration and development. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Afrika se ontluikende internasionale profiel en geopolitieke belang tesame met die
vasteland se relatief ‘onderbenutte’ markte is ’n trekfaktor vir baie ontluikende
ekonomieë. Terwyl vloeie uit buitelandse direkte investering (BDI) na Afrika, wat ’n
hoogtepunt in 2008 bereik het, in 2010 steeds afgeneem het, was die ontwikkelende
en ontluikende ekonomieë van die wêreld vir die eerste keer in besit van meer as die
helfte van alle wêreldwye BDI in 2011. Veranderings in die internasionale
beleggingsregime is ’n duidelike aanduiding van die veranderende dinamika in die
wêreldekonomie. Sedert Indië en China se liberaliseringsprosesse met betrekking tot
BDI in die 1990’s begin ontwikkel het, is hulle van die aggressiefste beleggers onder
opkomende ekonomieë. Die gebrek aan streekstudies wat op Indiese en Chinese
beleggings fokus, verg egter verdere aandag.
Die doel van die studie is om die rol van die regering in die fasilitering van Indiese en
Chinese maatskappye om in die buiteland te belê te ontleed. Die fokus val veral op
Afrika suid van die Sahara, en op die motiverings vir hierdie BDI-vloeie, die
sektortendense en wyse van toetreding van Indiese en Chinese maatskappye se
beleggings in Afrikamarkte.
Bestande uit teortiese konstakke uit internasionale sakestudie, internasionale politieke
ekonomie en politieke ekonomie, word ‘n raamwerk waarin die invloed van hierdie
beleggings op wat assesseer word is interpritiet en kwalitatiet en stan op sekondêre
materiaal en data van regeringsagentskappe, akademiese literatuur en die media. Die
gebruik van ’n veelsoortige teoretiese raamwerk wat ekonomiese en politieke
beleggingsverskynsels uitbeeld, illustreer die versoenbaarheid van politiek, ekonomie
en sakegebaseerde akademiese gebiede en die moontlikheid om grondliggende
uitkomste uitkomste vir navorsing oor beleggingstendense en -strategieë in
ontluikende ekonomieë te bied. Die studie bevind dat die rol van New Delhi en Beijing in die fasilitering en
finansiering van buitelandse beleggings strategiese en pragmaties is, en dat beleide
maatskappye grootliks beïnvloed ten opsigte van waar hulle belê en watter soort
beleggings hulle maak. Verder, verskaf Suid–Suid-samewerking, ‘n raamwerk vir
verbintenis langtermyn- politieke en ekonomiese beleggings en
ontwikkelingsamewerking met Afrikastate. Indië en China se betrokkenheid in Afrika
toon ooreenstemmende en verskillende vorme en motiverings vir BDI, en markte en
hulpbronne is primêre motiverings vir hierdie twee lande se maatskappye in die streek
te belê.
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Chinese investments in the Zambian textile and clothing industry and their implications for development.Eliassen, Ina Eirin 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis is a contribution to the “China in Africa” debate. Chinese development assistance
includes Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), and recent literature argues a significant proportion of
FDI goes to the manufacturing sector in African countries. FDI allocated to industry have the
potential to create employment and reduce poverty.
This paper takes Zambia as a case, and looks at the textile and clothing industry as a sub- sector of
the manufacturing sector. The textile and clothing industry is seen as especially appropriate for
Zambia, as it; (i) adds value to natural resources; (ii) creates links to other sectors of the economy;
(iii) require only basic skills; and (iv) is labour intensive.
Based on primary and secondary data, this paper seeks to understand how Chinese FDI in the
Zambian textile and clothing industry impact economic development, measured by; (i) formal
employment creation; (ii) technology and skill transfer; (iii) state revenue; and lastly (iv) market
creation of the products.
Through looking at Zambian national plans and institutions, the cotton-textile-garment value chain
and the organisation of Chinese companies in Zambia, this paper found currently no textile and
clothing manufacturing under Chinese investors. Although, cotton quality in Zambia has improved,
the majority is exported out of the continent. There are currently few textile mills left and the
clothing manufacturers largely use imported inputs. Second hand clothes and cheap imports from
Asian countries, have taken over large parts of the domestic market for textile and clothing in
Zambia.
The largest integrated textile mill was the Zambia China Mulungushi Textiles (ZCMT) operating
under Chinese investors between 1997 and 2007. Findings show that the Chinese management
casualised the workforce, leading to more informal employment. In addition, there were few
records of skill transfer to Zambian workers, although there were investments in improving
technology. This paper explores the different reasons for the TC mill to close and argue that it was
not viable under a liberal market. The Zambian workers were unhappy with the labour system,
wage levels and terms of employment, which caused violent riots and strikes up until closure in
2007. The Chinese management was unable to restructure the work force enough to be cost effective and to stay in business. The Lusaka East Multi Facility Economic Zone (MFEZ) is under
construction, and will focus on textiles and the supportive links in the industry. It is yet to be seen,
how it impacts local economic development. Based on the assumptions of economic development,
this paper shows limited impact of Chinese FDI in the Zambian textile and clothing industry. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis is 'n bydrae tot die "China in Afrika” debat. Die Chinese ontwikkelings hulp sluit
buitelandse direkte investering (FDI) in, en die onlangse literatuur beweer dat 'n belangrike deel van
FDI na die vervaardigingsektor in Afrika-lande gaan. FDI toegeken aan die industrie het die
potensiaal om werk te skep en armoede to verminder.
Hierdie verhandeling neem Zambië as 'n geval, en kyk na die tekstiel-en klere-industrie as 'n subsektor
van die vervaardigingsektor. Die tekstiel en klere bedryf is veral geskik vir Zambië, daar dit;
(i) waarde toevoeg tot natuurlike hulpbronne; (ii) skakels skep na ander sektore van die ekonomie;
(iii) slegs basiese vaardighede word vereis; (iv) arbeidsintensief is.
Deur middel van primêre en sekondêre data, word in hierdie verhandeling gepoog om die impak
van die Chinese FDI in die Zambiese tekstiel-en klere-industrie, op die ekonomiese ontwikkeling
vas te stel, soos gemeet aan; (i) formele werkskepping; (ii) tegnologie en vaardigheids oordrag; (iii)
die staat se inkomste; en laastens ( iv) die skepping van ‘n mark vir die produkte.
Deur te kyk na die Zambiese nasionale planne en instellings, die katoen-tekstiel-kleed
waardeketting, en die organisasie van die Chinese maatskappye in Zambië, het hierdie verhandeling
bevind dat daar tans geen tekstiel-en klere vervaardiging onder Chinese beleggers is nie. Hoewel
die gehalte van die katoen in Zambië verbeter het, is die meeste buite die vasteland uitgevoer. Daar
is tans min tekstielfabrieke oor, en die klerevervaardigers gebruik grootliks ingevoerde insette.
Tweedehandse klere en goedkoop invoere uit Asiatiese lande, het grootliks die binnelandse mark
vir tekstiel en klere in Zambië oorgeneem.
Die grootste geïntegreerde tekstiel fabriek was die Zambië China Mulungushi Textiles (ZCMT) wat
tussen 1997 en 2007 onder Chinese beleggers was. Bevindinge toon dat die Chinese bestuur niepermanente
aanstellings gemaak het, wat gelei het tot meer informele indiensneming. Verder, is
daar min rekord van vaardigheids-oordrag na die Zambiese werkers, maar daar was beleggings in
die verbetering van tegnologie gedoen. Hierdie verhandeling ondersoek die verskillende redes vir
die TC meul/fabriek se sluiting, en bevind dat dit nie lewensvatbaar in 'n vrye mark was nie. Die
Zambiese werkers was ontevrede met die arbeidstelsel, loonvlakke en terme van indiensneming,
wat gewelddadige onluste en stakings veroorsaak het tot die sluiting in 2007. Die Chinese bestuur
was nie in staat om die arbeidsmag te herstruktureer om koste-effektief genoeg te wees nie. Die Lusaka-Ooste Multi Fasiliteit Ekonomiese Sone (MFEZ) is onder konstruksie en sal fokus op die
tekstiel en die ondersteunende skakels in die bedryf. Dit moet nog gesien word hoe dit die plaaslike ekonomiese ontwikkeling beïinvloed. Op grond van die aannames van ekonomiese ontwikkeling,
toon hierdie ondersoek ‘n beperkte impak van die Chinese FDI in die Zambiese tekstiel en klere
bedryf aan.
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